Transcendent Philosophy of Medicine: A Deductive Synthesis According to the Transcendental Wisdom (Mulla Sadra School of Thought).

Medicine is dependent to definition of human being in all existential dimensions, and this study attempts to synthesize a philosophy of medicine based on transcendental wisdom that was instituted by Mulla Sadra (979-1045 AH /1571-1635 AD). Using implication eliciting methodology, in the paradigm of consensual qualitative research, ten main principles of transcendental wisdom were selected and described after being approved by experts (n = 13). Then, after more than 4 years of prolonged engagement using these principles, the transcendent philosophy of medicine was deductively synthesized. Afterward, to reach consensus, the results were reviewed in four panel discussions with experts (n=20). According to the transcendental wisdom, human being has four main dimensions including corpus, psyche, nous and soul and each contain two core aspects. These dimensions and aspects construct a real unity complex called human being (Nafs), that is the survival agent and cause of all aware and unaware biological, cognitive and behavioral capabilities in all dimensions of human existence. A holistic model of health was presented, and coherent strategies according to the ten transcendental wisdom principles were recommended in all corporeal and incorporeal aspects of human health, including environmental, biological, mental, identity-related, logical, intellectual, spiritual, ethical and social health.

Municipal food waste recycling as an environmental strategy: a game-theoretical approach.

With the expansion of urbanization, we are witnessing the growing uncertainty in municipal food demand leading to an increase in urban waste. With the motive of producing organic fertilizers and conserving the environment, expired food can be collected and recycled. This study examines the hypothesis that leasing recycling facilities from peri-urban areas, due to the ban on reproduction operations in the city centers, can manage the recycling system participants' relationship and enhance sustainability in urban communities. The problem has been investigated under two separate sources of uncertainty, namely, quality and capacity. In the first scenario, a recycling system consisting of a commercial food service located in urban areas, a food waste collection agency, and a suburban fertilizer factory is optimized, in which the commercial food service leases the fertilizer factory's facilities for recycling operations. In the second scenario, the two factories' relationship, in which the first factory can rent the second factory's facilities in case of capacity shortage, is managed through hybrid contracts and mathematical programming models. The results show that the whole system optimization and Pareto Improvement results for all members are guaranteed under proposed hybrid contracts. These conclusions can help food recycling system managers have a better relationship with other players in their supply chains and enhance their credibility for caring about the environment, social concerns, and government compliance.