RESUMO
The prevalence of trachoma in school children and ophthalmological patients in rural villages of the Qalyub Governorate of Egypt was determined by clinical and laboratory diagnostic procedures and reported as mild, moderate, or severe according to the WHO classification scheme. Of 777 primary school students examined in 3 villages, 204 (26%) had clinically active trachoma. The overall prevalence of the disease in this population ranged from 16% to 35%. The prevalence of infection was higher in younger groups and decreased throughout primary school. Of 312 patients with ocular complaints examined at the village outpatient clinics, 100 (32%) had trachoma infections. Monoclonal FA staining showed higher sensitivity in detecting positive cases of trachoma than did Giemsa staining. This study has shown that trachoma is still prevalent in rural Egypt and that the monoclonal FA staining is a relatively sensitive and practical test for the laboratory diagnosis of trachoma in a field study, where reasonable facilities for culture diagnosis are not available.
Assuntos
Tracoma/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Egito , Imunofluorescência , Humanos , Lactente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , População Rural , Tracoma/diagnósticoRESUMO
Cell mediated immune reactivity of chronic schistosomiasis patients was tested in vitro by peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMN) responses against phytohemagglutinin P (PHA), Candida albicans extract, soluble schistosomal antigenic preparations derived from eggs (SEA), adult worms (SWAP) and cercariae (CAP), before and after treatment of the patients with parziquantel. The patient population was from villages in the Qalyub province, Egypt, that are endemic for Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. Patients were studied immediately before, and at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months after chemotherapy. Egg counts were done on stool and urine specimens taken simultaneously with blood samples. There was a significant increase in PBMN responses to SWAP and CAP but not to SEA, PHA or C. albicans in 27 patients (age 8-65) 1 month after treatment. Eleven patients treated 1.5 years previously did not show such elevated responses 1 month after re-treatment. Three months after treatment higher mean responses were observed to SWAP, CAP, SEA, and PHA, but not to C. albicans in 24 patients (age 6-26). Significant increases in PBMN responses to SWAP and CAP, but not to SEA, PHA or C. albicans were obtained at 6 months after treatment in 12 patients (age 6-30). By 9 months after treatment in a group of 11 patients (age 8-25) SWAP and CAP responses were still elevated as were SEA and C. albicans induced reactivities. The PBMN responses of 10 patients were followed longitudinally at pretreatment, 3-, 6-, and 9-month post-treatment times. In general, elevated responses were maintained throughout this period to the schistosomal preparations. Unrelated responses occasionally fluctuated but were not consistently altered over time.
Assuntos
Isoquinolinas/uso terapêutico , Praziquantel/uso terapêutico , Esquistossomose/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Antígenos/imunologia , Criança , Egito , Feminino , Humanos , Imunidade Celular , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Óvulo/imunologia , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Schistosoma haematobium/imunologia , Schistosoma mansoni/imunologia , Esquistossomose/tratamento farmacológico , Esquistossomose/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Natural killer (NK) activity was assayed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with schistosomiasis, of patients following treatment, and of uninfected control subjects. The patient populations were from villages in the Qalyub Province, Egypt and around Belo Horizonte , Brazil. NK activity was assayed by the cytotoxicity of 51Cr-labelled K562 target tumor cells. In neither infected population were significant alterations from normal levels found in the percent cytotoxicity per 10(6) cells, or in the lytic units that expressed 25% cytotoxicity. Likewise, prior treatment (2 and 6 months previously) did not alter the group NK activity detected. Similarly, in the Egyptian study there was no difference in the percentage of large granular lymphocytes between the infected and uninfected groups. In parallel studies in Egyptian and Brazilian schistosomiasis patients we did not find any evidence that this chronic infection consistently altered circulating NK activity.
Assuntos
Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Esquistossomose/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Criança , Egito , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxamniquine/uso terapêutico , Schistosoma mansoni , Esquistossomose/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Immune responsiveness of schistosomiasis patients was assayed longitudinally, before and for two years after chemotherapeutic treatment with praziquantel, by in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMN) proliferation upon exposure to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), or soluble schistosomal antigenic preparations from eggs (SEA), adult worms (SWAP) or cercariae (CAP). Parallel faecal and urine examinations documented the infection status of the patients during this time. Treatment resulted in substantially increased responsiveness to the schistosome-derived materials but not to PHA or C. albicans extract. The responses to SEA, SWAP, and CAP often remained elevated for one to two years after treatment. However, those patients who became reinfected had significantly lower PBMN responses to SEA or CAP at the time of the last blastogenesis assay before the observation that they were again stool-positive for Schistosoma mansoni eggs. No other demonstrable differences (such as age, sex, household location, pre-treatment intensities of infection or occupation) were observed between those who remained uninfected for at least two years (resistant?) and those who became reinfected during this time (susceptible?).
Assuntos
Ativação Linfocitária , Praziquantel/uso terapêutico , Esquistossomose Urinária/imunologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Imunidade , Estudos Longitudinais , Linfócitos/imunologia , Masculino , Esquistossomose Urinária/tratamento farmacológico , Esquistossomose mansoni/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The appearance of serum levels of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) detectable by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) (5H11) antigen-capture sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system was evaluated during acute Schistosoma mansoni infections in female CF1 mice exposed to either 100 or 25 cercariae. Measurable CCA levels occurred in these groups at 5 and 7 wk after infection, respectively. The kinetics of appearance of CCA were thus related to the intensity of infection. The level of resistance developed by female C57BL/6 mice upon immunization with irradiated cercariae, as expressed by both worm burden and CCA levels after cercarial challenge was evaluated. Immunization conferred 44% protection against the challenge infection, and the level of CCA detected in the sera of the control group was significantly (P less than 0.02) higher than that found in the sera of the immunized group, 6 wk after challenge. These results demonstrate that CCA detection by the 5H11 mAb antigen-capture sandwich ELISA can reflect vaccine-induced resistance against S. mansoni. Localization studies showed that 5H11 reacts with a CCA epitope in the adult worm gut and to a lesser extent with the male tegument. Adaptations of this and other antigen detection systems may prove useful in monitoring the efficacy of developmental vaccines, an ability that may be essential for the extension of such studies to humans.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Helmintos/sangue , Imunização , Schistosoma mansoni/imunologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/imunologia , Doença Aguda , Animais , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Schistosoma mansoni/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Splenectomized andnonsplenectomized dogs were experimentally infected with Babesia gibsoni. Infectivity of parasites was retained for 1 month in samples of blood kept at 4 C in a mixture with Alsever's, acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD), or ammonium-potassium oxalate solutions. When samples were slowly frozen to -70 C in a mixture with citrate solution, the parasites remained infective for 4 months. The average prepatent period was 3.3 days in splenectomized dogs and 4 days in nonsplenectomized dogs. Clinical signs were mild fever and anemia in nonsplenectomized dogs and fever, anemia, icterus, and rarely, hemoglobinuria in splenectomized dogs. Blood packed cell volume (PCV) decreased to as little as 11%, and total bilirubin increased to as great as 0.85 mg/dl. Latent parasitemia was still detectable in some dogs 135 days after the initial parasitemia. Gross pathologic changes mainly involved liver and spleen. Hepatic degeneration was always present.
Assuntos
Babesiose , Doenças do Cão , Fatores Etários , Anemia/veterinária , Animais , Babesia/patogenicidade , Babesiose/parasitologia , Babesiose/patologia , Bilirrubina/sangue , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Cães , Eritrócitos/parasitologia , Febre/veterinária , Congelamento , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinúria/veterinária , Fígado/patologia , Preservação Biológica , Esplenectomia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Similar results were obtained when testing human sera for Salmonella antibodies by the tube agglutination test and by the Microtiter plate agglutination test. The plate test was easier to perform and saved time, space, antigen, and serum.
Assuntos
Testes de Aglutinação , Anticorpos/análise , Infecções por Salmonella/imunologia , Salmonella/imunologia , Antígenos de Bactérias/análise , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Humanos , Soros Imunes , Métodos , Infecções por Salmonella/diagnóstico , SorotipagemRESUMO
We studied the effect of methadone, alone and in combination with antimicrobial agents, on two strains each of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens isolated from blood streams of parenteral drug abusers with bacterial endocarditis. Methadone has its own antibacterial effect, although at supraphysiological concentrations, and is even synergistic with antimicrobial agents against some organisms. Thus, methadone does not interfere with the antibacterial effects of antibiotics in vitro.
Assuntos
Metadona/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Interações Medicamentosas , Humanos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Serratia marcescens/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
A monoclonal antibody (MAb) 5H11/B1 that reacts with a repeating epitope on an excretory-secretory (E + S) antigen of adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni was used in the detection of circulating antigen (CA) in sera from S. mansoni-infected mice using an antigen-capture sandwich ELISA. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) pretreatment of sera from mice infected for 8 or 16 weeks precipitated immune complexes and/or dissociated CA and allowed its detection. Sera obtained 8 weeks after infection contained high levels of CA. Upon treatment with praziquantel (100 mg/kg body wt), this level was significantly less within 1 week. A strong correlation was found between the worm count determined by perfusion and the level of antigenemia detected by the 5H11/B1 assay in light and heavy infection (r = 0.80). Based on the results of both TCA pretreatment and sodium periodate treatment, the 5H11/B1 sandwich ELISA assay detects a repeating carbohydrate epitope on an E + S antigen. This system appears to be a sensitive assay for the detection of schistosomal antigenemia in murine schistosomiasis. Studies on the detection of antigenemia in human schistosomiasis using this assay are in progress.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Antígenos de Helmintos/análise , Schistosoma mansoni/imunologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Hibridomas , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos CBA , Praziquantel/uso terapêutico , Schistosoma mansoni/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esquistossomose mansoni/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
CBA/J mice were inoculated in the lower conjunctival sac with live elementary bodies (EBs) of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar A. Recovery of chlamydia after exposure was done by culture of conjunctival swabs and draining lymph node (D-LN) cells in McCoy cells grown on coverslips in isolation vials. Cellular immune responsiveness was measured by lymphocyte proliferation assay of D-LN cells stimulated with irradiated EBs of serovars A, C, or L2. Humoral immunity was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblot analysis. Chlamydia were consistently isolated from the conjunctiva and from the D-LN at 1 and 7 days after exposure respectively. Intermittent isolations were obtained from the conjunctiva up to day 4 and from the D-LN up to day 14 after a single exposure. Serovar A EB-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation was strong by 1 week after conjunctival exposure, but by 4 and 5 weeks, blastogenic responsiveness was very low. This lack of responsiveness may reflect a state of immunosuppression. Responses to serovars C and L2 EBs were consistently lower than to serovar A EBs. Serum IgG antichlamydia antibodies were not detected by ELISA until 2 weeks after exposure, peaked by 4-5 weeks, and decreased between 5 and 7 weeks after exposure. The IgM response was minimal at all times tested. There was, however, a modest increase in IgM antibodies at 3 and 5-7 weeks after exposure. Immunoblot analysis showed reactivity of mouse serum antibodies with polypeptide bands of 30, 41, and 52 kD at 3 and 4 weeks post exposure and predominantly with the 52 kD moiety at 5 weeks post exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assuntos
Chlamydia trachomatis/imunologia , Túnica Conjuntiva/imunologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Tracoma/imunologia , Animais , Formação de Anticorpos , Chlamydia trachomatis/isolamento & purificação , Imunidade Celular , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos CBA , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Ocular exposure of mice to live elementary bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar A results in immunological sensitization of the mice. This reactivity is manifested by the development of early (5 h) and delayed-type (24 h) dermal reactivity and serovar-specific antibody formation against either live or irradiated (100 kilorads) elementary bodies. Parallel ocular exposure of mice to irradiated elementary bodies does not result in this sensitization. The early and late dermal immune responses induced by ocular exposure to live organisms can be transferred to unexposed mice by serum and lymphoid cell transfers, respectively. It appears that successful murine ocular sensitization by human C. trachomatis serovar A elementary bodies is an ability manifested by live organisms and not by inactivated but antigenic organisms.
Assuntos
Chlamydia trachomatis/imunologia , Túnica Conjuntiva/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Infecções por Chlamydia/imunologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/patologia , Chlamydia trachomatis/efeitos da radiação , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Imunização Passiva , Linfócitos/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Pele/imunologiaRESUMO
In a serologic survey on equine leptospirosis in Egypt, the following incidences of leptospiral serosensitivity were found: 1. Hospitalised horses 65/113 (57.5 %). 2. Hospitalised donkeys 90/125 (72.0 %). 3. Apparently healthy horses 21/72 (29.1 %). Sera of these animals were mostly reacting to serotypes butembo, pomona, icterohemorragiae, and grippotyphosa. Equine in Egypt are close animals to humans and may constitute a potential source of leptospiral infection. From the clinical point of view, it is very possible that ocular, hoof lesions and icterus in equines would be expected with leptospiral titres.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Doenças dos Cavalos/imunologia , Leptospirose/veterinária , Animais , Egito , Doenças dos Cavalos/patologia , Cavalos , Leptospira/imunologia , Leptospirose/imunologia , Leptospirose/patologia , PerissodáctilosRESUMO
Experiments were performed to evaluate the in vitro effects of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide on viability and function of human alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages were obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy and saline bronchial lavage from 12 normal, nonsmoking volunteers. Cells were incubated with different concentrations of E. coli endotoxin for 1 and 24 h. Endotoxin (10 microgram/ml and more) was cytotoxic for alveolar macrophages after 24 h of incubation and induced significant inhibition of phagocytosis, adherence, and spreading. The effects of endotoxin on alveolar macrophage viability and function were dose and time dependent and were not influenced by indomethacin. Thus, human alveolar macrophages, like other mononuclear phagocytes, are extremely sensitive to endotoxin effects; these observations may be relevant in conditions in which endotoxin may be in contact with alveolar macrophages in vivo: endobronchial infections with gram-negative organisms, byssinosis, chronic bronchitis of grain handles, and humidifier fever.
Assuntos
Endotoxinas/farmacologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Alvéolos Pulmonares/imunologia , Adulto , Toxinas Bacterianas/farmacologia , Escherichia coli , Humanos , Indometacina/farmacologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Fagocitose , Salmonella typhimurium , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 5H11 reacted with repeating epitopes on Schistosoma mansoni circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) and detected CCA in sera of Egyptian S. mansoni-infected patients. MAb 5H11 was both capture and biotinylated detection antibody in a sandwich ELISA of trichloroacetic acid-pretreated serum samples. Sera of patients with 7-500 eggs/g of stool were positive by MAb 5H11-CCA sandwich ELISA. Stool egg counts and CCA serum levels correlated (r = .52), and CCA levels decreased by 4 weeks after praziquantel treatment in patients with pretreatment egg counts of greater than or equal to 50/g of stool (P less than .05). Sera of Schistosoma haematobium-infected patients, uninfected individuals, and most patients with other helminths were negative in this assay. The MAb 5H11-CCA sandwich ELISA appears sensitive and specific for immunodetection of active schistosomiasis mansoni and useful for monitoring its chemotherapy.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais , Antígenos de Helmintos/sangue , Glicoproteínas/sangue , Proteínas de Helminto/sangue , Schistosoma mansoni/imunologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Especificidade de Anticorpos , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Criança , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Fezes/parasitologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Praziquantel/uso terapêutico , Schistosoma mansoni/isolamento & purificação , Esquistossomose mansoni/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Previous attempts to develop a reproducible model of chronic mandibular osteomyelitis have met with limited success. In this study, osteomyelitis was produced in the mandibles of eight adult Yucatan miniswine by the intramedullary application of sodium morrhuate, Staphylococcus aureus, and either polymethylmethacrylate bone cement or bone wax. At 8 weeks' postinfection, the mandibles were surgically debrided and specimens were obtained for culture. Although all of the animals developed clinical evidence of osteomyelitis that was supported by positive cultures, the original organism (S aureus) was recovered only from those animals where bone wax had been used to seal the cortical defects. This animal model may be useful for evaluating newer treatment modalities for chronic osteomyelitis.
Assuntos
Modelos Animais de Doenças , Doenças Mandibulares/patologia , Osteomielite/patologia , Porco Miniatura , Animais , Doença Crônica , Doenças Mandibulares/microbiologia , Metilmetacrilatos , Osteomielite/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus , Suínos , CerasRESUMO
A human epithelioid cell line (A-431) was tested in parallel with McCoy fibroblast cells for the growth of trachoma-related serovar A Chlamydia trachomatis without centrifugation or cycloheximide addition. A-431 cells were 4-7 times more susceptible to infection with serovar A than McCoy cells in such unmanipulated cultures. Murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) developed against serovar A were then evaluated for their ability to inhibit unmanipulated serovar A infectivity of A-431 cells. Two of seven MAbs tested neutralized infectivity by more than 50%. An IgG2a MAb (2C8) that is specific for serovar A, and another IgG2a MAb (4E3) that reacts equally with serovars A and L2 neutralized infectivity of serovar A by 72.2 +/- 3.7% and 56.0 +/- 5.8% (mean +/- SEM of 7 experiments) respectively. Mouse immune serum (MIS) raised against serovar A elementary bodies (EB) neutralized infectivity of serovar A by 76.0 +/- 4.9% (mean +/- SEM of 7 experiments). Immunoblot detection of serovar A EB polypeptides separated by SDS-PAGE indicated that 2C8 reacted with a 16 kD and 4E3 reacted with a 12 kD polypeptide while MIS reacted with several polypeptides including the major outer membrane protein (MOMP). These studies show that the human epithelioid cell line A-431 is a more susceptible host than McCoy cells in unmanipulated cultures, and that 2 MAbs neutralize serovar A infectivity of A-431 cells. Identification of antigenic moieties of importance in unmanipulated chlamydial infections may help in the development of potential vaccines against trachoma.