Evaluation of the 2023 Duke-ISCVID and 2023 Duke-ESC Clinical Criteria for the Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis in a Multicenter Cohort of Patients With Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia.

BACKGROUND: The Duke criteria for infective endocarditis (IE) diagnosis underwent revisions in 2023 by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID). This study aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of these criteria, focusing on patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB). METHODS: This Swiss multicenter study conducted between 2014 and 2023 pooled data from three cohorts. It evaluated the performance of each iteration of the Duke criteria by assessing the degree of concordance between definite S. aureus IE (SAIE) and the diagnoses made by the Endocarditis Team (2018-23) or IE expert clinicians (2014-17). RESULTS: Among 1344 SAB episodes analyzed, 486 (36%) were identified as cases of SAIE. The 2023 Duke-ISCVID and 2023 Duke-ESC criteria demonstrated improved sensitivity for SAIE diagnosis (81% and 82%, respectively) compared to the 2015 Duke-ESC criteria (75%). However, the new criteria exhibited reduced specificity for SAIE (96% for both) compared to the 2015 criteria (99%). Spondylodiscitis was more prevalent among patients with SAIE compared to those with SAB alone (10% vs 7%, P = .026). However, when patients meeting the minor 2015 Duke-ESC vascular criterion were excluded, the incidence of spondylodiscitis was similar between SAIE and SAB patients (6% vs 5%, P = .461). CONCLUSIONS: The 2023 Duke-ISCVID and 2023 Duke-ESC clinical criteria show improved sensitivity for SAIE diagnosis compared to 2015 Duke-ESC criteria. However, this increase in sensitivity comes at the expense of reduced specificity. Future research should aim at evaluating the impact of each component introduced within these criteria.

Evaluation of the 2023 Duke-International Society of Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases Criteria in a Multicenter Cohort of Patients With Suspected Infective Endocarditis.

BACKGROUND: Since publication of Duke criteria for infective endocarditis (IE) diagnosis, several modifications have been proposed. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Duke-ISCVID (International Society of Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases) 2023 criteria compared to prior versions from 2000 (Duke-Li 2000) and 2015 (Duke-ESC [European Society for Cardiology] 2015). METHODS: This study was conducted at 2 university hospitals between 2014 and 2022 among patients with suspected IE. A case was classified as IE (final IE diagnosis) by the Endocarditis Team. Sensitivity for each version of the Duke criteria was calculated among patients with confirmed IE based on pathological, surgical, and microbiological data. Specificity for each version of the Duke criteria was calculated among patients with suspected IE for whom IE diagnosis was ruled out. RESULTS: In total, 2132 episodes with suspected IE were included, of which 1101 (52%) had final IE diagnosis. Definite IE by pathologic criteria was found in 285 (13%), 285 (13%), and 345 (16%) patients using the Duke-Li 2000, Duke-ESC 2015, or the Duke-ISCVID 2023 criteria, respectively. IE was excluded by histopathology in 25 (1%) patients. The Duke-ISCVID 2023 clinical criteria showed a higher sensitivity (84%) compared to previous versions (70%). However, specificity of the new clinical criteria was lower (60%) compared to previous versions (74%). CONCLUSIONS: The Duke-ISCVID 2023 criteria led to an increase in sensitivity compared to previous versions. Further studies are needed to evaluate items that could increase sensitivity by reducing the number of IE patients misclassified as possible, but without having detrimental effect on specificity of Duke criteria.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation for pure aortic insufficiency in a patient following David-type aortic valve-sparing root replacement after aortic dissection-A successful off-label procedure.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has traditionally been indicated for the treatment of aortic stenosis. However, in this case report, we describe a successful TAVI procedure in a 46-year-old male patient who had previously undergone David aortic valve-sparing aortic root replacement for type 1 aortic dissection. The patient presented with aortic valve insufficiency 4 years after the initial surgery and was subsequently treated with a 34 mm Medtronic CoreValve Evolut R prosthesis via TAVI. This case highlights the feasibility of TAVI as a viable treatment option for postoperative aortic valve insufficiency in patients with prior ascending aortic or aortic arch surgery.

Interventional versus Surgical Treatment of Degenerated Freestyle Prosthesis.

BACKGROUND: Bioprosthetic stentless aortic valves may degenerate over time and will require replacement. This study aimed to evaluate early- and mid-term outcomes after isolated surgical redo aortic valve replacement (redo-SAVR) and transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation (TAVI-VIV) for degenerated stentless Freestyle bioprostheses. METHODS: We reviewed records of 56 patients at a single center. Overall, 37 patients (66.1%) received TAVI-VIV and 19 (33.9%) received redo-SAVR. RESULTS: Thirty-day survival was similar in both groups (100%). One-year survival was comparable between groups (97.3% in TAVI-VIV and 100% in redo-SAVR, p = 1.0). The difference in mid-term survival after adjusting for age and EuroScore II was not significant (p = 0.41). The incidence of pacemaker implantation after TAVI-VIV was higher than after redo-SAVR (19.4% vs. 0%, p = 0.08). CONCLUSION: The 30-day and 1-year survival rates after both procedures were outstanding, irrespective of baseline characteristics. Isolated redo-SAVR should be favored in young patients, as the pacemaker implantation rate is lower. TAVI-VIV for degenerated Freestyle prosthesis can be a method of choice in elderly patients and those with high operative risk.

Impact of aortic root geometry and degree of aortic calcification on outcomes of patients undergoing TAVI procedure.

AIMS: Adequate differentiation of calcifications in contrast-enhanced CT scans remains difficult to assess TAVI parameters. The size of the aortic leaflets has not been taken into account so far in present studies. The aim of our study was to establish a new method for optimized quantification of the aortic valve calcification degree in contrast-enhanced CT scans for better preoperative prediction of postoperative paravalvular leak after TAVI. METHODS AND RESULTS: We retrospectively analyzed preoperative contrast-enhanced CT scans of patients who underwent TAVI in our institution between 2014 and 2017. Calcium volume was quantified by a method using contrast enhanced computer tomography (3mensio-Structural Heart-7.2 software) with different iodine contents for better discrimination of contrast agent from calcium and by an individually set Houndsfield Unit (HU) threshold with 50HU above the individually determined reference value. Calcium volume was correlated with surface area of each aortic cusp. Perioperative variables were analyzed. All patients (n = 150) with severe aortic stenosis were treated with TAVI implantation. Overall incidence of postoperative trace to moderate PVL was 37%. The amount of calcium correlated with the incidence of PVL. In a logistic regression analysis total volume of calcification (p = .032) as well as calcification of each aortic cusp (NC_p = .001; RC_p < .001; LC_p = .001) were independent predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Calcification degree as well as its correlation with the surface area of each aortic cusp significantly influence incidence of PVL. Our new method improves preoperative quantification of the calcification degree by use of contrast agents with different iodine contents and thereby helps to improve patients' outcomes.

Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedures to prevent infective endocarditis: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe bacterial infection. As a measure of prevention, the administration of antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) prior to dental procedures was recommended in the past. However, between 2007 and 2009, guidelines for IE prophylaxis changed all around the word, limiting or supporting the complete cessation of AP. It remains unclear whether AP is effective or not against IE. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review whether the administration of AP in adults before any dental procedure, compared to the non-administration of such drugs, has an effect on the risk of developing IE. We searched for studies in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE via OVID, and EMBASE. Two different authors filtered articles independently and data extraction was performed based on a pre-defined protocol. RESULTS: The only cohort study meeting our criteria included patients at high-risk of IE. Analysis of the extracted data showed a non-significant decrease in the risk of IE when high-risk patients take AP prior to invasive dental procedures (RR 0.39, p-value 0.11). We did not find other studies including patients at low or moderate risk of IE. Qualitative evaluation of the excluded articles reveals diversity of results and suggests that most of the state-of-the-art articles are underpowered. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence to support or discourage the use of AP prior to dental procedures as a prevention for IE is very low. New high-quality studies are needed, even though such studies would require big settings and might not be immediately feasible.

Treatment of aortic stenosis with a self-expanding transcatheter valve: the International Multi-centre ADVANCE Study.

AIM: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation has become an alternative to surgery in higher risk patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis. The aim of the ADVANCE study was to evaluate outcomes following implantation of a self-expanding transcatheter aortic valve system in a fully monitored, multi-centre 'real-world' patient population in highly experienced centres. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with severe aortic stenosis at a higher surgical risk in whom implantation of the CoreValve System was decided by the Heart Team were included. Endpoints were a composite of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE; all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, or reintervention) and mortality at 30 days and 1 year. Endpoint-related events were independently adjudicated based on Valve Academic Research Consortium definitions. A total of 1015 patients [mean logistic EuroSCORE 19.4 ± 12.3% [median (Q1,Q3), 16.0% (10.3, 25.3%)], age 81 ± 6 years] were enrolled. Implantation of the CoreValve System led to a significant improvement in haemodynamics and an increase in the effective aortic valve orifice area. At 30 days, the MACCE rate was 8.0% (95% CI: 6.3-9.7%), all-cause mortality was 4.5% (3.2-5.8%), cardiovascular mortality was 3.4% (2.3-4.6%), and the rate of stroke was 3.0% (2.0-4.1%). The life-threatening or disabling bleeding rate was 4.0% (2.8-6.3%). The 12-month rates of MACCE, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and stroke were 21.2% (18.4-24.1%), 17.9% (15.2-20.5%), 11.7% (9.4-14.1%), and 4.5% (2.9-6.1%), respectively. The 12-month rates of all-cause mortality were 11.1, 16.5, and 23.6% among patients with a logistic EuroSCORE ≤10%, EuroSCORE 10-20%, and EuroSCORE >20% (P< 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: The ADVANCE study demonstrates the safety and effectiveness of the CoreValve System with low mortality and stroke rates in higher risk real-world patients with severe aortic stenosis.

Does Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Reduce the Incidence of Postoperative Delirium? A Quasi-experimental Study in Older Adults Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation.

Purpose: Postoperative delirium (POD) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is frequent in older adults and associated with multiple negative outcomes including a higher mortality. We aimed to investigate whether a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) prior to TAVI reduces the odds of POD and results in a positive change in self-care ability, intended to lay a foundation for future geriatric comanagement. Patients and methods: We used a retrospective, single-center study with a quasi-experimental design enrolling patients aged 70 years and older undergoing CGA before elective TAVI, and a nonrandomized comparison group without preoperative CGA. Data on POD occurrence during the first 5 days after TAVI (primary outcome) and change in self-care ability index (SPI) between admission and discharge (secondary outcome) were collected from electronic health records and CGA data (exposure) by clinical assessment. To explore associations between (1) CGA and POD, and (2) CGA and SPI, multivariate logistic regression and linear regression models were applied adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and number of medications. Results: Among 435 patients (mean age 81.0 ± 5.6 years, 43.6% women, median [IQR] SPI at baseline 40 [39, 40] points), POD incidence was 14.3% in the CGA group vs 18.8% in the non-CGA group (P 0.219). Undergoing CGA before TAVI was not associated with the odds for POD (OR: 1.15; 95%CI: 0.65-2.04) or improved SPI (P 0.073). Conclusion: We observed no association of CGA prior to TAVI with POD incidence or postoperative self-care, highlighting the need for additional studies investigating the effect of POD preventive measures in older TAVI patients integrated into a comprehensive geriatric comanagement program.

[Benefit of a Geriatric Evaluation before Operations, Interventions and Oncological Therapies]. / Nutzen altersmedizinischer Abklärungen vor Operationen, Interventionen und onkologischen Therapien.

Benefit of a Geriatric Evaluation before Operations, Interventions and Oncological Therapies Abstract: Older patients face an increased risk of complications and adverse outcomes during and after operations, interventions, and intense oncological therapies. At the same time, this patient group should not be excluded per se from potentially beneficial medical procedures based on chronological age alone. The timely identification of geriatric syndromes and increased vulnerability by means of comprehensive geriatric assessment is becoming increasingly important and is already recommended in the guidelines of professional societies of several medical disciplines. Nonetheless, the geriatric assessment should ideally be followed by proactive co-management in the sense of integrated care. The establishment of interdisciplinary and integrated care pathways for older hospital patients can contribute to significantly improved treatment outcomes. In addition to better patient-related outcomes and rising quality indicators, this approach may also offer positive health economic effects.

A retrospective analysis of blood culture-negative endocarditis at a tertiary care centre in Switzerland.

AIMS OF THE STUDY: Numerous studies from different countries have contributed to an improved understanding of blood culture-negative infective endocarditis. However, little is known about its epidemiology and microbiology in Switzerland. We aimed to assess the epidemiology and microbiology of blood culture-negative endocarditis at the University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland. METHODS: We screened all patients hospitalised between 1997 and 2020 with possible or definite endocarditis at our institution. Thereof, we identified all cases with blood culture-negative endocarditis and retrospectively retrieved patient characteristics, microbiological, histopathological, radiographic and surgical data from medical records. RESULTS: Among 861 patients screened, 66 (7.7%) cases of blood culture-negative endocarditis were identified. Thereof, 31 cases could be microbiologically documented or not documented (n = 30), and in five cases a non-infectious aetiology was confirmed. Endocarditis predominantly affected men (77%) and the left heart (79%); predisposing factors were prosthetic valves (42%), congenital heart disease (35%) and prior endocarditis (14%). The most common reasons for negative blood cultures were antibiotic treatment prior to blood culture sampling (35%), fastidious and slow growing microorganisms (30%) and definite non-infective endocarditis (8%). Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella spp. were the most common fastidious bacteria identified. In addition to serology, identification of causative microorganisms was possible by microbiological and/or histopathological analysis of tissue samples, of which polymerase chain reaction testing (PCR) of the 16S ribosomal RNA proved to be most successful. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides a detailed analysis of blood culture-negative endocarditis over a time span of more than 20 years in Zurich, Switzerland. Antibiotic treatment prior to blood collection, and fastidious and slow growing organisms were identified as main reasons for sterile blood cultures. Typical culture-negative bacteria were mainly found by PCR and/or culture of tissue samples.

Long-term performance of the Hancock bioprosthetic valved conduit in the aortic root position.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aim was to assess long-term morbidity and mortality with special regard to prosthesis durability after aortic root replacement with the Hancock bioprosthetic porcine conduit. METHODS: Between 1975 and 2004, a total of 81 patients (55 males, 26 females; mean age 58 +/- 18 years) underwent aortic root replacement with the Hancock conduit for aortic dissection (n = 22; 27%), ascending aortic aneurysm (n = 57; 70%), or porcelain aorta (n = 2; 3%). Twenty-five patients (31%) underwent an emergency operation, 12 (15%) presented with Marfan syndrome, and eight (10%) had undergone previous cardiac surgery. Concomitant procedures were performed in 26 cases (32%). The follow up was 98% complete; the mean follow up was 4.8 +/- 4.0 years (range: 1 day to 16.7 years), and the cumulative follow up was 403 patient-years. Actuarial event-free rates were calculated, and valve-related complications classified according to guidelines for reporting morbidity and mortality after cardiac valvular operations. RESULTS: There were seven (9%) operative deaths and four (5%) in-hospital deaths. Actuarial survival rates at five and 10 years (excluding operative deaths) were 77.0 +/- 5.3% and 54.0 +/- 7.5%, respectively. Actuarial freedom from aortic valve reoperation at five and 10 years was 98 +/- 1.6% and 64 +/- 10.2%, from structural valve deterioration 88.1 +/- 4.7% and 49.9 +/- 9.6%, from thromboembolic events 87.4 +/- 4.6% and 75.1 +/- 9.5%, and from major bleeding events 90.2 +/- 3.9% and 75.4 +/- 8.1%, respectively. Among redo procedures, the stentless Hancock valve could be excised without separating the synthetic graft from the left ventricular outflow tract, and a stented valve prosthesis thus implanted. Hence, it was possible to avoid a second Bentall operation. CONCLUSION: The long-term survival rates after aortic root replacement with the bioprosthetic Hancock conduit were reasonable for this demanding patient cohort. However, the durability of the prosthesis was inferior to that reported for the stented Hancock valve substitute. The key benefit of this bioprosthetic valved conduit was the simplified redo procedure.

The complete supraannular concept: in vivo hemodynamics of bovine and porcine aortic bioprostheses.

BACKGROUND: Complete supraannular placement of an aortic bioprosthesis is one approach to optimize the hemodynamic result of an aortic valve replacement. It is achieved with the combination of a special valve design and the supraannular sewing technique with noneverted mattress sutures. We evaluated 5 bioprostheses designed for complete supraannular placement to assess potential hemodynamic differences caused by factors (eg, valve material) other than implantation position. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 336 patients (mean age, 72.0+/-7.1 years; 143 women), hemodynamics including mean pressure gradients, effective orifice areas, and indices and incidence of patient-prosthesis mismatch were evaluated 6 months after surgery. Annulus diameter was measured during surgery. Patients received the Carpentier Edwards Perimount Magna (Magna, n=169), the Medtronic Mosaic (Mosaic, n=46), the Mosaic Ultra (Ultra, n=17), the SJM Epic Supra (Epic, n=46), and the Sorin Soprano (Soprano, n=58). For small annulus sizes (<23 mm), the mean pressure gradients of the Magna (11.82+/-4.8 mm Hg) were significantly lower than the Mosaic (16.04+/-6.1 mm Hg) and the Ultra (22.0+/-4.1 mm Hg), and the Soprano (13.3+/-5.2 mm Hg) was hemodynamically superior to the Ultra. For medium (23 to 24 mm) and large (>24 mm) annulus sizes, the mean pressure gradients of the Magna were lower than the Epic (10.0+/-3.5 mm Hg versus 14.9+/-6.4 mm Hg; 9.9+/-4.0 mm Hg versus 18.6+/-12.7 mm Hg). Furthermore, in patients with large annulus size, the mean pressure gradients of the Soprano (11.4+/-3.8 mm Hg) were lower compared with the Epic (18.5+/-12.7 mm Hg). Severe patient-prosthesis mismatch was observed more frequently in patients with the Mosaic (12/46; 26.1%) and the Ultra (3/17; 17.6%) prostheses. CONCLUSIONS: Complete supraannular placement cannot prevent high pressure gradients or patient-prosthesis mismatch thoroughly, but the choice of a bovine prosthesis can optimize hemodynamic performance.

Quality of life among patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has been introduced to offer a new treatment option for patients who are not eligible for conventional aortic valve replacement. Especially in this subset of patients, the expected improvement of quality of life (QoL) after valve implantation will be critical for decision-making for TAVI. METHODS: We performed a prospective analysis of 99 patients (41 male) aged 82 years (range 57-94 years) who underwent TAVI. For assessment of QoL, the Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire was used preoperatively and 3 months after TAVI. RESULTS: Thirty-day mortality rate was 10.1%. The Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire scores for physical functioning (34.7 +/- 2.8 vs 48.5 +/- 3.4, P < .001), bodily pain (61.7 +/- 3.1 vs 73.2 +/- 2.9, P < .01), general health (47.1 +/- 1.9 vs 54.1 +/- 2.3, P < .01), and vitality (37 +/- 2.8 vs 46.1 +/- 2.7, P < .01) increased significantly 3 months after TAVI compared with preoperative scores. No significant changes were found for role-physical (21.7 +/- 4.1 vs 31.1 +/- 5.1, P < .08), social functioning (74.6 +/- 3.4 vs 74.6 +/- 3.1, P = 1), and mental health (63 +/- 2.9 vs 67.4 +/- 2.2, P = .17) 3 months after TAVI. Only the score for role-emotional (69.3 +/- 5.6 vs 51.7 +/- 6, P = .02) decreased significantly 3 months after TAVI compared with the preoperative score. Corresponding to these results, the physical health summarized score (31.2 +/- 1.2 vs 38.6 +/- 1.6, P < .001) was significantly increased 3 months after TAVI compared with the preoperative score, whereas the mental health summarized score (48.5 +/- 1.8 vs 47.3 +/- 1.7, P = .5) showed no changes. CONCLUSION: In patients who are not eligible for conventional aortic valve replacement, TAVI leads to a considerable QoL improvement within 3 months after valve implantation.

Aortic annulus evaluation in transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

OBJECTIVES: We compared the annulus diameters measured by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and dual-source computed tomography (DSCT) before transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). BACKGROUND: In TAVI correct evaluation of the aortic annulus is mandatory to choose the correct prosthesis type and size and to prevent complications. There is no gold standard for the assessment of aortic annulus diameters. METHODS: Preoperative assessment of the aortic annulus with TTE, TEE, and DSCT was performed in 187 consecutive patients referred for TAVI between June 2007 and May 2009. RESULTS: The mean aortic annuli were 22.6 ± 2.0 mm measured with DSCT, 22.3 ± 2.5 mm with TTE, and 22.9 ± 2.2 mm with TEE. Despite a strong correlation between the measurement techniques, relevant statistical spread occurred with differences up to 3 mm in all measurement methods. Inter- and intraobserver variability was good for TEE and less satisfactory for DSCT measurements. TEE measurements taken as decisive parameter for the implantation changed the implantation strategy in 15.5% of patients and did not show an increased rate of procedural complications. CONCLUSION: Despite a strong correlation, the measurement techniques for the aortic annulus show relevant statistical spread, consequently one measurement technique cannot definitely predict another. TEE measurements show a more satisfactory intra- and interobserver variability than DSCT. Taking TEE annulus measurements as decisive parameter for the implantation has an impact on the implantation strategy and is safe with a low rate of procedural complications.

Valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement in a young patient with a suspected COVID-19 infection: a surgical dilemma in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic.

We report on a case of a 57-year-old male patient, who underwent full root replacement in 2005 and now presented with high grade aortic insufficiency. On admission, the patient underwent a computed tomography scan which demonstrated interstitial infiltration in the left lung, highly suspicious for a COVID-19 infection that could not be confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. As there usually is a delay between infection and positive RT-PCR test results, the initial decision was to perform additional testing. However, the patient deteriorated quickly in spite of optimal medical therapy making urgent aortic valve replacement necessary. We decided to perform transcatheter aortic valve replacement to avoid cardiopulmonary bypass with shorter operative times, presumably shorter ventilation times and duration of intensive care unit stay, and thus a lesser risk for pulmonary complications.

Hemodynamic characterization of the Sorin Mitroflow pericardial bioprosthesis at rest and exercise.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Although the long-term clinical outcome after aortic valve replacement (AVR) with the Sorin Mitroflow pericardial bioprosthesis has been well described, few data are available with regards to hemodynamic performance. On the basis of its specialized design, with the pericardium mounted on the outside of the stent, the Mitroflow valve is considered to provide optimal opening and orifice areas. METHODS: Between February 2006 and April 2007, a total of 127 patients (66 females, 61 males; mean age 77.6 +/- 5.2 years) underwent AVR with the Mitroflow valve at the authors' institution. Echocardiography was performed at discharge in 91 patients, while a six-month follow up examination was conducted in 78 (including ergometer hemodynamics in 25 cases). RESULTS: The mean systolic pressure gradient (MPG) ranged from 19.7 +/- 3.3 mmHg (size 19 valve) to 12.4 +/- 2.4 mmHg (size 27 valve), and the mean effective orifice area (EOA) from 0.96 +/- 0.0 cm2 (size 19 valve) to 2.36 +/- 0.4 cm2 (size 27 valve). The incidence of mild-to-moderate and severe prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) was 33% and 10% at the six-month follow up. During exercise (25 W-100 W), the MPG increased from 17.1 +/- 3.6 mmHg to 23.6 mmHg in valve sizes 19 to 21, and from 12.2 +/- 3.6 mmHg to 15.9 +/- 2.5 mmHg in valve sizes 23 to 27. The effective orifice fraction (EOF = EOA/annulus area) was 38 +/- 7%. CONCLUSION: The Mitroflow valve exhibits an adequate MPG and EOA, as might be expected for a pericardial bioprosthesis. Of note, the gradient increase during exercise was low, especially for the larger valve sizes. Due to its special design, the Mitroflow prosthesis shows a large opening, as demonstrated by the high EOF. These data relating to the EOA of all prosthesis sizes may help surgeons to select the minimum prosthesis size in order to prevent PPM.

[Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: surgeon's view]. / Kathetergestützte Aortenklappenimplantation aus chirurgischer Sicht.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The technology of catheter- based aortic valve implantation is a new, less invasive therapeutic option for patients with symptomatic high-grade aortic stenosis. The present paper aims to demonstrate that optimal therapy should be provided by a multidisciplinary team consisting of cardiac surgeons, cardiologists and cardioanesthesiologists in a hybrid suite. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From June 2007 to April 2009, 234 patients have been treated by transcatheter aortic valve implantation through different access sites (n = 168 femoral artery, n = 56 left ventricular apex, n = 7 subclavian artery, n = 3 ascending aorta) at the German Heart Center Munich, Germany. An algorithm for the choice of the most appropriate access site for the individual patient was established. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality was 11.2% in this high-risk patient cohort. A certain number of periprocedural complications required surgical management. There was a considerable clinical improvement of the patients 6 months after the procedure. CONCLUSION: Integrating the new methods of aortic valve implantation into a cardiac surgery program, all kinds of surgical and interventional treatment options may be offered to the patient with aortic stenosis by one multidisciplinary team. A qualified and safe performance of transcatheter aortic valve implantation and the management of potential complications require the presence of a hybrid suite.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation through the ascending aorta: an alternative option for no-access patients.

Retrograde transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) was successfully performed in an 80-year-old woman who had critical aortic stenosis but had no conventional access available because of severe calcifications of the femoral, iliac, and subclavian arteries. The TAVI procedure was performed with the CoreValve ReValving System. The currently available results obtained with TAVI show that such approaches provide significant clinical improvement in patients with severe aortic stenosis and unacceptable risk or contraindications for surgery. The ascending aorta approach might help to expand the implantation possibilities for those patients for whom the typical access sites are not available.

Effects of pulsatile minimal invasive extracorporeal circulation on fibrinolysis and organ protection in adult cardiac surgery-a prospective randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Minimal invasive extracorporeal circulation (MiECC) reduces the impact of cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery on inflammation and hemostasis. Pulsatile perfusion may enhance organ perfusion and help to prevent renal and neuronal damage. The present study investigated the impact of pulsatile MiECC in low-risk coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients. METHODS: CABG patients were prospectively randomized for non-pulsatile (np: n=19) and pulsatile (p: n=21) MiECC. Blood and urine samples were collected at several time points until 72 h post-operative and analyzed for biochemical markers of fibrinolytic capacity, renal damage, and neuronal damage. RESULTS: Although intraoperative tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) levels tended to be higher in the p group, none of the fibrinolysis markers including plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) and the PAI-1/tPA ratio were significantly affected by pulsation. Hemolysis and markers of renal and neuronal damage were comparable between groups. Intraoperative urinary excretion [np: 400 mL (355 to 680) vs. p: 530 mL (360 to 900)] and cumulative 24 h volume intake [np: 7,090 mL (5,492 to 7,544) vs. p: 7,155 mL (6,682 to 8,710)] were increased by pulsation whereas blood losses up to 12 h post-operative [np: 365 mL (270 to 515) vs. p: 310 mL (225 to 470)] and up to 24 h post-operative [np: 760 mL (555 to 870) vs. p: 520 mL (460 to 670)] were attenuated. CONCLUSIONS: The present study did not find evidence for a beneficial effect of pulsation on markers of fibrinolysis, renal damage, and neuronal damage. However, pulsatile perfusion increased intraoperative urinary secretion and reduced post-operative blood losses.

Hemodynamic performance of the new St. Jude Medical Epic Supra porcine bioprosthesis in comparison to the Medtronic Mosaic on the basis of patient annulus diameter.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The St. Jude Medical Epic Supra (ES) valve is a new porcine bioprosthesis designed for complete supra-annular implantation. To date, no in-vivo data regarding the hemodynamic and clinical performance of this valve are available. The study aim was to compare the hemodynamic performance of the ES valve with the completely supra-annular Medtronic Mosaic (MM) porcine valve. METHODS: Between July 2000 and April 2006, 83 patients (39 males, 44 females) underwent aortic valve replacement with either the ES (n = 44) or MM (n = 39) bioprosthesis. Hemodynamic performance was evaluated echocardiographically at six months postoperatively. Comparison between the valves was performed by dividing the patient groups according to their intraoperatively measured tissue annulus diameter rather than the labeled valve size. RESULTS: The internal diameter and sewing ring diameter differed in ES and MM valves with the same labeled size. For example, in valves labeled '23' the internal diameter/sewing ring diameters were 21.5 and 29.3 mm in the ES valve versus 20.5 and 30 mm in the MM. The mean pressure gradients (MPG) for patients with ES or MM valves were 15.5 +/- 4.5 or 14.8 +/- 5.1 mmHg for annulus diameter < or =22 mm, 14.6 +/- 6.4 or 13.9 +/- 3.6 for annulus diameter 23-24 mm, and 15.3 +/- 3.8 or 13.4 +/- 4.2 mmHg for annulus diameter > or =25 mm. No significant differences were identified in the hemodynamic data, including MPG, effective orifice area (EOA) and effective orifice area index (EOAI). The incidence of moderate or severe patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM) was 40% (n = 18) and 5% (n = 1) in patients with ES valves, and 26% (n = 10) or 23% (n = 9) in patients with MM valves (p = 0.01). In patients with an annulus size < or =22 mm, severe PPM occurred in 29% (n =5) of patients with MM valves but in none of those with ES valves. CONCLUSION: The hemodynamic performance of the ES valve was comparable to that of the well-established MM valve. The incidence of severe PPM was lower in patients with ES valves than MM valves, presumably due to the somewhat larger EOA values in patients with a small aortic annulus (<25 mm).