The Google Health Digital Well-Being Study: Protocol for a Digital Device Use and Well-Being Study.

BACKGROUND: The impact of digital device use on health and well-being is a pressing question. However, the scientific literature on this topic, to date, is marred by small and unrepresentative samples, poor measurement of core constructs, and a limited ability to address the psychological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the relationships between device use and well-being. Recent authoritative reviews have made urgent calls for future research projects to address these limitations. The critical role of research is to identify which patterns of use are associated with benefits versus risks and who is more vulnerable to harmful versus beneficial outcomes, so that we can pursue evidence-based product design, education, and regulation aimed at maximizing benefits and minimizing the risks of smartphones and other digital devices. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to provide normative data on objective patterns of smartphone use. We aim to (1) identify how patterns of smartphone use impact well-being and identify groups of individuals who show similar patterns of covariation between smartphone use and well-being measures across time; (2) examine sociodemographic and personality or mental health predictors and which patterns of smartphone use and well-being are associated with pre-post changes in mental health and functioning; (3) discover which nondevice behavior patterns mediate the association between device use and well-being; (4) identify and explore recruitment strategies to increase and improve the representation of traditionally underrepresented populations; and (5) provide a real-world baseline of observed stress, mood, insomnia, physical activity, and sleep across a representative population. METHODS: This is a prospective, nonrandomized study to investigate the patterns and relationships among digital device use, sensor-based measures (including both behavioral and physiological signals), and self-reported measures of mental health and well-being. The study duration is 4 weeks per participant and includes passive sensing based on smartphone sensors, and optionally a wearable (Fitbit), for the complete study period. The smartphone device will provide activity, location, phone unlocks and app usage, and battery status information. RESULTS: At the time of submission, the study infrastructure and app have been designed and built, the institutional review board of the University of Oregon has approved the study protocol, and data collection is underway. Data from 4182 enrolled and consented participants have been collected as of March 27, 2023. We have made many efforts to sample a study population that matches the general population, and the demographic breakdown we have been able to achieve, to date, is not a perfect match. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of digital devices on mental health and well-being raises important questions. The Digital Well-Being Study is designed to help answer questions about the association between patterns of smartphone use and well-being. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/49189.

Prone versus Supine FDG PET/CT in the Staging of Breast Cancer.

Supine [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission technology/computed tomography (PET/CT) is a commonly used modality for the initial staging of breast cancer, and several previous studies have shown superior sensitivity and specificity of prone FDG PET/CT in comparison to its supine counterpart. This retrospective study included 25 females with breast cancer referred for staging. They underwent supine FDG PET/CT followed by prone FDG PET/CT. The outcomes were: number of primary breast lesions, anatomical site of FDG-avid lymph nodes (LNs), and number and type of bone lesions, with SUVmax of all corresponding parameters. Performance was superior in prone acquisition compared to supine acquisition, with the respective results: 29 vs. 22 breast tumor lesions detected, 62 vs. 27 FDG-avid axillary LNs detected, sensitivity of 68% vs. 57%, specificity of 64% vs. 53%. The detection rate of axillary LNs in the prone position was significantly higher (p = 0.001). SUVmax for breast tumor lesions (p = 0.000) and number of detected axillary LNs (p = 0.002) were significantly higher in prone acquisition. Five patients were upstaged after experts read the prone acquisition. Prone FDG PET/CT acquisition is a promising technique in detecting primary breast lesions and metastatic LNs possibly missed in supine acquisition, which may lead to change in patient staging and management.

Radiology residents from learners to teachers: A multi-centric study.

PURPOSE: The teaching role of radiology residents has seldom been evaluated, and little is known about how teaching skills of radiology residents evolve throughout their training in the absence of formal teaching guidance. Our objective is to identify residents' characteristics correlating with better teaching and compare teaching characteristics of junior and senior residents. METHOD: All seven medical schools in Lebanon were involved in this multi-centric study. A self-assessment questionnaire was sent to sixty-nine radiology residents and filled anonymously. Fifty-seven (83 %) responses were received and represent the study population. Data analysis was based on factors correlating with overall teaching effectiveness. A comparison of senior and junior residents' responses was also performed. RESULTS: Overall teaching effectiveness correlated with better knowledge, technical skills, clinical judgment, communication skills, identification and correction of learning problems, and importantly providing and receiving feedback. Senior residents rated themselves significantly better than juniors in "knowledge related to radiology" and in "technical skills" but not in "overall teaching effectiveness". Seniors did not agree on the statement "medical students make my clinical responsibilities easier". Although not reaching statistical significance, seniors showed a trend towards improving teaching skills. CONCLUSIONS: Overall teaching effectiveness is correlated with the adoption of proper skills and techniques. Despite the lack of formal teaching guidance, senior radiology residents are improving their techniques as teachers but still face difficulties in several domains.

Role of Early PET/CT Imaging with 68Ga-PSMA in Staging and Restaging of Prostate Cancer.

Ga-68 Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen PET/CT is a new tool for the assessment of prostate cancer. Standard imaging time is 60 minutes post injection of radiotracer. At 60 minutes, there is physiologic accumulation of radiotracer in the urinary bladder which may cause some lesions in its vicinity to be obscured. Our aim is to determine if early imaging at 3 minutes in addition to standard imaging at 60 minutes can improve the detection of PSMA-avid lesions. A retrospective review of 167 consecutive patients was conducted. Overall, 115 patients (68.9%) were ruled to have prostate cancer based on imaging as seen on early or standard PET/CT images. In 106/115 (64%), the lesions were detected on both early and standard imaging; in 8/115 (6.9%), the lesions were only detected on early imaging; in 1/115 (0.6%) the lesion was detected only on standard imaging. The addition of early imaging significantly improved the overall detection rate of PSMA-avid lesions (p = 0.039). The ratio of patients with lesions detected on early imaging but not on standard imaging in restaging group was 7/88 and was higher than that in staging group 1/79 (p = 0.043). We recommend early imaging in addition to the standard imaging in Ga-68 PSMA PET/CT, particularly in patients presenting for restaging of prostate cancer.

Imaging Acute Non-Traumatic Abdominal Pathologies in Pediatric Patients: A Pictorial Review.

The dilemma of acute non-traumatic abdominal pathologies in the pediatric population depends on the age of the patients and symptoms. Surgical etiologies in patients younger than 2 years of age include intussusception, pyloric stenosis, malrotation and midgut volvulus. In older patients, considerations become closer to differential etiologies in adults including acute appendicitis. Ultrasound and fluoroscopic examinations remain the mainstay for diagnosis that may even be therapeutic such as contrast/air enemas in intussusception reduction. There is an increasing role for CT in appendicitis and renal colic especially in assessing complications; however, it is less favored because it incurs radiation to the patient. This article summarizes the imaging approach to pediatric patients with acute abdominal pathologies presenting to the emergency department, and how imaging is instrumental in guiding diagnosis and treatment, with emphasis on radiation safety, in the context of providing typical imaging findings of each pathology in this pictorial review.

Vein of Galen Malformation, a cause of Intracranial Calcification: Case Report and Review of Literature.

Intracranial calcifications in the pediatric population can have many etiologies including neoplastic, infectious, neurodegenerative, metabolic, or cerebrovascular abnormalities. We present the case of a 2-year-old boy with vein of Galen malformation, a rare cause of intracranial calcifications with a review of literature.

Stromal Fibrosis of the Breast: A Spectrum of Benign to Malignant Imaging Appearances.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the various imaging appearances of stromal fibrosis on mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study included 75 female patients who presented to the American University of Beirut Medical Center between January 2010 and October 2015 for breast imaging. 66 (88%) patients obtained a mammogram, 71 (95%) had an ultrasound, and 6 (8%) had an MRI. Patients included had stromal fibrosis proven on biopsy. RESULTS: The most common finding on mammogram was calcifications which was present in 14 (21%) patients, while on ultrasound it was a mass which was present in 61 (86%) patients. A mass was detected on MRI in 2 (33.5%) patients. Most lesions detected had benign findings such as masses with circumscribed margins. We had a follow-up for 53 (71%) patients with an average follow-up interval of 28.5 months (range: 5 - 70). Increase in size of the index lesion was noted in only 2 patients; upon rebiopsy, pathology results read stromal fibrosis for one lesion and fibroadenoma for the other. The remaining lesions were either stable or decreased in size. The higher detection rate of a mass on ultrasound was statistically significant (p<0.001) in comparison to that of mammography. CONCLUSION: Stromal fibrosis can have various presentations on imaging from benign to suspicious for malignancy features. In the case of accurate targeted biopsy, when stromal fibrosis is diagnosed, the result can be considered concordant. Therefore, such lesions can be followed up by imaging to document stability and confirm benignity.

Case report of epithelioid osteoblastoma of the mandible: findings on positron emission tomography/computed tomography and review of the literature.

Epithelioid osteoblastoma is a clinically aggressive subtype of osteoblastoma that favors the mandible and the maxilla. Its histologic features lie on a spectrum between conventional osteoblastoma and low-grade osteosarcoma, thus making it difficult at times to confirm the diagnosis. It is known to have a high risk of recurrence after surgical resection, but it is a benign entity and does not have the propensity to metastasize. To our knowledge, there are no published reports on findings of epithelioid osteoblastoma on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). We report a case of a 25-year-old male patient with a diagnosis of epithelioid osteoblastoma of the mandible. The lesion exhibited significantly increased fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on PET/CT with a maximum standardized uptake value of 5.5. PET/CT is not specific in differentiating between malignant and benign bone lesions but may be necessary to rule out distant lesions when a confirmed diagnosis of epithelioid osteoblastoma cannot be obtained through histologic examination.

New era of PET/CT in breast cancer: high-resolution PET/dfCT.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breast cancer staging differs between high-resolution (HR) and standard-resolution (SR) PET/computed tomography acquisition. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 39 women with breast cancer referred for staging. Images were assessed for the number of primary breast lesions with the corresponding size and the average maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), the anatomical site of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose-avid lymph nodes (LNs) with their SUVmax, and the number and type (lytic/blastic) of metastatic bone lesions. RESULTS: On HR, 42 breast tumor lesions with a size range of 0.30 cm up to 12.00 cm were detected versus 34 breast tumor lesions on SR. One hundred and forty-one versus 90 axillary LNs were detected on HR versus SR, respectively. Pathology reports were available for 60 axillary LNs out of the total 141 identified on HR. Rates for HR versus SR sensitivity, true positivity, false positivity, and false negativity are as follows: 92 versus 75%, 92 versus 75%, 2 versus 0%, and 7 versus 25%. The higher detection rate of axillary LN on HR was significant (P<0.001), but not the number of nodes detected (P=0.091). SUVmax for breast tumor lesions (P=0.225) and axillary LNs (P=0.134) were not significant. Three (8%) patients had a change in staging and management. CONCLUSION: HR detected primary breast lesions and metastatic LNs missed on SR, which led to change in staging and management. In addition, HR images provided higher SUVmax, which enabled a more comfortable localization, especially when SR presented borderline values. Finally, HR images decreased the number of gray zone lesions, especially in axillary LN detection.