Locomotion characteristics of dairy cows walking on pasture and the effect of artificial flooring systems on locomotion comfort.

The locomotion comfort of dairy cows depends on the floor of the walking alleys. Optimal locomotion comfort is given when cows walk on pasture, allowing freedom from discomfort and pain and the expression of normal behavior. This study examined the characteristics of locomotion behavior on pasture (gold standard with optimal locomotion comfort) and compared it with behaviors of cows walking on mastic asphalt or solid rubber mats before and after a routine claw trimming session. Our hypotheses were (1) that gait variables were different on pasture versus mastic asphalt and on mastic asphalt versus rubber, and (2) that claw trimming had an effect on gait variables of cows walking on mastic asphalt. Twenty-four dairy cows kept in a tiestall facility were enrolled in this experimental trial. The pedogram was measured using 2 standalone 3-dimensional accelerometers (400 Hz), attached to the metatarsus of both hind limbs. The extracted pedogram variables included temporal events (kinematic outcome = gait cycle and stance-phase and swing-phase durations) and peaks (kinetic outcome = foot load, toe-off). The cows were further video-recorded to calculate walking speed and stride length. Locomotion score was performed on mastic asphalt to enroll only nonlame cows (locomotion score <3). For comparison between different floor types, repeated-measures ANOVA was performed with the cow as a subject variable, session time of measurement as within-subject variable, and flooring type as a fixed effect. Three separate analyses were performed: pasture versus mastic asphalt (analysis I), solid rubber versus mastic asphalt (analysis II), and the effect of claw trimming on the kinematic and kinetic variables on mastic asphalt (analysis III). All tested gait variables were significantly different between pasture and mastic asphalt floor. The optimal characteristics of locomotion comfort on pasture included shorter duration of gait cycle, longer stance-phase duration, shorter swing-phase duration, higher walking speed, longer stride length, and higher peaks of foot load and toe-off. However, gait variables of cows walking on rubber mats did not show any significant difference compared with the mastic asphalt floor; only stride length tended to be longer on rubber mats. In addition, the stance- and swing-phase durations significantly improved shortly after trimming. The left-right differences of the stance- and swing-phase durations tended to decrease after claw trimming when cows walked on asphalt floor. The results of this study show that solid rubber flooring does not result in significant improvement of the evaluated variables of locomotion comfort compared with mastic asphalt.

A single prolonged milking interval of 24h compromises the well-being and health of dairy Holstein cows.

Cows are often shown at dairy shows with overfilled udders to achieve a better show placing. However, it is unclear to what degree "over-bagging" affects the health and well-being of show cows. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of a single prolonged milking interval (PMI) of 24h on the measurable signs of health and well-being in dairy cows in early and mid-lactation and to assess the effect of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on well-being during a PMI. Fifteen Holstein cows were studied in early lactation (89.5±2.7d in milk) and were given an NSAID or physiological saline in a crossover design. Ten cows were studied again in mid-lactation (151.6±4.0d in milk). Data on clinical signs of cows' health, behavior, and well-being were collected at 1 or 2h intervals before and during a PMI of 24h. Data from the last 6h of a 12h milking interval were compared with the last 6h of the PMI. Compared with that of a cow in the last 6h of a 12-h milking interval, the behavior of cows in early lactation (saline group) changed during the last 6h of the PMI: we observed decreased eating time (22.4 vs. 16.2min/h), increased ruminating time (13.3 vs. 25.0min/h), and increased hind limb abduction while walking (score 41.7 vs. 62.6) and standing (31.2 vs. 38.9cm). Udder firmness was increased (2.9 vs. 4.5kg) during this period and more weight was placed on the hind limbs (46.4 vs. 47.0%). We also found pathological signs at the end of the PMI: all cows showed milk leaking, and 10 of 15 cows developed edema in the subcutaneous udder tissue. Somatic cell count was significantly increased from 12h to 72h after the PMI. Administration of an NSAID had no influence on measured variables, except that the occurrence of edema was not significantly increased during PMI in the flunixin group (10 of 15 and 6 of 15 cows for the saline and flunixin groups, respectively). In the cows in mid-lactation, different variables were not significantly changed in the PMI compared with baseline values (e.g., eating and ruminating time, occurrence of edema, and abduction). We conclude that the cows' health and well-being were compromised by a single PMI of 24h, because their behavior changed and pathological signs were recorded. Administration of an NSAID had a slight effect on cows' well-being during a PMI. The stage of lactation had more effect on the cows' health and well-being, because fewer variables were changed in mid-lactation.

Development and validation of a novel pedometer algorithm to quantify extended characteristics of the locomotor behavior of dairy cows.

Behavior is one of the most important indicators for assessing cattle health and well-being. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a novel algorithm to monitor locomotor behavior of loose-housed dairy cows based on the output of the RumiWatch pedometer (ITIN+HOCH GmbH, Fütterungstechnik, Liestal, Switzerland). Data of locomotion were acquired by simultaneous pedometer measurements at a sampling rate of 10 Hz and video recordings for manual observation later. The study consisted of 3 independent experiments. Experiment 1 was carried out to develop and validate the algorithm for lying behavior, experiment 2 for walking and standing behavior, and experiment 3 for stride duration and stride length. The final version was validated, using the raw data, collected from cows not included in the development of the algorithm. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between accelerometer variables and respective data derived from the video recordings (gold standard). Dichotomous data were expressed as the proportion of correctly detected events, and the overall difference for continuous data was expressed as the relative measurement error. The proportions for correctly detected events or bouts were 1 for stand ups, lie downs, standing bouts, and lying bouts and 0.99 for walking bouts. The relative measurement error and Spearman correlation coefficient for lying time were 0.09% and 1; for standing time, 4.7% and 0.96; for walking time, 17.12% and 0.96; for number of strides, 6.23% and 0.98; for stride duration, 6.65% and 0.75; and for stride length, 11.92% and 0.81, respectively. The strong to very high correlations of the variables between visual observation and converted pedometer data indicate that the novel RumiWatch algorithm may markedly improve automated livestock management systems for efficient health monitoring of dairy cows.

Strong-interaction shifts and widths of kaonic helium isotopes.

The kaonic 3He and 4He [Formula: see text] transitions in gaseous targets were observed by the SIDDHARTA experiment. The X-ray energies of these transitions were measured with large-area silicon-drift detectors using the timing information of the [Formula: see text] pairs produced by the DAΦNE [Formula: see text] collider. The strong-interaction shifts and widths both of the kaonic 3He and 4He 2p states were determined, which are much smaller than the results obtained by the previous experiments. The "kaonic helium puzzle" (a discrepancy between theory and experiment) was now resolved.

Preliminary study of kaonic deuterium X-rays by the SIDDHARTA experiment at DAΦNE.

The study of the [Formula: see text] system at very low energies plays a key role for the understanding of the strong interaction between hadrons in the strangeness sector. At the DAΦNE electron-positron collider of Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati we studied kaonic atoms with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], taking advantage of the low-energy charged kaons from Φ-mesons decaying nearly at rest. The SIDDHARTA experiment used X-ray spectroscopy of the kaonic atoms to determine the transition yields and the strong interaction induced shift and width of the lowest experimentally accessible level (1s for H and D and 2p for He). Shift and width are connected to the real and imaginary part of the scattering length. To disentangle the isospin dependent scattering lengths of the antikaon-nucleon interaction, measurements of [Formula: see text] and of [Formula: see text] are needed. We report here on an exploratory deuterium measurement, from which a limit for the yield of the K-series transitions was derived: [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] (CL 90%). Also, the upcoming SIDDHARTA-2 kaonic deuterium experiment is introduced.

Setting up virgin stress conditions in discrete element models.

In the present work, a methodology for setting up virgin stress conditions in discrete element models is proposed. The developed algorithm is applicable to discrete or coupled discrete/continuum modeling of underground excavation employing the discrete element method (DEM). Since the DEM works with contact forces rather than stresses there is a need for the conversion of pre-excavation stresses to contact forces for the DEM model. Different possibilities of setting up virgin stress conditions in the DEM model are reviewed and critically assessed. Finally, a new method to obtain a discrete element model with contact forces equivalent to given macroscopic virgin stresses is proposed. The test examples presented show that good results may be obtained regardless of the shape of the DEM domain.

Measurements of the strong-interaction widths of the kaonic (3)He and (4)He 2p levels.

The kaonic (3)He and (4)He X-rays emitted in the [Formula: see text] transitions were measured in the SIDDHARTA experiment. The widths of the kaonic (3)He and (4)He 2p states were determined to be [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], respectively. Both results are consistent with the theoretical predictions. The width of kaonic (4)He is much smaller than the value of [Formula: see text] determined by the experiments performed in the 70's and 80's, while the width of kaonic (3)He was determined for the first time.

First measurement of kaonic helium-3 X-rays.

The first observation of the kaonic (3)He 3d→2p transition was made, using slow K- mesons stopped in a gaseous (3)He target. The kaonic atom X-rays were detected with large-area silicon drift detectors using the timing information of the K+K- pairs of ϕ-meson decays produced by the DAΦNE e+e- collider. The strong interaction shift of the kaonic (3)He 2p state was determined to be -2±2(stat)±4(syst) eV.

Prevention of acute hematoma after face-lifts.

Acute hematoma remains one of the most frequently encountered complications after face-lift surgery. Several risk factors inherent to the patient and omission of certain intraoperative regimens are considered to cause hematoma. Significant risk factors include high blood pressure and male gender. Possible intraoperative regimens for the prevention of hematoma include tumescence infiltration without adrenaline, clotting of raw surfaces with fibrin glue, usage of drains, and application of compression bandages. However, little attention has been paid to postoperative measures. To examine whether different regimens in the postoperative phase can influence the incidence of hematoma, all face-lift patients who underwent surgery by a single surgeon in two different clinics (n = 376) with two different postoperative regimens were evaluated over the course of 3 years. In group 1 (n = 308), all postoperative medication was administered on request including medication for pain control, blood pressure stabilization, and prevention of nausea and vomiting as well as postoperative restlessness and agitation. In group 2 (n = 68), this medication was administered prophylactically at the end of the operation before extubation. The hematoma rate was 7% in group 1 and 0% in group 2. This study showed that the prophylactic use of medications (e.g., analgesics, antihypertonics, antiemetics, and sedatives) during the postoperative phase is superior to making drugs available to patients on request and can decrease the occurrence of acute hematoma in face-lift patients.

Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are downregulated in primary breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are considered to play key roles in tumour growth, progression and metastasis. However, targeting tumour angiogenesis in clinical trials showed only modest efficacy. We therefore scrutinised the concept of tumour angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by analysing the expression of crucial markers involved in these processes in primary breast cancer. METHODS: We analysed the expression of angiogenic, lymphangiogenic or antiangiogenic factors, their respective receptors and specific markers for endothelial and lymphendothelial cells by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in primary breast cancer and compared the expression profiles to non-cancerous, tumour-adjacent tissues and breast tissues from healthy women. RESULTS: We found decreased mRNA amounts of major angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors in tumour compared to healthy tissues, whereas antiangiogenic factors were upregulated. Concomitantly, angiogenic and lymphangiogenic receptors were downregulated in breast tumours. This antiangiogenic, antilymphangiogenic microenvironment was even more pronounced in aggressive tumours and accompanied by reduced amounts of endothelial and lymphatic endothelial cell markers. CONCLUSION: Primary breast tumours are not a site of highly active angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Selection for tumour cells that survive with minimal vascular supply may account for this observation in clinical apparent tumours.

[Verification of thumb-specific muscles in a triphalangeal thumb with magnetic resonance imaging]. / Nachweis daumenspezifischer Muskulatur beim triphalangealen Daumen mittels MRT.

The presence of three phalanges in the first digit is considered to be a relatively rare congenital hand malformation. Six groups of this deformity can be distinguished: some digits are opposable, others resemble a non-opposable five-fingered hand. In cases of a hypoplastic thenar region with a restrained opposition, a clear verification of thumb-specific musculature has been hardly possible. We report of the possibility of a non-invasive identification of thumb-specific muscles by means of magnetic resonance imaging.

Transient neurological events during dipyridamole stress test: an arterial steal phenomenon?

Dipyridamole-associated adverse neurological side effects have not been extensively described. We present two cases of dipyridamole-associated transient motor neurological events with no evidence of residual neurological deficits detected clinically or by head CT. The patients showed no evidence of significant extracranial (internal carotid) artery disease. We propose the presence of a regional cerebral perfusion disturbance due to an intracranial vascular steal phenomenon as the mechanism for the above side effects of dipyridamole.

Haemorrhages in the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles--an unspecific autopsy finding.

Atraumatic haemorrhages in the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles can be observed for from 1% to 9% of various causes of death. It has been claimed that there is an association between these findings and the cause of death, particularly coronary death. Additionally it has been assumed that haemorrhages in the PCA muscles may be caused by an asphyxial mechanism and it has even been suggested that the haemorrhages may be a "sign" which could be used to differentiate between natural and unnatural death. Because of the differing views we carried out additional research into the course of these haemorrhages. Six characteristic cases out of 2060 autopsies with macroscopically diagnosed haemorrhages in the PCA muscles are presented. The six cases included acute heart failure, death caused by bolus, drowning, trauma of brain and skull, exsanguination from polytrauma and choking after aspiration of vomit. These cases were completely different with regard to all the circumstances of death. On the basis of these findings and in contrast to the literature it cannot be shown that proofs exist for a correlation between the haemorrhages and the causes and the manner of death. As a consequence it must be stated that haemorrhages in the PCA muscles do not have any diagnostic significance.

Standardization of the first aid treatment of burn injuries in Vorarlberg, Austria.

It is 6 years since a burn unit was installed at the Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch in Vorarlberg. Before that time, systematic clinical burn care was unknown in this country. Systematic first aid treatment of burn injuries was not known either. According to the principles of quality management, an obligation was felt not only to standardize the burn treatment in the unit itself, but also to make known the principles of first aid to the whole medical staff in our country. This is why we carried out many public relation activities consisting of several lectures to general practitioners and training for the emergency staff, including the lay personnel. The population were even informed about first aid treatment via radio and TV. In 1994, the degree of success in the public relation efforts was examined. During a period of 10 months, all the burn patients were asked about the quality of their first aid treatment. The questionnaires of 72 patients were evaluated, and it was found that the criteria demanded of first aid treatment were met within a range of 77.6-100 per cent. From these figures, it was concluded that public relation activities have been very successful in establishing the first aid care, they have led to a better quality of burn treatment in general and specifically, to a significant reduction in cost.

Variations of the frontal exit of the supraorbital nerve: an anatomic study.

Until now, it has been taken for granted that the point of emergence of the supraorbital nerve is by way of a notch or a foramen at the border of the inner to the medial third of the supraorbital rim. In contrast to several anatomic textbooks, we noticed that the exit point was repeatedly not at the site where anticipated when implanting lid springs for facial palsy. This gave us the idea of investigating these variations and how big they are, because most open and recent endoscopic forehead lift techniques have relied on a constant exit point of the supraorbital nerve. A total of 507 macerated skulls (1014 orbits) from three anatomic collections in Austria and Germany were studied. All skulls were adult European skulls gathered from the prehistoric age up to the twentieth century. Additionally, 18 fixed cadavers (36 orbits) and 25 fresh cadavers (50 orbits) were studied. These data were not included in the statistical analysis but in the discussion. The anatomic measurements on the skulls were carried out with an anthropometric calliper. The examinations concentrated on the configuration (notch/foramen) and the number of exit point(s) on the supraorbital rim, the vertical distance from the supraorbital rim, and the distance from the nasion to the various exit point(s). Combining all of these parameters, 74 percent of the skulls showed asymmetric findings between the right and left orbits. In 15 percent of both orbits, the supraorbital nerve left the orbital cavity already in its two branches, the medial and lateral branch, either through a notch or a foramen, the foramen being sometimes the exit of a supraorbital canal. The average distance from the nasion to the frontal notch/foramen was 25 mm on both orbits (range 16 to 55 mm) and to the supraorbital notch/foramen 31 mm (range 20 to 49 mm). The largest vertical distance from the supraorbital rim to its farthest exit point was 19 mm. Other than what is cited in literature, the variations concerning the configuration and the distance of the exit point(s) of the supraorbital nerve were so significant that all forehead operations, especially those using endoscopic techniques, must take into account these findings.

Configuration and localization of the nipple-areola complex in men.

The causes of bilateral absence of the nipple-areola complex in men are seldom congenital, but attributable rather to destruction as a result of trauma, or after mastectomy in female-to-male transsexuals and in male breast cancer, or after the correction of extreme bilateral gynecomastia. Such a bilateral loss becomes a major reconstructive challenge with respect to the configuration and localization of a new nipple-areola complex. Because there is very little information available in the literature, we carried out a cross-sectional study on the configuration and localization of the nipple-areola complex in men.A total of 100 healthy men aged 20 to 36 years were examined under standardized conditions. The first part of the study dealt with the configuration of the nipple-areola complex (dimensions, round or oval shape). The second part concentrated on the localization of the complex on the thoracic wall with respect to anatomic landmarks and in correlation to various parameters such as weight and height of the body, circumference of the thorax, length of sternum, and position in the intercostal space. Of the 100 subjects examined, 91 had oval and seven had a round nipple-areola complex. An asymmetry between the right and the left side was found in two cases. The mean ratio of the horizontal/vertical diameter of an oval nipple-areola complex was 27:20 mm and the mean diameter for a round nipple-areola complex was 23 mm. The center of the nipple-areola complex was in the fourth intercostal space in 75 percent and in the fifth intercostal space in 23 percent of the subjects. To localize the nipple-areola complex on the thoracic wall de novo, at least two reproducible measurements proved to be necessary, composed of a horizontal line (distance from the midsternal line to the nipple = A) and a vertical line (distance from the sternal notch to the intersection of line A, = B). The closest correlation for the horizontal distance A was given by the circumference of the thorax: A = 2.4 cm + [0.09 x circumference of thorax (cm)], (r = 0.68). The best correlation to calculate the vertical distance B was found using the distance A and the length of the sternum: B = 1.2 cm + [0.28 x length of sternum (cm)] + [0.1 x circumference of thorax (cm)], (R = 0.50). In cases of bilateral absence, we recommend creating an oval nipple-areola complex in men. The appropriate localization can be calculated by means of two simple equations derived from the circumference of the thorax and the length of the sternum.

Oral premedication for operations on the face under local anesthesia: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial.

Modern strategies for preventing or controlling pain and anxiety demand a premedication for operations using local anesthesia and for those using sedation or general anesthesia. For optimal patient care, the premedication should be given orally and, with respect to the outpatient basis of the operations, should have a short recovery period. Midazolam, one of the most favored premedications for general anesthesia, has been recommended as a premedication for operations using local anesthesia as well. However, midazolam has only sedative-anxiolytic effects and does not reduce pain sensation, which should be mandatory for operations using local anesthesia. A further requirement is the maintenance of stable hemodynamics for the prevention of postoperative hematomas, especially in the face. For these reasons, another premedication meeting all requirements (anxiolysis, analgesia, and stable hemodynamics) was researched. A randomized, double-blind prospective study was performed from March of 1997 to June of 1998. Five groups totalling 150 patients were included in the study; each group contained 30 patients who had operations performed solely on the face. In the first four groups, the effect of midazolam (0.15 mg/kg(-1)), morphine (0.3 mg/kg(-1)), and clonidine (1.5 microg/kg(-1)) administered orally was compared with a placebo. The fifth group was the control group and received no premedication. To evaluate the effects of the premedications, a corresponding questionnaire was completed independently by the patient and surgeon. With regard to the anxiolytic or analgesic properties of the premedication, 61 percent of the patients preferred pain reduction to anxiety control, and 24 percent of patients preferred reduction of anxiety. The remainder insisted on a reduction of both properties (8 percent) or had no preference (7 percent). Reduction of anxiety was largest in the midazolam and the clonidine groups, but the difference was not significant. The least pain during the application of local anesthesia was experienced by the morphine group (37 percent) and the clonidine group (33 percent), in contrast to the midazolam group (60 percent) (p = 0.04). Morphine and clonidine met the requirements of pain reduction equally well. Nevertheless, considering the rate and intensity of adverse effects with respect to hemodynamic compromises, nausea, and emesis, clonidine is even better suited as an oral premedication for operations on the face using local anesthesia.

On the correlation of acoustical sounds and ultrasound velocimetry in the subclavian steal syndrome.

Patients with suspected subclavian steal syndrome were examined by Doppler ultrasonography and by auscultation, particular attention being paid to the velocity profiles and "augmentation bruits" in the vertebral arteries, and the findings being compared with angiography. This was done with the patients at rest and during and after ischemic exercise of the affected arm. The recorded bruits were analyzed for their frequency content and it was found that the bruits in a particular kind of vessel are well characterized by the first moment of the spectrum. A good correlation between the Doppler ultrasound results and the acoustical sound pattern accompanying hyperemic flow was found. The two methods are supplementary and complementary in the non-invasive diagnosis of subclavian steal syndrome. To demonstrate the multifacetted appearances of the syndrome three cases are discussed.

Non-invasive assessment of carotid arteries: a comparison of techniques used in two laboratories.

Fifty-one patients were examined non-invasively in two different laboratories and underwent angiography for carotid artery disease. Results of the two examinations and angiography were compared. In one laboratory continuous wave Doppler ultrasonography of the accessible extracranial arteries was used; in the other laboratory spectral analysis of the Doppler signals and angioscan imaging of the bifurcation was carried out. Accuracy of the two examinations (when compared with angiography) were similar for stenoses of more than 50%; spectral analysis and angioscan were better than continuous wave Doppler in detection of less than 50% stenoses.