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Infrastructure is often a limiting factor in microplastics research impacting the production of scientific outputs and monitoring data. International projects are therefore required to promote collaboration and development of national and regional scientific hubs. The Commonwealth Litter Programme and the Ocean Country Partnership Programme were developed to support Global South countries to take actions on plastics entering the oceans. An international laboratory network was developed to provide the infrastructure and in country capacity to conduct the collection and processing of microplastics in environmental samples. The laboratory network was also extended to include a network developed by the University of East Anglia, UK. All the laboratories were provided with similar equipment for the collection, processing and analysis of microplastics in environmental samples. Harmonised protocols and training were also provided in country during laboratory setup to ensure comparability of quality-controlled outputs between laboratories. Such large networks are needed to produce comparable baseline and monitoring assessments.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Laboratórios , Microplásticos , Microplásticos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Laboratórios/normas , Cooperação InternacionalRESUMO
This study introduces the weighted linear prediction adapted to high-pitched singing voices (WLP-HPSV) method for accurately estimating formant frequencies of vowels sung by lyric sopranos. The WLP-HPSV method employs a variant of the WLP analysis combined with the zero-frequency filtering (ZFF) technique to address specific challenges in formant estimation from singing signals. Evaluation of the WLP-HPSV method compared to the LPC method demonstrated its superior performance in accurately capturing the spectral characteristics of synthetic /u/ vowels and the /a/ and /u/ natural singing vowels. The QCP parameters used in the WLP-HPSV method varied with pitch, revealing insights into the interplay between the vocal tract and glottal characteristics during vowel production. The comparison between the LPC and WLP-HPSV methods highlighted the robustness of the WLP-HPSV method in accurately estimating formant frequencies across different pitches.
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For the detection of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic biota using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the ability to remove organic matter (OM) in pretreatment steps is essential to increase the time efficiency of MPs measurement and method uniformity. In principle, decreasing OM can be achieved by increasing the number of pretreatment steps. However, MPs are lost in proportion to the number of transfers between each step. Therefore, we have created a "Cylindrical MPs Fractionator" composed of commercially available materials. This container allows for a six-step pretreatment process that is designed to increase the removal capacity of OM with only one transfer to prevent the loss of MPs.â¢Biological or sediment samples are placed in the extractor and subjected to chemical treatment and density separation.â¢Residues containing MPs are obtained on filters by vacuum filtration.â¢After additional chemical treatment of the obtained residue, the components of the residue are identified by microscopic FTIR.This method removed 99.3% of OM and recovered 88.5% of MPs. The presenting method confirmed that this can be used with the same process for 11 organisms and sediments from estuarine ecosystem in Japan as models.
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Mexico is developing the basis for genomic medicine to improve healthcare of its population. The extensive study of genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium structure of different populations has made it possible to develop tagging and imputation strategies to comprehensively analyze common genetic variation in association studies of complex diseases. We assessed the benefit of a Mexican haplotype map to improve identification of genes related to common diseases in the Mexican population. We evaluated genetic diversity, linkage disequilibrium patterns, and extent of haplotype sharing using genomewide data from Mexican Mestizos from regions with different histories of admixture and particular population dynamics. Ancestry was evaluated by including 1 Mexican Amerindian group and data from the HapMap. Our results provide evidence of genetic differences between Mexican subpopulations that should be considered in the design and analysis of association studies of complex diseases. In addition, these results support the notion that a haplotype map of the Mexican Mestizo population can reduce the number of tag SNPs required to characterize common genetic variation in this population. This is one of the first genomewide genotyping efforts of a recently admixed population in Latin America.
Assuntos
Variação Genética/genética , Genoma Humano/genética , Genômica , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/genética , Medicina , Alelos , Haplótipos , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
Los virus Linfotrópicos de células T humanas tipo I y II (HTLV) son retrovirus que se encuentran distribuidos a nivel mundial, se caracterizan por la infección de células TCD4+ y se asocian a dos tipos de enfermedades importantes como la leucemia/linfoma de células T adultas (ATLL) y la enfermedad neurológica, paraparesia espástica tropical (PET) o mielopatía. Una de las principales vías de transmisión es la denominada transmisión vertical, de madre a hijo a través de la lactancia materna, cuya tasa de transmisión es de 5,7 a 35,5 %. Objetivos: explorar la transmisión vertical del Virus HTLV en niños de 8 meses a 6 años de edad, que fueron atendidos en el Hospital del Niño Manuel Ascencio Villarroel, en el periodo 2020 -2021. Métodos: estudio cuantitativo, transversal, descriptivo, exploratorio. Resultados: de los 67 pacientes estudiados, una mayoría tiene origen étnico quechua, procedentes del área rural. Al estudio clínico, todos los pacientes presentan un estado nutricional conservado eutrófico (n=55), el promedio de lactancia materna de los mismos es de 17,2 meses. Al estudio laboratorial, un paciente dio positivo para HTLV por la técnica de ELISA, prueba realizada por duplicado en tiempos distintos, el cual corresponde al 1,5 % de los pacientes estudiados. Conclusiones: este estudio exploratorio demuestra fundamentalmente que este virus se encuentra circulando en nuestro medio, en el 1,5 % de la muestra estudiada, lo que hace necesario profundizar el estudio con un mayor número de muestras.
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and II (HTLV) are retroviruses that are distributed worldwide, are characterized by the infection of TCD4+ cells and are associated with two types of important diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and the neurological disease, tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) or myelopathy. One of the main routes of transmission is the so-called vertical transmission, from mother to child through breastfeeding, whose transmission rate is 5.7 to 35.5%. Objectives: to explore the vertical transmission of the HTLV Virus in children from 8 months to 6 years of age, who were treated at the Manuel Ascencio Villarroel Children's Hospital, in the period 2020 -2021. Methods: quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, exploratory study. Results: of the 67 patients studied, a large part has Quechua ethnic origin, coming from the rural area. Clinically, they present a preserved eutrophic nutritional status (n=55), with an average of 17.2 months of breastfeeding. Of the total number of patients, one tested positive for HTLV by the ELISA technique, which corresponds to 1.5% of the patients studied. Conclusions: this exploratory study basically demonstrates that this virus is circulating in our environment, in 1.5% of the sample studied, which makes it necessary to deepen the study with a greater number of samples.
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The health implications of urban development, particularly in rapidly changing, low-income urban neighborhoods, are poorly understood. We describe the Healthy Neighborhoods Study (HNS), a Participatory Action Research study examining the relationship between neighborhood change and population health in nine Massachusetts neighborhoods. Baseline data from the HNS survey show that social factors, specifically income insecurity, food insecurity, social support, experiencing discrimination, expecting to move, connectedness to the neighborhood, and local housing construction that participants believed would improve their lives, identified by a network of 45 Resident Researchers exhibited robust associations with self-rated and mental health. Resident-derived insights into relationships between neighborhoods and health may provide a powerful mechanism for residents to drive change in their communities.
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Nível de Saúde , Pobreza/estatística & dados numéricos , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Mudança Social , Reforma Urbana , Adolescente , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Boston , Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade , Relações Comunidade-Instituição , Feminino , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Saúde Mental , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Autorrelato , Apoio Social , População Urbana , Adulto JovemRESUMO
La paracoccidioidomicosis es una micosis profunda y sistémica frecuente en las zonas tropicales y subtropicales de América Latina, cuyo agente etiológico es el Paracoccidioides sp. Es una enfermedad prevalente de la población adulta más del 95% de los casos secundario al largo período de latencia, por lo que existen pocos reportes en la edad pediátrica. Se presenta caso clínico de adolescente de 14 años de sexo masculino, quién cursó con múltiples adenopatías en todo el cuerpo, predominio en la región cervical, asociado a palidez mucocutanea generalizada y dolor abdominal inespecífico. Antecedente de presentar un mes atrás accesos de tos, fiebre e hiporexia. Se realizó el diagnóstico diferencial con: leucemia, linfomas, tuberculosis pulmonar y extrapulmonar. El diagnóstico se confirmó por histopatología de biopsia ganglionar y examen directo. El paciente fue tratado con Itraconazol, presentando una evolución favorable.
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a deep and systemic fungal infection common in tropical and subtropical areas of Latin America, whose etiologic agent is Paracoccidioides sp. It is a common disease of the adult population over 95% cases are secondary cases to the long latency period, so there are few reports in children. It present a clinical case of 14-year old male, who had attended multiple lymph nodes in all body, predominantly in the cervical region, associated with generalized mucocutaneous paleness and nonspecific abdominal pain. Antecedent to present a month ago coughing, fever and hyporexia. Presenting a favorable evolution Leukemia, lymphoma, pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis: the differential diagnosis was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy of histopathology node and direct examination. The patient was treated with itraconazole, presunting a favorable evolution.
Assuntos
Paracoccidioidomicose , Biópsia/métodos , Fluconazol/administração & dosagem , Cefotaxima/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Objetivos: identificar la relación entre asma y toxocariasis y los factores de riesgo para cada una de estas enfermedades. Métodos: estudio de tipo caso control. Se incluyeron pacientes entre 2-13 años de edad, de los cuales 41 pacientes tienen el diagnóstico de asma y 41 niños (controles) sin asma que fueron pareados por edad y sexo. Resultados: no se demostró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre Asma y Toxocariasis. Los factores que mostraron ser un riesgo para asma en los pacientes fue el antecedente de tener un familiar con asma, historia de alergias previas y el juego frecuente con perros en el domicilio. La seroprevalencia para toxocariasis fue baja en la serie de estudio (6%). La mayor parte de los niños tienen en su casa perros, suelen jugar en parques y plazuelas y en sus casas tienen patios y jardines con suelo de tierra o césped, en número menor de casos los niños tienen pica. Conclusiones: la escasa información existente sobre toxocariasis en animales y humanos, así como la interacción con el asma amerita ampliar investigaciones epidemiológicas en nuestro medio.
Objectives: to identify the relationship between asthma and toxocariasis and risk factors for each of these diseases. Methods: case-control study. Patients aged 2-13 years old, of whom 41 are patients with a diagnosis of asthma (cases) and 41 children (controls) without asthma who were matched for age and sex. Results: there was not a statistically significant relationship between asthma and Toxocariasis. The factors to be a risk for asthma patients was having a family history of asthma, history of previous allergiesand frequent playing with dogs at home. Toxocariasis seroprevalence was low in the study series (6%). Most children have dogs at home, usually play in parks and squares and have courtyards and gardens with soil and grass at home, in fewer cases of children have pica. Conclusions: the data were limited existing information on animal and human toxocariasis, as well as interaction with asthma warrants expanding epidemio-logical research in our midst.
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Asma , ToxocaríaseRESUMO
La diarrea aguda es la primera causa de internación en el Centro Pediátrico Albina R de Patino; el periodo marzo a julio del 2009 constituye el primer pico estacional posterior a la implementación de la vacuna en menores de un año. Analizar los cambios epidemiológicos existentes posteriores a la implementación de la vacuna, las características de los episodios de enteritis por rotavirus durante la temporada rotavírica antes (marzo-julio 2008) y después de la implementación de la vacuna (marzo-julio 2009) en menores de un año. Estudio observacional, no controlado, transversal descriptivo de 167 historias clínicas de niños menores de un año con diagnóstico de enteritis por rotavirus confirmada por látex, la descripción de la severidad del episodio se evaluó a través de la escala de Ruuska Vesikari en una escala de 20 puntos en un subgrupo de 37 pacientes. La prevalencia de la enfermedad ha reducido de forma estadísticamente significativa X2 de 20.30 p: 0.000007, La hospitalización redujo en un 43.7%, la infección mixta mas frecuente es rotavirus-E. Histolytica, hubo un predominio del sexo masculino y el grupo etáreo mas afectado fue el >6 meses. Las manifestaciones clínicas y la severidad según escala no demostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grupo vacunado y no vacunado, no hubo mortalidad en el grupo de estudio de severidad. La vacunación ha sido una causa contribuyente para los cambios epidemiológicos descritos, la severidad en general y las manifestaciones clínicas fueron similares en el grupo vacunado con relación al no vacunado.
The acute gastroenteritis is considered the first cause of hospitalization in the "Albina R de Patino" Paediatric Center; the severity of rotavirus enteritis is higher than other agents; March to July of 2009 is considered the first rotavirus season before the rotavirus vaccination. To analyze the epidemiological changes and to describe the characteristics of the episodes of enteritis by rotavirus before (March to July 2008) and after the vaccination (March to July 2009) in children who are less of one year oíd. An observational, non controlated, transversal, descriptive study of 167 clinical histories of children who were diag-nosed with rotavirus enteritis by Látex determination. The severity of disease was graded with the use of the 20-point Vesikari scale in a subgroup of 37 patients. The prevalence has suffered a statistically reduction in contrast to the previous season X² de 20.30 p: 0.000007. Hospitalization has shown a 43.7% of reduction, the relation Rotavirus - Histolytic E. is the most frequent co-infection founded, the masculine sex is the most affected .Children who had more than 6 months of life have been the etaric group more affected .The clinical manifestations and the severity calculated didn't show differences in the vaccinated group vs. the non vaccinated group, we didn't found mortality in both groups. The vaccination could have been a cause to the decrease of the rotavirus prevalence and the hospital indicators; the severity of the episode has been similar even if they received the vaccine.
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EnteriteRESUMO
Se presenta el caso de una lactante menor de 5 meses de edad, internada en el Servicio de Medicina Hospital del Niñ@ Manuel Ascencio Villarroel con el diagnóstico de Síndrome de Pierre Robin y diversas malformaciones concomitantes: mucocele lingual, colpocefalia, hipoplasia de fosa posterior, nistagmus, paraparesia espástica, retraso del desarrollo, displasia bilateral de cadera, 6º ortejo en miembro inferior derecho, desnutrición crónica y reiterativos cuadros de neumonía intersticial.
A case of an infant under 5 months of age, admitted to the Medicine Service in the Hospital Manuel Ascencio Villarroel, diagnosed with Pierre Robin Syndrome and various malformations concomitant lingual mucocele, colpocephaly, hypoplastic posterior fossa, nystagmus, spastic paraparesis, developmental delay, bilateral hip dysplasia, 6th toe in the right leg, chronic malnutrition and repetitive tables interstitial pneumonía.
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Síndrome de Pierre RobinRESUMO
El calcio ionizado representa la fracción libre y el 50% del calcio total en el plasma y refleja el estado verdadero del calcio del organismo en salud y enfermedad. Será interesante determinar cuan frecuente es la hipocalcemia en niños desnutridos, que tipo de desnutrición es el que mas presenta hipocalcemia, la relación del calcio total, calcio corregido y calcio ionizado con la clínica y la talla baja, además de determinar el manejo que se realiza a esta alteración. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, analítico. La muestra estuvo constituida por 67 niños con edades entre un mes y menores de cinco años que ingresaron al Hospital del niñ@ Manuel Ascencio Villarroel de la ciudad de Cochabamba, durante los años 2004 a 2006. Se encontró en el estudio que la frecuencia de hipocalcemia en nuestro medio es de 27%, siendo la desnutrición aguda y la crónica reagudizada las que mas presentan hipocalcemia; hubo diferencia significativa en medir calcio total en comparación con el calcio corregido y calcular el calcio iónico; la clínica de hipocalcemia solo se vio en 11.1% siendo esta inespecífica; la talla baja no es dependiente de la hipocalcemia; el 44.4% de los pacientes con hipocalcemia fueron manejados con reposición de calcio por vía endovenosa; la sintomatología no fue criterio para el tratamiento. Es necesario continuar con el estudio de la importancia del calcio en la fase inicial de la desnutrición proteico energética grave controlando además los valores de fosfatasa alcalina, estudiando sus variaciones y su trascendencia clínica.
The ionized calcium represents the free fraction and 50% of total calcium in the plasma and reflects the true state of calcium in the organism, as in health and disease. Will be interesting to determinate how frequent is hipocalcemia in children wtih malnutrition, which type of malnutrition is most often in hipocalcemia, the relation between total calcium, corrected calcium and ionized calcium with the clinic and the low stature, besides to determine the handling in this alteration. This is a descriptive, retrospective and analytical study. The sample was constituted by 67 children with patients between a month and minors of five years old, they were admited at the Children’s Hospital “Manuel Ascencio Villarroel” of the Cochabamba city, during years 2004 to 2006. We found in the study that the frequency of hipocalcemia in our means was of 27%, from these the acute and the chronicle reacute malnutrition were the ones that showed the most hipocalcemia frequency, there was a significant difference in the total measuring of correct calcium and ionic calcium,with ionic calcium calculating; the clinic of hipocalcemia only was seen in 11.1%, being this unspecific; the low stature is not dependent of hipocalcemia; the 44,4% of the pa tients with hipocalcemia were handled with calcium replacement by endovenosa route, the sintomatología was not criterion for the treatment. It’s necessary continue with the study of the importance of calcium in the initial phase of serious proteinenergetic malnutrition, controlling also the values of fosfatasa alkaline, studying his variations and their clinical importance.
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Deficiência de ProteínaRESUMO
Se trata de un estudio transversal descriptivoque cuenta con la participación de Niños de 1 mes a 13 años que presenten las siguientes características: Desnutrición proteico energética grave (DNTPEG) con indicadores P/T y T/E < 2 DE (según la tabla de Waterlow) asociados a signos de peligro (AIEPI) internados en el Hospital del niño Manuel Ascencio Villarroel. Niños portadores de VIH que acuden a consulta o están internados nacidos de madres con diagnóstico VIH positivo confirmados. Niños hematooncológicos que están internados. Se estudiaron 26 niños de los cuales 46,2% son niños con VIH/SIDA, 12 pacientes que presentan DNTPEG (46.2 %) y 7.7% con diagnostico hematooncológico que se encontraban internados o que asistían a consulta externa. Los resultados demuestran que no se encontró infección por Cryptosporidium spp en la población estudiada, se encontró un 15% de infección por Giardía lamblia, entre otros parásitos encontrados tenemos Strongyloides stercolaris y Entamoeba coli. Los pacientes con desnutrición están sometidos a mayor numero de factores de riesgo para contraer cualquier tipo de infecciones por microorganismos oportunistas y/o patógenos en relación a los pacientes con VIH/SIDA. Creemos que el hecho de no haber encontrado Cryptosporidium spp puede deberse a que los niños se encontraban en mejor competencia inmunológica debido a los protocolos de tratamiento antiviral que recibían y/o varios antimicrobianos que pudieron haber controlado el problema, por otro lado el conocer la situación de la enfermedad (VIH) determinó que las madres fueran mas cuidadosas con la medidas higiénico dietéticas de sus hijos. Conclusión: No se encontró infección por Cryptosporidium spp, pero se pudo evidenciar infección por Giardía lamblia en los pacientes inmunodeprimidos del hospital del niño Manuel Ascencio Villarroel de la ciudad de Cochabamba.
This is a descriptive crosssectional study in which partipates Children of 1 month to 13 years old that present the following characteristics: Serious energetic protein malnutrition (DNTPEG) with indicators P/T and T/E < 2 DE (according to the table of Waterlow) associated to danger signs (AIEPI) hospitalized in the Hospital of niño Manuel Ascencio Villarroel. Children carriers of VIH that go to consultation or are committed, born of mothers with confirmed positive diagnosis VIH. Children hematooncological that are hospitalized. We have studied 26 children, 46.2% of them are children with VIH/SIDA, 12 patients whom DNTPEG presents (46.2%) and 7.7% with diagnose hematooncological that was hospitalized or that they attended external consultation. The results showed that there was not infection by Criptosporidium spp in the studied population, 15% had infection by Giardia Liamblia, among other parasites founded we have Strongyloides Stercolaris and Entamoeba coli. Te patients with malnutrion have a grater amount of risk factors to contract any tipe of infections by oportunistic and /or several antimicrobialthay have received that could have controlled the problem, on the other hand knowing the situationof the disease (HIV) it produced that mothers were more careful with the hygienic dietetic measures of their children. We found Gierdia Liamblia can cause infections in inmunosupressed children patients.
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CryptosporidiumRESUMO
Investigamos la existencia o no de microorganismos patógenos a nivel de los objetos ambientales y personal del hospital centro del presente estudio. Fue nuestra hipotesis de trabajo la existencia de microorganismos patógenos en los niveles mencionados, el obejtivo general del estudio fue identificar estos microorganismos para su mejor manejo de los pacientes hospitalizados. Se trata de un estudio prospectivo transversal no experimental y aplicado, se tomo un muestreo de los ambientes, objetos e instrumentos en directa relación con los pacientes asi como del personal médico y paramédico del hospital, procediendose posteriormente al cultivo y la identificación de los microorganismsos se observo que la contaminación ambiental importante en areas con pacientes de elevado riesgo de infección nosocomial. El personal, los materiales e instrumentos estan igualmente contaminados. Los microorganismos de potencial poder patógeno aislado fueron en orden de frecuencia Enterobacter, Stsphilococcus, E. Coli, serratia y Klebsiella, las reglas de antisepsia en el manejo de pacientes no se estan cumpliendo adecuadamente. Se analizan y discuten cada uno de estos resualtados.