Sick leave before, during, and after short-term outpatient psychotherapy: a cohort study on sick leave days and health care costs between behavioral and psychodynamic psychotherapies on anonymized claims data.

BACKGROUND: Sick leave due to mental disorders poses a relevant societal and economic burden. Research on sick leave over a patient journey of individuals who received one of two treatment approaches - either behavioral (BT) or psychodynamic (PDT) psychotherapy - is scarce. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study on anonymized German claims data for propensity-score matched patients who received short-term outpatient BT or PDT. We analyzed sick leave days and direct health care costs one year before, during, and one year after psychotherapy. RESULTS: We analyzed data of patients who received BT and PDT, with N = 14 530 patients per group after matching. Patients showed sick leave days per person year of 33.66 and 35.05 days before, 35.99 and 39.74 days during, and 20.03 and 20.95 days after BT and PDT, respectively. Sick leave rates were overall higher in patients who received PDT. Both patient groups showed reductions of roughly 14 sick leave days per year, or 40%, from before to after therapy without a difference between BT and PDT (difference-in-difference [DiD] = -0.48, 95%-confidence interval [CI] -1.61 to 0.68). Same applies to direct health care costs which reduced in both groups by roughly 1800 EUR (DiD = 0, 95%-CI -158 to 157). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest similar reductions in sick leave days and direct health care costs from before to after BT and PDT. As sick leave is discussed to serve as an indicator of overall health and functioning in mental disorders, both treatments may have a similar positive impact on mental health.

Fibronectin aggregates promote features of a classically and alternatively activated phenotype in macrophages.

BACKGROUND: Means to promote endogenous remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) benefit from insights into the role of inhibitory molecules that preclude remyelination. Fibronectin assembles into aggregates in MS, which impair oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination. Microglia and macrophages are required for complete remyelination and normally switch from a pro-inflammatory classical phenotype upon demyelination to a supportive alternative phenotype during remyelination. Here, we investigated the role of fibronectin aggregates in modulating microglia and macrophage behavior and phenotypes. METHODS: Bone marrow-derived macrophages and microglia from newborn rats were exposed to (a) plasma fibronectin coatings; (b) coatings of deoxycholate-insoluble fibronectin aggregates; (c) interferon-γ (IFNγ) treatment, as an inducer of the pro-inflammatory classically activated phenotype; (d) interleukin-4 (IL-4) treatment, to promote the pro-regenerative anti-inflammatory alternatively activated phenotype; or (e) left unstimulated on uncoated plastic. To examine the in vitro effects of the different stimulations on cell behavior and phenotype, proliferation, phagocytosis, morphology, and pro- and anti-inflammatory features were assessed. RESULTS: In line with a classically activated phenotype, exposure of microglia and macrophages to both plasma fibronectin and fibronectin aggregates induced an amoeboid morphology and stimulated phagocytosis by macrophages. Furthermore, as observed upon IFNγ treatment, coatings of aggregated, but not plasma fibronectin, promoted nitric oxide release by microglia and macrophages. Remarkably, fibronectin aggregates induced nitric oxide release in an integrin-independent manner. In addition, fibronectin aggregates, but not plasma fibronectin, increased the expression of arginase-1, similarly as observed upon treatment with IL-4. Proteomic analysis revealed that aggregates of fibronectin act as a scaffold for other proteins, including Hsp70 and thrombospondin-1, which may clarify the induction of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory features in macrophages cultured on fibronectin aggregate, but not plasma fibronectin coatings. CONCLUSIONS: Macrophages and microglia grown on aggregated fibronectin coatings adopt a distinct phenotype compared to plasma fibronectin coatings, showing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory features. Therefore, the pathological fibronectin aggregates in MS lesions may impair remyelination by promoting and/or retaining several classically activated phenotypic features in microglia and macrophages.

Treatment Patterns, Outcomes, and Persistence to Newly Started Heart Failure Medications in Patients with Worsening Heart Failure: A Cohort Study from the United States and Germany.

BACKGROUND: Data are limited regarding guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) treatment patterns in patients with worsening heart failure (HF). METHODS: We used administrative claims databases in Germany and the USA to conduct a retrospective cohort study of patients with worsening HF. Two cohorts of patients with prevalent HF and a HF hospitalization (HFH) from 2016 to 2019, alive at discharge (N = 75,140 USA; N = 47,003 Germany) were identified. Index date was the first HFH during the study period. One-year HF rehospitalization and mortality rates were calculated and a composite endpoint of both outcomes assessed using Kaplan-Meier estimation. We evaluated HF medication patterns in the 6 months before and after the index date. New users of a HF medication (at discharge/after index HFH) were followed for 1 year to evaluate persistence (no treatment gaps > 2 months) RESULTS: One-year HF rehospitalization rates were 36.2% (USA) and 47.7% (Germany). One year mortality rates were 30.0% (USA) and 23.0% (Germany), and the composite endpoint (mortality/HF rehospitalization) was reached in 55.1 % (USA) and 56.6% (Germany). Kaplan-Meier plots showed the risk for the composite endpoint was high in the early post discharge period. Comparison of patterns pre- and postindex HFH showed some increase in use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), and triple therapy; use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor/ angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) plus beta-blockers remained constant/slightly declined; < 20% patients received triple therapy (ACE inhibitor/ARB plus beta-blocker plus MRA). A third of patients were new users; 1 year persistence rates were often low. CONCLUSIONS: Morbidity, mortality, and rehospitalization risk is high among patients with worsening HF; uptake and continuation of GDMT is suboptimal.

Routine practice data of three cancer entities: Comparison among cancer registry and health insurance data.

INTRODUCTION: Claims data and cancer registry data are valuable secondary data sources for addressing health service research questions. This study provides a thorough insight into the comparability of data from health insurance companies and cancer registries in Germany regarding breast, prostate, and lung cancer patients and their treatment. METHODS: For this study claims data of the InGef database and data of the Cancer Registry of Rhineland-Palatinate were used to identify patients living in Rhineland-Palatinate with an incident breast, prostate, or lung cancer diagnosis between Jan. 1, 2018 and Dec. 31, 2019. Both datasets were compared for patient and tumour characteristics as well as treatment strategy. For the descriptive analysis of tumour localisation and treatment all patients were followed up for a maximum of two years. RESULTS: A total of 1,470 incident cancer cases were identified in the InGef database and 1,694 in the Cancer Registry. Data on sex, age, and tumour localisation matched well for all cancer entities in the cohorts. Data for early UICC stages I+II varied between the cohorts for prostate cancer (84% InGef, 66% Cancer Registry) and lung cancer (29% InGef, 20% Cancer Registry). Larger deviations were found for antihormonal treatment (breast 54% vs. 44%, prostate 32% vs. 18%). Significant differences were found for surgery (breast and lung) and radiation (breast and prostate), respectively. DISCUSSION: Age at diagnosis, tumour localisation, and treatment for breast cancer was well documented in both databases. Tumour-specific deviations were observed for tumour localisations (lung cancer), UICC stage (prostate and lung cancer) and treatment options. CONCLUSION: Both databases show very good completeness across cancer entities, but at the same time have minor limitations where they could readily complement each other. Individual linkage of claims and registry data could be an important step to improve oncological studies with routine practice data and to overcome the limitations identified.

Effectiveness and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Among Octogenarians with Venous Thromboembolism: An International Multidatabase Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The effects of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) among octogenarian patients with venous thromboembolism remains poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, our study aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of DOACs compared to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) among octogenarians with venous thromboembolism. METHODS: We conducted an international cohort study using administrative health care databases from Québec, Canada, and Germany. We assembled 2 population-based cohorts of octogenarians with incident venous thromboembolism initiating treatment with DOACs or VKAs. The study period spanned from January 2012 to the most recent date of data availability (Québec: December 2016; Germany: December 2019). Using an as-treated exposure definition, we compared use of DOACs to use of VKAs, applying inverse probability of treatment weighting based on high-dimensional propensity scores to balance exposure groups. Cox proportional hazards models estimated site-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of recurrent venous thromboembolism, major bleeding, and all-cause mortality. The results were meta-analyzed using random-effects models. RESULTS: Overall, our study included 6737 octogenarians with venous thromboembolism (Québec: n = 2556; Germany: n = 4181) who initiated use of DOACs (n = 3778) or VKAs (n = 2959). When compared to VKAs, DOACs were associated with similar risks of recurrent venous thromboembolism (weighted HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.43-1.46; I2 = 0.00), major bleeding (weighted HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.57-1.63; I2 = 0.59), and all-cause mortality (weighted HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.81-1.34; I2 = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS: Among octogenarians with venous thromboembolism, DOACs showed a comparable effectiveness and safety compared to VKAs. Our results support the use of DOACs in this high-risk group.

Effectiveness and safety of direct oral anticoagulants with antiplatelet agents in patients with venous thromboembolism: A multi-database cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) often have comorbidities that require use of antiplatelets. However, evidence on the effects of concomitant use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and antiplatelets in this high-risk population is scarce. Our international, multi-database cohort study assessed the real-world effectiveness and safety of concomitant use of DOACs and antiplatelets among patients with VTE. METHODS: We assembled two population-based cohorts using administrative health care databases from Québec and Germany. We included patients with incident VTE who initiated treatment with a DOAC or a vitamin K antagonist (VKA), while being exposed to antiplatelets (acetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel, ticagrelor, prasugrel, dipyridamole). The study period spanned from 2012 to 2016 (Québec) or 2019 (Germany). Concomitant use of DOACs and antiplatelets was compared with concomitant use of VKAs and antiplatelets, using inverse probability of treatment weighting to balance exposure groups. Cox proportional hazards models estimated site-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of major bleeding, all-cause mortality (primary outcomes), and recurrent VTE (secondary outcome). Site-specific estimates were meta-analyzed using random-effects models. RESULTS: Overall, 4971 patients with VTE initiated concomitant use of a DOAC (n = 2289) or a VKA (n = 2682) and antiplatelets. Compared with concomitant use of VKAs and antiplatelets, concomitant use of DOACs and antiplatelets was associated with similar risks of major bleeding (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.46-1.45), all-cause mortality (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.87-1.79), and recurrent VTE (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.40-2.27). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with VTE using antiplatelets, there were no major differences in effectiveness and safety between DOACs and VKAs.

Clinical outcomes and characteristics of patients hospitalized for Influenza or COVID-19 in Germany.

OBJECTIVES: Since the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic, there is a discussion about the severity of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in comparison to infections with seasonal Influenza. The objective of this study was to compare clinical and demographic characteristics of German patients hospitalized for infection with either SARS-CoV-2 or Influenza. METHODS: This study used anonymized German healthcare claims data. Patients with a confirmed COVID-19 or Influenza diagnosis, for whom a complete hospital course was available (i.e., the patient was discharged or died in hospital) were included. The data set included detailed information on patient characteristics and hospital treatment. Patients were grouped according to whether they were transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU), received mechanical ventilation (MV), or had a severe course of the disease (SD). Charlson Comorbidity Index in the eight quarters prior to hospitalization and secondary diagnoses during hospitalization were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 2343 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and 6762 hospitalized patients with Influenza were included. Fifty-four percent of the patients were male patients, with men being twice as frequent in the COVID-19 severe groups. For both diseases, patients >49 years accounted for almost three-quarters of hospital cases and hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the most common comorbidities. The proportion of cases with ICU, MV, and SD was substantially higher for patients with COVID-19 (ICU+: 21 vs. 13 %; MV+: 15 vs. 9%; and SD+: 28 vs. 16%). Overall inhospital mortality was more than two-fold higher in COVID-19 vs. Influenza (14 vs. 6%).). The length of ventilation and hospitalization, and the proportion of patients diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, or acute kidney injury were considerably higher in patients with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 resulted in higher inhospital mortality and worse clinical outcomes than Influenza. This was not attributable to demographic characteristics, preexisting comorbidities, or patient triage, because the German healthcare system had not reached its limits in the pandemic. Discussions suggesting that COVID-19 and seasonal Influenza have similar severity cannot be based on clinical evidence.