The risk of tooth loss in patients with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: The aim of this systematic review was to comprehensively and critically summarize and synthesize the risk of losing teeth among with diabetes mellitus (DM) compared to those without DM, as established in observational studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MEDLINE-PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched through a period from their inception through October 2020 to identify eligible studies. Papers that primarily evaluate the number of teeth in DM patients compared to non-DM individuals were included. A descriptive analysis of the selected studies was conducted, and when feasible, a meta-analysis was performed. The quality of the studies was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 1087 references were generated, and screening of the papers resulted in 10 eligible publications. A descriptive analysis demonstrated that six of these studies indicate a significantly higher risk of tooth loss in DM patients. This was confirmed by the meta-analysis risk ratio of 1.63 95% CI (1.33; 2.00, p < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis illustrates that this is irrespective of the risk-of-bias assessment. The higher risk of tooth loss in DM patients was also higher when only DM type II patients or studies with a cross-sectional design were considered. Patients with a poor DM control status presented a significantly increased risk of tooth loss. When the data were separated by the world continent where the study was performed, Asia and South America had numerically higher risks and a 95% CI that did not overlap with Europe and North America. CONCLUSION: There is moderate certainty for a small but significantly higher risk of tooth loss in DM patients as compared to those without DM.

Does chlorhexidine mouthwash, with an anti-discoloration system, reduce tooth surface discoloration without losing its efficacy? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX-MW), with an anti-discoloration system(ADS), is effective in preventing extrinsic tooth surface discoloration. Additionally, this paper seeks to evaluate whether CHX combined with an ADS maintains its efficacy with respect to reducing plaque and gingivitis scores. MATERIAL AND METHODS: MEDLINE-PubMed and Cochrane-Central were searched up to October 2018 to identify eligible studies. Papers evaluating the effect of CHX-MW+ADS compared to CHX without an ADS were included. A descriptive analysis and when feasible a meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: Screening resulted in 13 eligible publications, presenting 16 comparisons. Six of these evaluated the MW in a non-brushing model and ten as an adjunct to toothbrushing. A descriptive analysis demonstrated that the majority showed no differences in bleeding, gingivitis and plaque scores. This was confirmed by the meta-analysis. In non-brushing experiments, the difference-of-means (DiffM) for plaque scores was 0.10 (P = 0.45, 95%CI: [-0.15; 0.34]) and for the gingival index 0.04 (P = 0.15,95%CI: [-0.02; 0.11]). The DiffM in brushing studies for plaque scores was 0.01 (P = 0.29, 95%CI: [-0.01; 0.02]) and for the gingival index 0.00 (P = 0.87,95%CI: [-0.05; 0.06]). With respect to staining scores, the meta-analysis revealed that in non-brushing studies, the standardized mean difference was 3.19 (P = 0.0005,95%CI: [-3.98; -1.41]) while in brushing studies, the DiffM was 0.12 (P = 0.95,95%CI: [-3.32; 3.55]). CONCLUSION: There is moderate quality evidence from non-brushing studies that the addition of an ADS to CHX-MW reduces tooth surface discoloration and does not appear to affect its properties with respect to gingival inflammation and plaque scores. In brushing studies, there is also moderate quality evidence that ADS does not affect the anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis efficacy of CHX. The majority of comparisons and the meta-analysis including these indicate no significant effect of ADS on tooth staining in situations where the mouthwash is used in addition to toothbrushing.

Three Out of Ten Working Patients Expect No Clinical Improvement of Their Ability to Perform Work-Related Knee-Demanding Activities After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Multicenter Study.

Purpose Three out of ten patients do not return to work after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Patient expectations are suggested to play a key role. What are patients' expectations regarding the ability to perform work-related knee-demanding activities 6 months after TKA compared to their preoperative status? Methods A multi-center cross-sectional study was performed among 292 working patients listed for TKA. The Work Osteoarthritis or joint-Replacement Questionnaire (WORQ, range 0-100, minimal important difference 13) was used to assess the preoperatively experienced and expected ability to perform work-related knee-demanding activities 6 months postoperatively. Differences between the preoperative and expected WORQ scores were tested and the most difficult knee-demanding work-related activities were described. Results Two hundred thirty-six working patients (81%) completed the questionnaire. Patients' expected WORQ score (Median = 75, IQR 60-86) was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than their preoperative WORQ score (Median = 44, IQR 35-56). A clinical improvement in ability to perform work-related knee-demanding activities was expected by 72% of the patients, while 28% of the patients expected no clinical improvement or even worse ability to perform work-related knee-demanding activities 6 months after TKA. Of the patients, 34% expected severe difficulty in kneeling, 30% in crouching and 17% in clambering 6 months after TKA. Conclusions Most patients have high expectations, especially regarding activities involving deep knee flexion. Remarkably, three out of ten patients expect no clinical improvement or even a worse ability to perform work-related knee-demanding activities 6 months postoperatively compared to their preoperative status. Therefore, addressing patients expectations seems useful in order to assure realistic expectations regarding work activities.

Altering Conventional to High Density Spinal Cord Stimulation: An Energy Dose-Response Relationship in Neuropathic Pain Therapy.

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether converting from conventional Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) to High Density (HD) SCS reduces neuropathic pain over a period of 12 months in patients with failed SCS therapy. METHODS: Retrospective, open label, single center, consecutive case series of 30 neuropathic pain patients (Failed Back Surgery Syndrome [FBSS], Complex Regional Pain Syndrome [CRPS], and polyneuropathy [NP]). Patients with an initial adequate response to conventional SCS, but in whom pain increased over time, were included (Numeric Rating Scales [NRS] >6). These patients were stimulated with HD-SCS parameters and followed-up for 12 months. We report pain intensity, measured with NRS, before SCS implantation, 1 and 3 months after starting SCS with conventional stimulation, and after 1, 6, and 12 months of HD SCS. RESULTS: Pain reduction with conventional stimulation was initially adequate (NRS mean 8.6 to 5.3 at three months postimplant) but increased over time to a mean NRS of 7.7 at the time of reprogramming. NRS scores decreased significantly to 4.3 (p = 0.015) after reprogramming from conventional SCS (30 Hz, 300 µsec, 3.0 V) to HD SCS (409 Hz, range 130-1000 Hz, 409 µsec, 2.4V) in the patients still using HD-SCS at 12 months. In the nonresponders (patients who stopped HD-SCS for any reason), 76% had a diagnosis of FBSS. Almost half of the patients aborting HD-SCS preferred to feel paresthesias despite better pain relief. There was a significant difference between nonresponders and responders regarding the amount of electrical energy delivered to the spinal cord. CONCLUSION: Neuropathic pain suppression is significantly enhanced after converting from failed conventional SCS to HD SCS in patients with FBSS, CRPS, and NP over a measured period of 12 months. There appears to be a dose-related response between the amount of energy delivered to the spinal cord and clinical effect.

Impact of adenotonsillectomy on the dentofacial development of obstructed children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Dentofacial deformities frequently require orthodontic treatment. Understanding of preventable risk factors is essential for reducing treatment need. Upper airway obstruction (for example due to hypertrophic adenoids and/or tonsils) has been hypothesized to be a risk factor. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to reflect the contemporary evidence on the risk of obstruction by hypertrophic adenoids and/or tonsils, by assessing the dentofacial changes after adeno- and/or tonsillectomy. SEARCH METHODS: A systematic search of electronic databases and manual searches of grey literature and reference lists of relevant studies was performed. SELECTION CRITERIA: No restrictions were placed on publication language. Experimental, cohort, and case-control studies were eligible for inclusion. Studies reporting associations between treatment of adenoid and/or tonsil hypertrophy and dentofacial deformities in children were included. Adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy were performed in all patients; outcomes were assessed before and after surgery. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted by two independent reviewers in duplicate. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to assess the methodological quality of the included papers. RESULTS: The initial search yielded 1196 papers, of which 16 articles could be included. All papers described controlled prospective cohort studies, reporting on a total of 461 patients and controls (mean age, 4.1-13.9 years). A descriptive and quantitative synthesis of dentofacial change postoperatively is presented. Consistent findings across studies were the normalisation towards labial inclination of the upper and lower incisors and towards a more horizontal mandibular growth pattern. No change in vertical or sagittal maxillary growth was reported after surgical treatment. Post-surgical increase in maxillary archwidth and decrease in lateral crossbite-frequency were consistently reported. Findings on overjet, overbite and angle from S to N to B (SNB-angle), mandibular arch width, and gonial angle were inconsistent. CONCLUSION: The available literature suggests that treatment of hypertrophic adenoids and/or tonsils affects dentofacial deformity. This could indicate a relationship between nasopharyngeal obstruction (i.e. upper airway obstruction) and the dentofacial growth pattern. However, the high risk of bias and considerable diversity between studies impedes a clear conclusion regarding this effect. REGISTRATION: None.

Does dentifrice use help to remove plaque? A systematic review.

AIMS: The aim of this systematic review was to establish the efficacy of brushing with and without a dentifrice for dental plaque removal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MEDLINE-PubMed, Cochrane-CENTRAL, EMBASE and other electronic databases were searched. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials and subjects ≥18 years of age with good general health. Studies that evaluated the effect of toothbrushing with a dentifrice compared to brushing without a dentifrice were included. Data were extracted from the eligible studies, and a meta-analysis was performed where feasible. RESULT: The search was conducted until June 2016 and retrieved 10 eligible publications that included 20 comparisons. On average, 49.2% of plaque was removed when brushing was performed with a dentifrice, and 50.3% of plaque was removed when toothbrushing was performed without a dentifrice. The descriptive analysis indicated that the majority of the comparisons did not show an additional effect of dentifrice use. Regarding the meta-analysis of post-brushing scores, no significant difference was observed between toothbrushing with and without a dentifrice (DiffM 0.00, 95%CI [-0.05: 0.05], p = 0.91). The meta-analysis of incremental data (as means or percentages) supported and strengthened these findings. CONCLUSION: The cumulative evidence for this systematic review demonstrates that there is moderate certainty that toothbrushing with a dentifrice does not provide an added effect for the mechanical removal of dental plaque.

Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma injections in osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections for osteoarthritis (OA) is still controversial. We investigated the effect of PRP injections in patients with knee OA based on decreasing pain, improving function, global assessment and changes regarding joint imaging. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive, systematic literature search in computerised databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Web of Science and PEDro) until June 2014 for randomised or non-randomised controlled trials. These were graded for risk of bias and a level of evidence was provided. If possible, meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: Ten trials were included. In these, intra-articular PRP injections were more effective for pain reduction (mean difference (MD) -2.45; 95% CI -2.92 to -1.98; p value <0.00001 and MD -2.07; 95% CI -2.59 to -1.55; p value <0.00001, single and double PRP injections, respectively) compared with placebo at 6 months postinjection. Intra-articular PRP injections were compared with hyaluronic acid and showed a statistically significant difference in favour of PRP on pain reduction based on the visual analogue scale and numeric rating scale (standardised mean difference -0.92; 95% CI -1.20 to -0.63; p value <0.00001) at 6 months postinjection. Almost all trials revealed a high risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the current evidence, PRP injections reduced pain more effectively than did placebo injections in OA of the knee (level of evidence: limited due to a high risk of bias). This significant effect on pain was also seen when PRP injections were compared with hyaluronic acid injections (level of evidence: moderate due to a generally high risk of bias). Additionally, function improved significantly more when PRP injections were compared with controls (limited to moderate evidence). More large randomised studies of good quality and low risk of bias are needed to test whether PRP injections should be a routine part of management of patients with OA of the knee.

Preoperative patient and injury factors of successful rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with single-bundle techniques.

PURPOSE: The aim of this systematic review was to determine which patient determinants and injury factors, before anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by arthroscopic single-bundle techniques, affect postoperative rehabilitation. METHODS: A search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Clinical Trials was performed up to February 2013. After application of our inclusion criteria, a final selection was made based on studies' methodologic score assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis was planned for each prognostic factor when data were considered clinically and statistically homogeneous. RESULTS: Meta-analysis showed that male patients have better functional outcomes. Qualitative synthesis from 18 high-quality studies showed that patients operated on before 30 years of age reach higher activity levels. Patients with high baseline body mass index have lower activity levels after surgery. Smoking results in more symptoms and lower activity levels and subjective scores. Reconstruction before 3 months results in higher activity levels. Preoperatively, a less than 20% quadriceps strength difference, 50° of tibial external rotation or less, absence of flexion deficits, low knee influence on the patient's activity level, and less anterior knee pain result in higher functional scores. Preoperative anterior laxity difference does not predict functional scores. The prognostic value of preoperative activity and competition level for postoperative functional outcome is controversial. Patients with concomitant meniscal injuries have worse functional outcomes. The prognostic value of concomitant chondral pathology for postoperative functional outcome is controversial. Collateral ligament injury could predict functional scores or activity level. CONCLUSIONS: Male gender, patient age younger than 30 years, reconstruction before 3 months, and high baseline activity level contribute to better functional outcomes. Smoking, high body mass index, quadriceps strength, and range-of-motion deficits affect rehabilitation negatively. Preoperative anterior laxity does not influence rehabilitation. The role of preoperative prognostic injury factors remains unclear because of limited evidence. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, systematic review of Level II and III studies.

The Effectiveness of Blue-Light-Emitting Glasses in Security Guards Exposed to Night Shift Work on Work-Related and General Fatigue: A Randomised Controlled Cross-Over Study.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of glasses that emit blue light in reducing the need for recovery, general fatigue, and stress levels in security guards who work night shifts. Light manipulation is seen as a promising strategy to mitigate complaints related to shift work, such as sleepiness and impaired cognitive performance. In a randomized controlled cross-over study design, 86 Dutch security guards used light-emitting glasses (exposure duration: 30 min) during night shifts in a five week period versus a five week control period without glasses. Measurements (Need for Recovery Scale; Checklist Individual Strength; stress level assessed by a fitness tracker) were performed at baseline, at five weeks, and again at 11 weeks. The chronotype was measured at baseline as a potential covariate. A mixed model for repeated measure analyses showed no significant reduction in the need for recovery, nor a reduction in general fatigue scores, during the intervention period. Paired Samples T-Test analyses showed no significant changes in stress levels for the intervention period. Conclusively, blue light exposure using light-emitting glasses for security guards during night shifts showed no directly measurable effect on the reduced need for recovery, overall fatigue, and stress levels.

Association Between Intracompartmental Pressures in the Anterior Compartment of the Leg and Conservative Treatment Outcome for Exercise-Related Leg Pain in Military Service Members.

Objective: To explore the relationship between a single the intracompartmental pressure (ICP) value in the anterior compartment of the leg 1 minute after provocative exercise and the outcome of a conservative treatment program in a cohort of military service members with chronic exercise-related leg pain. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Department of military sports medicine at a secondary care facility. Participants: In the years 2015 through 2019, the conservative treatment program was completed by 231 service members with chronic exercise-related leg pain, of whom 108 patients with 200 affected legs met all inclusion criteria (N=108). Interventions: All patients completed a comprehensive conservative treatment program, consisting of 4-6 individual gait retraining sessions during a period of 6-12 weeks. In addition, patients received uniform homework assignments, emphasizing acquisition of the new running technique. Main Outcome Measures: The primary treatment outcome was return to active duty. The duration of treatment, occurrence of acute on chronic compartment syndrome, and patient-reported outcome measures were considered secondary treatment outcomes. Potential risk factors for the primary treatment outcome were identified with a generalized logistic mixed model. Results: Return to active duty was possible for 74 (69%) patients, whereas 34 (31%) needed further treatment. The multivariable analysis showed that the absolute values of ICP in the anterior compartment were not associated with the treatment outcome (odds ratio, 1.01; P=.64). A lower Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score at intake was negatively associated with the potential to successfully return to active duty (odds ratio, 0.95; P=.01). No acute on chronic compartment syndromes were reported. Conclusions: A single postexercise ICP value in the anterior compartments of the lower leg of military service members with chronic exercise-related leg pain was not associated with the outcome of a secondary care conservative treatment program and can be safely postponed.

Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for Mid-portion and Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is used commonly to treat pain and function in Achilles tendinopathy (AT). The aim of this study was to synthesize the evidence from (non-) randomized controlled trials, to determine the clinical effectiveness of ESWT for mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy (mid-AT) and insertional Achilles tendinopathy (ins-AT) separately. METHODS: We searched PubMed/Medline, Embase (Ovid), and Cochrane Central, up to January 2021. Unpublished studies and gray literature were searched in trial registers (ACTRN, ChiCTR, ChiCtr, CTRI, DRKS, EUCTR, IRCT, ISRCTN, JPRN UMIN, ClinicalTrials.gov, NTR, TCTR) and databases (OpenGrey.eu, NARCIS.nl, DART-Europe.org, OATD.org). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized controlled clinical trials (CCTs) were eligible when investigating the clinical effectiveness of ESWT for chronic mid-AT or chronic ins-AT. We excluded studies that focused on treating individuals with systemic conditions, and studies investigating mixed cohorts of mid-AT and ins-AT, when it was not possible to perform a subgroup analysis for both clinical entities separately. Two reviewers independently performed the study selection, quality assessment, data extraction, and grading of the evidence levels. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion or by consulting a third reviewer when necessary. RESULTS: We included three RCTs on mid-AT and four RCTs on ins-AT. For mid-AT, moderate quality of evidence was found for the overall effectiveness of ESWT compared to standard care, with a pooled mean difference (MD) on the VISA-A of 9.08 points (95% CI 6.35-11.81). Subgroup analysis on the effects of ESWT additional to standard care for mid-AT resulted in a pooled MD on the VISA-A of 10.28 points (95% CI 7.43-13.12). For ins-AT, we found very low quality of evidence, indicating that, overall, ESWT has no additional value over standard care, with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of - 0.02 (95% CI - 0.27 to 0.23). Subgroup analysis to determine the effect of ESWT additional to standard care for ins-AT showed a negative effect (SMD - 0.29; 95% CI - 0.56 to - 0.01) compared to standard care alone. CONCLUSIONS: There is moderate evidence supporting the effectiveness of ESWT additional to a tendon loading program in mid-AT. Evidence supporting the effectiveness of ESWT for ins-AT is lacking. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO Database; No. CRD42021236107.

Association Between Intracompartmental Pressures in the Deep Posterior Compartment of the Leg and Conservative Treatment Outcome for Exercise-Related Leg Pain in Military Service Members.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between intracompartmental pressure (ICP) values of the deep posterior compartment and the outcomes of a comprehensive conservative outpatient treatment program in service members with chronic exercise-related leg pain. Design: Historic cohort study. Setting: Department of sports medicine at a military secondary care facility. Participants: During the 5-year study period, 266 military patients completed a treatment program for chronic exercise-related leg pain. Eighty-three service members with 145 affected legs met all inclusion criteria (N=83; 59 men, 24 women; median age, 22 years). Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome measure was return to active duty. The secondary outcome measure was development of acute on chronic compartment syndrome. A generalized linear mixed model was used to identify predictor variables associated with return to active duty, including ICP values of the deep posterior compartment and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) score. Results: Sixty service members (72%) successfully returned to active duty. No association between ICP values of the deep posterior compartment and treatment outcome was found (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.07; P=.50). A low SANE score (ie, more severe symptoms at baseline) was negatively associated with primary outcome (odds ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.90-0.99; P=.01). None of the patients developed acute on chronic compartment syndrome during the treatment program. Conclusions: There was no association between a single postexercise ICP value of the deep posterior compartment of both legs in military service members and return to active duty after a comprehensive conservative outpatient treatment program. None of the patients developed acute on chronic compartment syndrome. In this population, ICP measurement of the deep posterior compartment can be safely postponed until conservative treatment fails and surgical treatment is considered.

Predictive Factors for Hamstring Autograft Diameter in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Multiple studies found hamstring tendon (HT) autograft diameter to be a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction failure. This study aimed to determine which preoperative measurements are associated with HT autograft diameter in ACL reconstruction by directly comparing patient characteristics and cross-sectional area (CSA) measurement of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendon on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fifty-three patients with a primary ACL reconstruction with a four-stranded HT autograft were included in this study. Preoperatively we recorded length, weight, thigh circumference, gender, age, preinjury Tegner activity score, and CSA of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendon on MRI. Total CSA on MRI, weight, height, gender, and thigh circumference were all significantly correlated with HT autograft diameter (p < 0.05). A multiple linear regression model with CSA measurement of the HTs on MRI, weight, and height showed the most explained variance of HT autograft diameter (adjusted R 2 = 44%). A regression equation was derived for an estimation of the expected intraoperative HT autograft diameter: 1.2508 + 0.0400 × total CSA (mm2) + 0.0100 × weight (kg) + 0.0296 × length (cm). The Bland and Altman analysis indicated a 95% limit of agreement of ± 1.14 mm and an error correlation of r = 0.47. Smaller CSA of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendon on MRI, shorter stature, lower weight, smaller thigh circumference, and female gender are associated with a smaller four-stranded HT autograft diameter in ACL reconstruction. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the combination of MRI CSA measurement, weight, and height is the strongest predictor.

Conservative treatment of anterior chronic exertional compartment syndrome in the military, with a mid-term follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the outcome of conservative treatment for chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) as it relates to the reduction in surgical fasciotomy and return to active duty in a military population. METHODS: Historic cohort. From 2015 to 2018, 75 surgically eligible patients with pressure-positive anterior CECS (Group 1), or with positive pressures and associated medial tibial stress syndrome (Group 2), underwent a conservative treatment programme emphasising gait retraining of running and marching. Treatment success was defined as return to duty, without surgery. Fifty patients from 2015 to 2017 were surveyed to assess mid-term outcomes. RESULTS: The average duration of conservative treatment was 144.9 (±59.6) days. Initially, 65% (49/75) were able to return to duty; 28% (21/75) were referred for surgery and 7% (5/75) left the armed forces. There was no difference in outcomes between Group 1 and Group 2. Survey response rate, on average after 742 days (SD 267, range 381-1256), was 84% (42/50); 57% (24/42) had continued duty, without surgery; of them, 43% were at the same military specialty, 57% in a physically less demanding job. CONCLUSION: A conservative treatment programme for anterior CECS was able to return 65 % of patients to active duty, without surgery. At 2 years, the success rate decreased slightly, but remained positive at 57%. In this high-risk group, initiating a conservative treatment protocol with an emphasis on gait retraining can significantly reduce the need for surgical fasciotomy. For those that fail conservative treatment, surgical release may still be indicated.

The Relationship Between Range of Motion and Injuries in Adolescent Dancers and Sportspersons: A Systematic Review.

Background: The frequent and intensive training and performance of pre-professional ballet dancers and sportspersons is offered at a time when young ballet dancers and young athletes may be vulnerable to injury due to the progress through adolescence and growth spurts. Hypothesis: There are changes in range of motion during the progress through adolescence and growth periods in dancers and sportspersons. These changes in ROM can be linked to the increase of injury. Objectives: The primary aim of this systematic review is to determine whether there are changes in ROM during the progress through adolescence and growth spurts in dancers and sportspersons. The secondary aim is to determine whether these changes can predict the risk of injuries for adolescent dancers and sportspersons. Search strategy: Pubmed, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trails (CENTRAL), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), EBSCO Host databases: CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Embase were searched using MeSH terms. Manual search in the Journal of Dance Medicine and Science and screening of the reference lists of identified studies and reviews was conducted. Selection criteria: Studies included adolescent dancers and sportspersons, aged 8-18, both sexes, growth spurt related to changes in ROM and injury incidence. Data collection and analysis: Search strategy was performed in the flow diagram of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Two reviewers independently appraised each included study using Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) for methodological quality of the included studies. For data extraction, the following information was systematically extracted: first author and year of publication, study design, participants (sample size of mean age), age, maturation (if assessed), intervention, outcome(s), and some notes of each study. For evaluation of the risk of bias and precision the Research Triangle Institute Item Bank (RTI-IB) is included. Main results: Seven observational studies met the inclusion criteria of this current review. The results of this review suggest that there are changes in ROM during the progress through adolescence and growth spurts in dancers and sportspersons. These changes may lead to an increase in injury incidence. Conclusion: There is evidence linking to changes in ROM during the progress through adolescence and growth spurts in dancers and sportspersons. These changes in ROM may be related to injury incidence.

Validation of 4-meter-gait-speed test and 5-repetitions-sit-to-stand test in patients with pulmonary fibrosis: a clinimetric validation study.

Background and objective: Patients with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) have a clear exercise intolerance. The 4-meter-gait-speed (4MGS) test and the 5-repetitions-sit-to-stand (5STS) test are easy, inexpensive and reliable measures of functional performance. Both tests have been validated in healthy adults and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 4MGS test and 5STS test have not been studied in patients with PF. Methods: In this cross-sectional clinimetric validation study 51 PF patients conducted in random order the 4MGS test, 5STS test and the 6-min walk test (6MWT) on a single day. Additionally, body weight, height, lean body mass, health-related quality of life, disease severity, handgrip strength, dyspnoea and leg fatigue were assessed. The setting was a tertiary referral center for Interstitial Lung Diseases. Results: Patients had a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF, 37%), PF other than IPF (47%), or unclassified (16%). Patients walked 453±111m in six minutes. Moreover, it took the patients 2.0±0.5s to walk 4 m, and 12.0±3.8s for the 5STS test. The 4MGS test (r = 0.77; p<0.01) and the 5STS test (r = -0.41; p<0.01) correlated significantly with the distance walked in 6MWT. Indeed, 4MGS combined with handgrip strength and Medical Research Council dyspnoea grade could explain 75% of the variance in 6MWD. Conclusions: 4-meter-gait-speed and 5-repetitions sit-to-stand are significantly and independently correlated with the 6-minute walk distance in patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Indeed, 4-meter-gait-speed test may serve as a simple initial field test to assess exercise performance in patients with pulmonary fibrosis. (Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2018; 35: 317-326).

Are ultrasonographic findings like periosteal and tendinous edema associated with medial tibial stress syndrome? A case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is one of the most common sporting injuries. As of yet, the development of effective therapeutic interventions to treat MTSS is hindered by the fact that its pathology is unknown. Our aim was to explore the pathology of MTSS, by assessing whether the presence of MTSS is related to periosteal, bony or tendinous abnormalities in the lower leg. DESIGN: Case-control study. METHODS: Participants with MTSS and athletic control participants were recruited from the same (high-risk) base population. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography was performed on the posteromedial tibial border and deep plantar flexor muscles by an experienced radiological specialist who was blinded to group membership. Associations between MTSS and tissue abnormalities were expressed in odds ratios (OR). RESULTS: A total of 42 participants, 15 MTSS cases and 27 control athletes completed the study. Overall, periosteal and tendinous abnormalities were common in cases with and without MTSS. Periosteal edema was present in 8 (53.3%) MTSS cases and in 10 (37.0%) control athletes, in specific painful spots in the distal 2/3 of the posteromedial tibial border OR=1.9 (95% CI 0.54-6.99, p=0.35). Also, tendinous abnormalities in the tibialis posterior muscle were frequently seen in MTSS cases (N=7, 46.7%) and in control athletes (N=13, 48.1%) (OR=0.97, 95% CI 0.27-3.51, p=0.96). No bone abnormalities were observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Periosteal and tendinous findings seem to be common in both athletes with and without MTSS, and consequently are not associated with MTSS.

Anterolateral Extra-articular Soft Tissue Reconstruction in Anterolateral Rotatory Instability of the Knee.

Anterolateral rotatory instability (ALRI) occurs after injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the anterolateral structures of the knee. We present a technique for anterolateral extra-articular soft-tissue (ALES) reconstruction of the knee that can be used in revision ACL reconstruction cases, cases of persistent ALRI after adequate ACL reconstruction, and cases with severe ALRI after primary ACL rupture. The surgeon performs ALES reconstruction with a strip of iliotibial tract autograft while respecting the anatomic origin and insertion of the anterolateral ligament. The purpose of this reconstruction is to restore the normal anterolateral rotatory stability of the knee in ALES-deficient patients.