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1.
Am J Hum Genet ; 108(1): 8-15, 2021 01 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33417889

RESUMO

The delineation of disease entities is complex, yet recent advances in the molecular characterization of diseases provide opportunities to designate diseases in a biologically valid manner. Here, we have formalized an approach to the delineation of Mendelian genetic disorders that encompasses two distinct but inter-related concepts: (1) the gene that is mutated and (2) the phenotypic descriptor, preferably a recognizably distinct phenotype. We assert that only by a combinatorial or dyadic approach taking both of these attributes into account can a unitary, distinct genetic disorder be designated. We propose that all Mendelian disorders should be designated as "GENE-related phenotype descriptor" (e.g., "CFTR-related cystic fibrosis"). This approach to delineating and naming disorders reconciles the complexity of gene-to-phenotype relationships in a simple and clear manner yet communicates the complexity and nuance of these relationships.


Assuntos
Doenças Genéticas Inatas/diagnóstico , Doenças Genéticas Inatas/genética , Genômica/métodos , Fibrose Cística/diagnóstico , Fibrose Cística/genética , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Mutação/genética , Fenótipo
2.
Am J Hum Genet ; 106(4): 570-583, 2020 04 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32197074

RESUMO

EIF2AK1 and EIF2AK2 encode members of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase (EIF2AK) family that inhibits protein synthesis in response to physiologic stress conditions. EIF2AK2 is also involved in innate immune response and the regulation of signal transduction, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Despite these findings, human disorders associated with deleterious variants in EIF2AK1 and EIF2AK2 have not been reported. Here, we describe the identification of nine unrelated individuals with heterozygous de novo missense variants in EIF2AK1 (1/9) or EIF2AK2 (8/9). Features seen in these nine individuals include white matter alterations (9/9), developmental delay (9/9), impaired language (9/9), cognitive impairment (8/9), ataxia (6/9), dysarthria in probands with verbal ability (6/9), hypotonia (7/9), hypertonia (6/9), and involuntary movements (3/9). Individuals with EIF2AK2 variants also exhibit neurological regression in the setting of febrile illness or infection. We use mammalian cell lines and proband-derived fibroblasts to further confirm the pathogenicity of variants in these genes and found reduced kinase activity. EIF2AKs phosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 (EIF2S1, also known as EIF2α), which then inhibits EIF2B activity. Deleterious variants in genes encoding EIF2B proteins cause childhood ataxia with central nervous system hypomyelination/vanishing white matter (CACH/VWM), a leukodystrophy characterized by neurologic regression in the setting of febrile illness and other stressors. Our findings indicate that EIF2AK2 missense variants cause a neurodevelopmental syndrome that may share phenotypic and pathogenic mechanisms with CACH/VWM.


Assuntos
Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/genética , Variação Genética/genética , Leucoencefalopatias/genética , Malformações do Sistema Nervoso/genética , eIF-2 Quinase/genética , Adolescente , Ataxia/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Doenças Desmielinizantes Hereditárias do Sistema Nervoso Central/genética , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Substância Branca/patologia
3.
Am J Med Genet A ; 191(2): 469-478, 2023 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36426740

RESUMO

The non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding (NONO) protein is involved in multiple steps of gene regulation such as RNA metabolism and DNA repair. Hemizygous pathogenic variants in the NONO gene were confirmed to cause a rare X-linked syndromic disorder. Through our in-house diagnostics and subsequent matchmaking, we identified six unrelated male individuals with pathogenic or likely pathogenic NONO variants. For a detailed comparison, we reviewed all published characterizations of the NONO-associated disorder. The combined cohort consists of 16 live-born males showing developmental delay, corpus callosum anomalies, non-compaction cardiomyopathy and relative macrocephaly as leading symptoms. Seven prenatal literature cases were characterized by cardiac malformations. In this study, we extend the phenotypic spectrum through two more cases with epilepsy as well as two more cases with hematologic anomalies. By RNA expression analysis and structural modeling of a new in-frame splice deletion, we reinforce loss-of-function as the pathomechanism for the NONO-associated syndromic disorder.


Assuntos
Cardiomiopatias , Cardiopatias Congênitas , Humanos , Masculino , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Cardiopatias Congênitas/diagnóstico , Cardiopatias Congênitas/genética , Cardiomiopatias/genética , Genes Ligados ao Cromossomo X , RNA , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética
4.
Am J Med Genet A ; 185(1): 213-218, 2021 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33044030

RESUMO

Glycosylation is a critical post/peri-translational modification required for the appropriate development and function of the immune system. As an example, abnormalities in glycosylation can cause antibody deficiency and reduced lymphocyte signaling, although the phenotype can be complex given the diverse roles of glycosylation. Human MGAT2 encodes N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II, which is a critical enzyme in the processing of oligomannose to complex N-glycans. Complex N-glycans are essential for immune system functionality, but only one individual with MGAT2-CDG has been described to have an abnormal immunologic evaluation. MGAT2-CDG (CDG-IIa) is a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) associated with profound global developmental disability, hypotonia, early onset epilepsy, and other multisystem manifestations. Here, we report a 4-year old female with MGAT2-CDG due to a novel homozygous pathogenic variant in MGAT2, a 4-base pair deletion, c.1006_1009delGACA. In addition to clinical features previously described in MGAT2-CDG, she experienced episodic asystole, persistent hypogammaglobulinemia, and defective ex vivo mitogen and antigen proliferative responses, but intact specific vaccine antibody titers. Her infection history has been mild despite the testing abnormalities. We compare this patient to the 15 previously reported patients in the literature, thus expanding both the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum for MGAT2-CDG.


Assuntos
Arritmias Cardíacas/genética , Defeitos Congênitos da Glicosilação/genética , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/genética , N-Acetilglucosaminiltransferases/genética , Arritmias Cardíacas/complicações , Arritmias Cardíacas/imunologia , Arritmias Cardíacas/patologia , Pré-Escolar , Defeitos Congênitos da Glicosilação/complicações , Defeitos Congênitos da Glicosilação/imunologia , Defeitos Congênitos da Glicosilação/patologia , Feminino , Glicosilação , Homozigoto , Humanos , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/complicações , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/imunologia , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/patologia , Mutação/genética , N-Acetilglucosaminiltransferases/imunologia , Fenótipo
5.
Ann Neurol ; 86(2): 181-192, 2019 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31177578

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Recent reports have described single individuals with neurodevelopmental disability (NDD) harboring heterozygous KCNQ3 de novo variants (DNVs). We sought to assess whether pathogenic variants in KCNQ3 cause NDD and to elucidate the associated phenotype and molecular mechanisms. METHODS: Patients with NDD and KCNQ3 DNVs were identified through an international collaboration. Phenotypes were characterized by clinical assessment, review of charts, electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings, and parental interview. Functional consequences of variants were analyzed in vitro by patch-clamp recording. RESULTS: Eleven patients were assessed. They had recurrent heterozygous DNVs in KCNQ3 affecting residues R230 (R230C, R230H, R230S) and R227 (R227Q). All patients exhibited global developmental delay within the first 2 years of life. Most (8/11, 73%) were nonverbal or had a few words only. All patients had autistic features, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was diagnosed in 5 of 11 (45%). EEGs performed before 10 years of age revealed frequent sleep-activated multifocal epileptiform discharges in 8 of 11 (73%). For 6 of 9 (67%) recorded between 1.5 and 6 years of age, spikes became near-continuous during sleep. Interestingly, most patients (9/11, 82%) did not have seizures, and no patient had seizures in the neonatal period. Voltage-clamp recordings of the mutant KCNQ3 channels revealed gain-of-function (GoF) effects. INTERPRETATION: Specific GoF variants in KCNQ3 cause NDD, ASD, and abundant sleep-activated spikes. This new phenotype contrasts both with self-limited neonatal epilepsy due to KCNQ3 partial loss of function, and with the neonatal or infantile onset epileptic encephalopathies due to KCNQ2 GoF. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:181-192.


Assuntos
Transtorno Autístico/diagnóstico , Transtorno Autístico/genética , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/diagnóstico , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/genética , Mutação com Ganho de Função/genética , Canal de Potássio KCNQ3/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Variação Genética/genética , Humanos , Canal de Potássio KCNQ3/química , Masculino , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Adulto Jovem
6.
Am J Med Genet A ; 182(7): 1576-1591, 2020 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32500973

RESUMO

More than 50 individuals with activating variants in the receptor tyrosine kinase PDGFRB have been reported, separated based on clinical features into solitary myofibromas, infantile myofibromatosis, Penttinen syndrome with premature aging and osteopenia, Kosaki overgrowth syndrome, and fusiform aneurysms. Despite their descriptions as distinct clinical entities, review of previous reports demonstrates substantial phenotypic overlap. We present a case series of 12 patients with activating variants in PDGFRB and review of the literature. We describe five patients with PDGFRB activating variants whose clinical features overlap multiple diagnostic entities. Seven additional patients from a large family had variable expressivity and late-onset disease, including adult onset features and two individuals with sudden death. Three patients were treated with imatinib and had robust and rapid response, including the first two reported infants with multicentric myofibromas treated with imatinib monotherapy and one with a recurrent p.Val665Ala (Penttinen) variant. Along with previously reported individuals, our cohort suggests infants and young children had few abnormal features, while older individuals had multiple additional features, several of which appeared to worsen with advancing age. Our analysis supports a diagnostic entity of a spectrum disorders due to activating variants in PDGFRB. Differences in reported phenotypes can be dramatic and correlate with advancing age, genotype, and to mosaicism in some individuals.


Assuntos
Mesilato de Imatinib/uso terapêutico , Leucoencefalopatias/etiologia , Miofibromatose/congênito , Receptor beta de Fator de Crescimento Derivado de Plaquetas/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Aneurisma/genética , Criança , Feminino , Estudos de Associação Genética , Humanos , Lactente , Leucoencefalopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Leucoencefalopatias/genética , Masculino , Miofibromatose/tratamento farmacológico , Miofibromatose/etiologia , Miofibromatose/genética , Linhagem , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico
8.
Genet Med ; 21(11): 2644-2649, 2019 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31147633

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a human genomic imprinting disorder characterized by lateralized overgrowth, macroglossia, abdominal wall defects, congenital hyperinsulinism, and predisposition to embryonal tumors. One of the molecular etiologies underlying BWS is paternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 11p15.5 (pUPD11). About 8% of pUPD11 cases are due to genome-wide paternal uniparental isodisomy (GWpUPD). About 30 cases of live-born patients with GWpUPD have been described, most of whom were mosaic and female. We present male patients with BWS due to GWpUPD, elucidate the underlying mechanism, and make recommendations for management. METHODS: Three male patients with GWpUPD underwent clinical and molecular evaluation by single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays in different tissues. Previously published cases of GWpUPD were reviewed. RESULTS: SNP microarray demonstrated a GWpUPD cell population with sex chromosomes XX and biparental cell population with sex chromosomes XY, consistent with dispermic androgenetic chimerism. CONCLUSION: SNP microarray is necessary to distinguish GWpUPD cases and the underlying mechanisms. The percentage of GWpUPD cell population within a specific tissue type correlated with the amount of tissue dysplasia. Males with BWS due to GWpUPD are important to distinguish from other molecular etiologies because the mechanism indicates risk for germ cell tumors and autosomal recessive diseases in addition to other BWS features.


Assuntos
Síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann/etiologia , Dissomia Uniparental/genética , Quimerismo , Cromossomos Humanos Par 11/genética , Metilação de DNA/genética , Impressão Genômica/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Mosaicismo , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Dissomia Uniparental/diagnóstico , Dissomia Uniparental/fisiopatologia
9.
Am J Med Genet A ; 179(8): 1543-1546, 2019 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31207089

RESUMO

1p36 deletion syndrome is a well-described condition with a recognizable phenotype, including cognitive impairment, seizures, and structural brain anomalies such as periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). In a large series of these individuals by Battaglia et al., "birth history was notable in 50% of the cases for varying degrees of perinatal distress." Given the potential for perinatal distress, seizures and PVL, we questioned if this disorder has clinical overlap with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). We reviewed the medical records of 69 individuals with 1p36 deletion to clarify the perinatal phenotype of this disorder and determine if there is evidence of perinatal distress and/or hypoxic injury. Our data provides evidence that these babies have signs of perinatal distress. The majority (59% term; 75% preterm) needed resuscitation and approximately 18% had cardiac arrest. Most had abnormal brain imaging (84% term; 73% preterm) with abnormal white matter findings in over half of patients. PVL or suggestion of "hypoxic insult" was present in 18% of term and 45% of preterm patients. In conclusion, individuals with 1p36 deletion have evidence of perinatal distress, white matter changes, and seizures, which can mimic HIE but are likely related to their underlying chromosome disorder.


Assuntos
Transtornos Cromossômicos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cromossômicos/genética , Hipóxia-Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico , Fenótipo , Angústia Psicológica , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Par 1/genética , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Gravidez
10.
Am J Hum Genet ; 96(5): 841-9, 2015 May 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25957469

RESUMO

Multiple pterygium syndrome (MPS) is a phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous group of rare Mendelian conditions characterized by multiple pterygia, scoliosis, and congenital contractures of the limbs. MPS typically segregates as an autosomal-recessive disorder, but rare instances of autosomal-dominant transmission have been reported. Whereas several mutations causing recessive MPS have been identified, the genetic basis of dominant MPS remains unknown. We identified four families affected by dominantly transmitted MPS characterized by pterygia, camptodactyly of the hands, vertebral fusions, and scoliosis. Exome sequencing identified predicted protein-altering mutations in embryonic myosin heavy chain (MYH3) in three families. MYH3 mutations underlie distal arthrogryposis types 1, 2A, and 2B, but all mutations reported to date occur in the head and neck domains. In contrast, two of the mutations found to cause MPS in this study occurred in the tail domain. The phenotypic overlap among persons with MPS, coupled with physical findings distinct from other conditions caused by mutations in MYH3, suggests that the developmental mechanism underlying MPS differs from that of other conditions and/or that certain functions of embryonic myosin might be perturbed by disruption of specific residues and/or domains. Moreover, the vertebral fusions in persons with MPS, coupled with evidence of MYH3 expression in bone, suggest that embryonic myosin plays a role in skeletal development.


Assuntos
Artrogripose/genética , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/genética , Miosinas/biossíntese , Artrogripose/fisiopatologia , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/biossíntese , Exoma/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Mutação , Miosinas/genética , Osteogênese/genética
11.
Am J Hum Genet ; 96(3): 462-73, 2015 Mar 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25683120

RESUMO

Freeman-Sheldon syndrome, or distal arthrogryposis type 2A (DA2A), is an autosomal-dominant condition caused by mutations in MYH3 and characterized by multiple congenital contractures of the face and limbs and normal cognitive development. We identified a subset of five individuals who had been putatively diagnosed with "DA2A with severe neurological abnormalities" and for whom congenital contractures of the limbs and face, hypotonia, and global developmental delay had resulted in early death in three cases; this is a unique condition that we now refer to as CLIFAHDD syndrome. Exome sequencing identified missense mutations in the sodium leak channel, non-selective (NALCN) in four families affected by CLIFAHDD syndrome. We used molecular-inversion probes to screen for NALCN in a cohort of 202 distal arthrogryposis (DA)-affected individuals as well as concurrent exome sequencing of six other DA-affected individuals, thus revealing NALCN mutations in ten additional families with "atypical" forms of DA. All 14 mutations were missense variants predicted to alter amino acid residues in or near the S5 and S6 pore-forming segments of NALCN, highlighting the functional importance of these segments. In vitro functional studies demonstrated that NALCN alterations nearly abolished the expression of wild-type NALCN, suggesting that alterations that cause CLIFAHDD syndrome have a dominant-negative effect. In contrast, homozygosity for mutations in other regions of NALCN has been reported in three families affected by an autosomal-recessive condition characterized mainly by hypotonia and severe intellectual disability. Accordingly, mutations in NALCN can cause either a recessive or dominant condition characterized by varied though overlapping phenotypic features, perhaps based on the type of mutation and affected protein domain(s).


Assuntos
Contratura/genética , Extremidades/fisiopatologia , Face/anormalidades , Hipotonia Muscular/genética , Canais de Sódio/genética , Artrogripose/genética , Disostose Craniofacial/genética , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/genética , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Exoma , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Homozigoto , Humanos , Lactente , Canais Iônicos , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Canais de Sódio/metabolismo
12.
Genet Med ; 20(2): 169-171, 2018 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29323668

RESUMO

Disclaimer: This Points to Consider document is designed as an educational resource to provide best practices for medical genetic clinicians, laboratories, and journals regarding the provision, publication, and dissemination of patient phenotypes in the context of genomic testing, clinical genetic practice, and research. While the goal of the document is the improvement of patient care, the considerations and practices described should not be considered inclusive of all proper considerations and practices or exclusive of others that are reasonably directed to obtaining the same goal. In determining the value of any practice, clinicians, laboratories, and journals should apply their own professional standards and judgment to the specific circumstances presented.The content of this article is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the authors' affiliated institutions.


Assuntos
Testes Genéticos/normas , Genética Médica/normas , Genômica/normas , Disseminação de Informação , Papel Profissional , Publicações/normas , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Genética Médica/métodos , Genômica/métodos , Humanos
13.
Am J Med Genet A ; 176(4): 925-935, 2018 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29436146

RESUMO

SATB2-associated syndrome (SAS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by significant neurodevelopmental disabilities with limited to absent speech, behavioral issues, and craniofacial anomalies. Previous studies have largely been restricted to case reports and small series without in-depth phenotypic characterization or genotype-phenotype correlations. Seventy two study participants were identified as part of the SAS clinical registry. Individuals with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis of SAS were referred after clinical diagnostic testing. In this series we present the most comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic characterization of SAS to date, including prevalence of each clinical feature, neurodevelopmental milestones, and when available, patient management. We confirm that the most distinctive features are neurodevelopmental delay with invariably severely limited speech, abnormalities of the palate (cleft or high-arched), dental anomalies (crowding, macrodontia, abnormal shape), and behavioral issues with or without bone or brain anomalies. This comprehensive clinical characterization will help clinicians with the diagnosis, counseling and management of SAS and help provide families with anticipatory guidance.


Assuntos
Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Proteínas de Ligação à Região de Interação com a Matriz/genética , Fenótipo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Anormalidades Múltiplas/diagnóstico , Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Fácies , Feminino , Estudos de Associação Genética/métodos , Humanos , Lactente , Padrões de Herança , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Síndrome , Adulto Jovem
14.
Hum Mol Genet ; 24(12): 3348-58, 2015 Jun 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25740846

RESUMO

Distal arthrogryposis is the most common known heritable cause of congenital contractures (e.g. clubfoot) and results from mutations in genes that encode proteins of the contractile complex of skeletal muscle cells. Mutations are most frequently found in MYH3 and are predicted to impair the function of embryonic myosin. We measured the contractile properties of individual skeletal muscle cells and the activation and relaxation kinetics of isolated myofibrils from two adult individuals with an R672C substitution in embryonic myosin and distal arthrogryposis syndrome 2A (DA2A) or Freeman-Sheldon syndrome. In R672C-containing muscle cells, we observed reduced specific force, a prolonged time to relaxation and incomplete relaxation (elevated residual force). In R672C-containing muscle myofibrils, the initial, slower phase of relaxation had a longer duration and slower rate, and time to complete relaxation was greatly prolonged. These observations can be collectively explained by a small subpopulation of myosin cross-bridges with greatly reduced detachment kinetics, resulting in a slower and less complete deactivation of thin filaments at the end of contractions. These findings have important implications for selecting and testing directed therapeutic options for persons with DA2A and perhaps congenital contractures in general.


Assuntos
Disostose Craniofacial/genética , Disostose Craniofacial/fisiopatologia , Contração Muscular/genética , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Mutação , Miosinas/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Cálcio/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Células Cultivadas , Disostose Craniofacial/patologia , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/genética , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Miofibrilas/genética , Miofibrilas/metabolismo , Miosinas/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Adulto Jovem
15.
Am J Hum Genet ; 94(5): 734-44, 2014 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24726473

RESUMO

Gordon syndrome (GS), or distal arthrogryposis type 3, is a rare, autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by cleft palate and congenital contractures of the hands and feet. Exome sequencing of five GS-affected families identified mutations in piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 2 (PIEZO2) in each family. Sanger sequencing revealed PIEZO2 mutations in five of seven additional families studied (for a total of 10/12 [83%] individuals), and nine families had an identical c.8057G>A (p.Arg2686His) mutation. The phenotype of GS overlaps with distal arthrogryposis type 5 (DA5) and Marden-Walker syndrome (MWS). Using molecular inversion probes for targeted sequencing to screen PIEZO2, we found mutations in 24/29 (82%) DA5-affected families and one of two MWS-affected families. The presence of cleft palate was significantly associated with c.8057G>A (Fisher's exact test, adjusted p value < 0.0001). Collectively, although GS, DA5, and MWS have traditionally been considered separate disorders, our findings indicate that they are etiologically related and perhaps represent variable expressivity of the same condition.


Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Aracnodactilia/genética , Artrogripose/genética , Blefarofimose/genética , Fissura Palatina/genética , Pé Torto Equinovaro/genética , Doenças do Tecido Conjuntivo/genética , Contratura/genética , Deformidades Congênitas da Mão/genética , Canais Iônicos/genética , Oftalmoplegia/genética , Doenças Retinianas/genética , Anormalidades Múltiplas/patologia , Aracnodactilia/patologia , Artrogripose/patologia , Blefarofimose/patologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Fissura Palatina/patologia , Pé Torto Equinovaro/patologia , Doenças do Tecido Conjuntivo/patologia , Contratura/patologia , Exoma/genética , Feminino , Deformidades Congênitas da Mão/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Mutação , Oftalmoplegia/patologia , Linhagem , Doenças Retinianas/patologia
16.
J Physiol ; 594(2): 437-52, 2016 Jan 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26460603

RESUMO

KEY POINTS: The contractile properties of human fetal cardiac muscle have not been previously studied. Small-scale approaches such as isolated myofibril and isolated contractile protein biomechanical assays allow study of activation and relaxation kinetics of human fetal cardiac muscle under well-controlled conditions. We have examined the contractile properties of human fetal cardiac myofibrils and myosin across gestational age 59-134 days. Human fetal cardiac myofibrils have low force and slow kinetics of activation and relaxation that increase during the time period studied, and kinetic changes may result from structural maturation and changes in protein isoform expression. Understanding the time course of human fetal cardiac muscle structure and contractile maturation can provide a framework to study development of contractile dysfunction with disease and evaluate the maturation state of cultured stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. ABSTRACT: Little is known about the contractile properties of human fetal cardiac muscle during development. Understanding these contractile properties, and how they change throughout development, can provide valuable insight into human heart development, and provide a framework to study the early stages of cardiac diseases that develop in utero. We characterized the contractile properties of isolated human fetal cardiac myofibrils across 8-19 weeks of gestation. Mechanical measurements revealed that in early stages of gestation there is low specific force and slow rates of force development and relaxation, with increases in force and the rates of activation and relaxation as gestation progresses. The duration and slope of the initial, slow phase of relaxation, related to myosin detachment and thin filament deactivation rates, decreased with gestation age. F-actin sliding on human fetal cardiac myosin-coated surfaces slowed significantly from 108 to 130 days of gestation. Electron micrographs showed human fetal muscle myofibrils elongate and widen with age, but features such as the M-line and Z-band are apparent even as early as day 52. Protein isoform analysis revealed that ß-myosin is predominantly expressed even at the earliest time point studied, but there is a progressive increase in expression of cardiac troponin I (TnI), with a concurrent decrease in slow skeletal TnI. Together, our results suggest that cardiac myofibril force production and kinetics of activation and relaxation change significantly with gestation age and are influenced by the structural maturation of the sarcomere and changes in contractile filament protein isoforms.


Assuntos
Coração Fetal/fisiologia , Contração Miocárdica , Miofibrilas/fisiologia , Actinas/genética , Actinas/metabolismo , Adulto , Feminino , Coração Fetal/embriologia , Humanos , Masculino , Miofibrilas/metabolismo , Miofibrilas/ultraestrutura , Miosinas/genética , Miosinas/metabolismo , Troponina I/genética , Troponina I/metabolismo
17.
Am J Hum Genet ; 92(1): 150-6, 2013 Jan 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23261301

RESUMO

Distal arthrogryposis (DA) syndromes are the most common of the heritable congenital-contracture disorders, and ~50% of cases are caused by mutations in genes that encode contractile proteins of skeletal myofibers. DA type 5D (DA5D) is a rare, autosomal-recessive DA previously defined by us and is characterized by congenital contractures of the hands and feet, along with distinctive facial features, including ptosis. We used linkage analysis and whole-genome sequencing of a multiplex consanguineous family to identify in endothelin-converting enzyme-like 1 (ECEL1) mutations that result in DA5D. Evaluation of a total of seven families affected by DA5D revealed in five families ECEL1 mutations that explain ~70% of cases overall. ECEL1 encodes a neuronal endopeptidase and is expressed in the brain and peripheral nerves. Mice deficient in Ecel1 exhibit perturbed terminal branching of motor neurons to the endplate of skeletal muscles, resulting in poor formation of the neuromuscular junction. Our results distinguish a second developmental pathway that causes congenital-contracture syndromes.


Assuntos
Artrogripose/genética , Metaloendopeptidases/genética , Consanguinidade , Feminino , Ligação Genética , Humanos , Masculino , Mutação , Análise de Sequência de DNA
18.
Am J Hum Genet ; 92(4): 621-6, 2013 Apr 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23541344

RESUMO

Scalp-ear-nipple (SEN) syndrome is a rare, autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by cutis aplasia of the scalp; minor anomalies of the external ears, digits, and nails; and malformations of the breast. We used linkage analysis and exome sequencing of a multiplex family affected by SEN syndrome to identify potassium-channel tetramerization-domain-containing 1 (KCTD1) mutations that cause SEN syndrome. Evaluation of a total of ten families affected by SEN syndrome revealed KCTD1 missense mutations in each family tested. All of the mutations occurred in a KCTD1 region encoding a highly conserved bric-a-brac, tram track, and broad complex (BTB) domain that is required for transcriptional repressor activity. KCTD1 inhibits the transactivation of the transcription factor AP-2α (TFAP2A) via its BTB domain, and mutations in TFAP2A cause cutis aplasia in individuals with branchiooculofacial syndrome (BOFS), suggesting a potential overlap in the pathogenesis of SEN syndrome and BOFS. The identification of KCTD1 mutations in SEN syndrome reveals a role for this BTB-domain-containing transcriptional repressor during ectodermal development.


Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas/etiologia , Síndrome Brânquio-Otorrenal/etiologia , Displasia Ectodérmica/etiologia , Exoma/genética , Hipospadia/etiologia , Hipotonia Muscular/etiologia , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Anormalidades Múltiplas/patologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Síndrome Brânquio-Otorrenal/patologia , Proteínas Correpressoras , Orelha Externa/anormalidades , Orelha Externa/patologia , Displasia Ectodérmica/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipospadia/patologia , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Hipotonia Muscular/patologia , Mamilos/anormalidades , Mamilos/patologia , Linhagem , Fenótipo , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Couro Cabeludo/anormalidades , Couro Cabeludo/patologia , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos
19.
Genet Med ; 17(5): 400-4, 2015 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25232848

RESUMO

PURPOSE: The broad use of single-nucleotide polymorphism microarrays has increased identification of unexpected consanguinity. Therefore, guidelines to address reporting of consanguinity have been published for clinical laboratories. Because no such guidelines for clinicians exist, we describe a case and present recommendations for clinicians to disclose unexpected consanguinity to families. METHODS: In a boy with multiple endocrine abnormalities and structural birth defects, single-nucleotide polymorphism array analysis revealed ~23% autosomal homozygosity suggestive of a first-degree parental relationship. We assembled an interdisciplinary health-care team, planned the most appropriate way to discuss results of the single-nucleotide polymorphism array with the adult mother, including the possibility of multiple autosomal recessive disorders in her child, and finally met with her as a team. RESULTS: From these discussions, we developed four major considerations for clinicians returning results of unexpected consanguinity, all guided by the child's best interests: (i) ethical and legal obligations for reporting possible abuse, (ii) preservation of the clinical relationship, (iii) attention to justice and psychosocial challenges, and (iv) utilization of the single-nucleotide polymorphism array results to guide further testing. CONCLUSION: As single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays become a common clinical diagnostic tool, clinicians can use this framework to return results of unexpected consanguinity to families in a supportive and productive manner.


Assuntos
Consanguinidade , Achados Incidentais , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Família , Homozigoto , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Médicos , Revelação da Verdade
20.
Pediatr Endocrinol Rev ; 12(3): 297-307, 2015 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25962207

RESUMO

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is one of the most common genetic causes of obesity. The phenotype of obesity in PWS is unique and characterized by hyperphagia, earlier meal initiation, delayed meal termination, reduced energy expenditure, abnormal gut hormone profiles, as well as irregular responses to food in areas of the brain associated with satiety and reward. Management of obesity is necessary to avoid major morbidity. The relentless food-seeking behavior associated with PWS such as stealing, hoarding food, eating inedibles, and lying about eating, can cause turmoil both inside and outside of the home. Management is challenging for both patients and caretakers, but at this time there are limited medical therapies available besides dietary restriction and behavior management. However, current research shows promise for discovery of additional treatment options for hyperphagia and obesity management in PWS.


Assuntos
Obesidade/terapia , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/terapia , Animais , Humanos , Hiperfagia/complicações , Hiperfagia/terapia , Obesidade/etiologia , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/complicações , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/genética , Programas de Redução de Peso/métodos
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