Methodology for improving reliability of river discharge measurements.

Programs to monitor water characteristics are undertaken to identify any possible water pollution of a river. To compute reliable water pollution loads, accurate river discharge and pollutant/tracer concentrations are required. When pollutants/tracers are measured with sufficient precision, the accuracy of river discharge measurements becomes the most critical parameter of the pollutant load computation, as well as the largest error source. The absence of permanent measuring equipment in many rivers is a common difficulty for the implementation of monitoring programs. Alternatively, quick measurement methods which are low in cost and reliability (e.g. floats) are often employed to get an estimate of river discharges, when there are budgetary and time restrictions. In this paper, an original technique, mainly for use in ungauged rivers, is proposed for correcting river discharge measurements which have low levels of accuracy; this in turn would correct pollutant concentrations. A nonlinear optimization problem is developed based on water volume and pollutant mass conservation principles for river balance nodes, taking into consideration non-measurable latent quantities. Parallel measurements of discharge and tracers for representative cross-sections of a river and its tributaries are required. The measurement conditions should refer to the steady-state hydraulic conditions usually prevailing in the flow under consideration. In order to test the reliability of the method, a virtual river example is built, defining the real values of water characteristics and generating measurement sets via Monte-Carlo simulations combining random and systematic errors. For more than 92% of the generated measurement sets, the proposed technique results in a successful and acceptable correction for the total of the measured cross-sections. Finally, the method is applied to a real river and the measurements are corrected successfully.

Old age mental health services in Southern Balkans: Features, geospatial distribution, current needs, and future perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare services are increasingly confronted with challenges related to old age mental disorders. The survey aimed to provide an overview of existing psychogeriatric services in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, and North Macedonia. METHODS: After identification of psychogeriatric units across the four countries, their head physicians were asked to provide data on their clinical, teaching, and research activity, as well as staff composition. Moreover, the attitudes of head physicians to current needs and future service development were explored. RESULTS: A total of 15 psychogeriatric units were identified (3 in Bulgaria, 8 in Greece, and 4 in North Macedonia). Results show wide variation regarding the location, team size and composition, service availability, numbers of patients attending, and inpatient treatment length. Most head physicians underscored the urgent need for breakthroughs in the graduate and postgraduate education in psychogeriatrics of medical and nonmedical professionals, as well as in the interconnection of their units with community primary healthcare services and long-term care facilities for seniors via telemedicine. They would welcome the development of national standards for psychogeriatric units, potentially embodying clear pointers for action. A number of head physicians advocated the development of nationwide old age mental health registries. CONCLUSIONS: Regional disparities in resources and services for seniors' mental health services were unveiled. These data may enrich the dialogue on optimizing psychogeriatric services through planning future cross-border collaborations mainly based on telemedicine services, especially in the era of the novel coronavirus pandemic, and training/education in psychogeriatrics of mental health professionals.