Predictors of recurrent cerebral ischemia after patent foramen ovale closure: A single center observational study.

OBJECTIVES: Transcatheter patent foramen ovale closure lowers recurrent stroke in patients with cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack with an indication for closure. However, the incidence of recurrent stroke is not negligible and underlying pathophysiology remains largely unknown. We sought to evaluate the prevalence of recurrent ischemic neurological events and to assess its predictors after transcatheter patent foramen ovale closure. METHODS: We enrolled consecutive patients who underwent patent foramen ovale closure for secondary prevention of neurological ischemic events at the University Hospital of Parma between 2006 and 2021. Clinical and procedure-related features were collected for each patient. The incidence of recurrent ischemic neurological events was assessed at follow-up. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 169 patients with mean Risk of Paradoxical Embolism score at hospital admission of 6.4 ± 1.5. The primary indication was previous cryptogenic stroke (94 [55.6 %] subjects), followed by transient ischemic attack (75 [44.4 %]). Among patients with complete outcome data (n= 154), after a median follow-up of 112 months, recurrent cerebral ischemia occurred in 13 [8.4 %], with an annualized rate of 0.92/100 patients. The presence of obesity [OR 5.268, p = 0.018], Risk of Paradoxical Embolism score < 7 [OR 5.991, p = 0.035] and migraine [OR = 5.932 p = 0.012] were independent positive predictors of recurrent stroke/ transient ischemic attack after patent foramen ovale closure. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of obesity, Risk of Paradoxical Embolism score < 7 and migraine were independent positive predictors of recurrent ischemic neurological events after patent foramen ovale closure.

Intracoronary Imaging of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque: From Assessment of Pathophysiological Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implication.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several cardiovascular risk factors are implicated in atherosclerotic plaque promotion and progression and are responsible for the clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease (CAD), ranging from chronic to acute coronary syndromes and sudden coronary death. The advent of intravascular imaging (IVI), including intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has significantly improved the comprehension of CAD pathophysiology and has strengthened the prognostic relevance of coronary plaque morphology assessment. Indeed, several atherosclerotic plaque phenotype and mechanisms of plaque destabilization have been recognized with different natural history and prognosis. Finally, IVI demonstrated benefits of secondary prevention therapies, such as lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory agents. The purpose of this review is to shed light on the principles and properties of available IVI modalities along with their prognostic significance.

Left atrial appendage closure: a balanced management of the thromboembolic risk in patients with hemophilia and atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and is a major cause of embolic stroke. In patients at high bleeding risk such as those with hemophilia, the thromboembolic prevention is challenging. We herein present three patients affected by moderate to severe hemophilia and atrial fibrillation that were treated in our Institution between March 2018 and September 2019, with percutaneous left atrial appendage closure. In patients with relative or absolute contraindications to long-term anticoagulant therapy, the left atrial appendage closure could represent a reasonable strategy.

Standard echocardiography versus very-low mechanical index contrast-imaging: left ventricle volumes and ejection fraction multi-reader variability and reference values in a subgroup with no risk factors or cardiac disease.

We retrospectively assessed the rest-phase images of 300 contrast stress- echocardiograms, during which very-low mechanical index (VLMI) imaging with ultrasound enhancing agents (UEAs) was routinely acquired in addition to greyscale echocardiography; intra- and inter-reader variability for left ventricle (LV) volumes and ejection fraction (LVEF) at rest was established in the overall cohort and normal values were calculated in the subset of subjects with no cardiac risk factors or cardiac disease and a normal stress-echocardiogram. Current recommendations for chamber quantification using echocardiography advise the use of UEAs in case of insufficient quality of endocardial visualization, but normal values for LV volumes and LVEF using UEAs have never been published using currently recommended VLMI method. Single-centre retrospective study, enrolling subjects referred to contrast stress- echocardiography for suspect coronary artery disease, including the acquisition of both standard 2D greyscale and bolus UEAs with VLMI, regardless of the image quality. This enables offline measurement of the LV volumes and LVEF for both greyscale and UEAs-VLMI images at rest in all subjects. Images were allocated to 3 readers in random order. Normal range for LV volumes and LVEF was also derived in a subset of apparently healthy subjects. In the 298 exams finally assessed, measurement variability among the three readers was lower with UEAs-VLMI, in particular for end-systolic volumes (intra-class correlation coefficient for concordance improved from 0.855 to 0.916, for LVEF from 0.68 to 0.783, p < 0.01), intra- observer variability reduced (Lin's correlation coefficient for LVEF from 0.747 to 0.857, p < 0.01). Normal mean indexed LV end-diastolic volume with UEAs-VLMI, compared to greyscale imaging, was + 14 ml/m2, while LVEF was + 5 to + 6% points. This is the largest study specifically addressing UEAs-VLMI imaging and comparing data with standard greyscale imaging; it demonstrates a reduction in measurement variability of LV volumes and LVEF. Normal reference values for VLMI ultrasound are reported for the first time in comparison with greyscale values.

Imaging functional stress test for stable chest pain symptoms in patients at low pretest probability of coronary artery disease: Current practice and long-term outcome.

BACKGROUND: Stress testing in patients with low pretest probability (PTP) of coronary artery disease (CAD) has become an increasing practice, potentially leading to underestimation of its true clinical value. Our aim was to describe the current use of most employed imaging functional tests and their prognostic value. METHODS AND RESULTS: We selected patients with low PTP of CAD (CAD consortium clinical score < 15%) who underwent exercise or dipyridamole stress echocardiography or single photon emission computed tomography for suspected angina. Main exclusions were age < 45, known CAD, and abnormal rest wall motion. Of the 2279 subjects undergoing stress test, 883 (39%) had low PTP, and 91 (10.3%) had a positive test for ischemia. After a median follow-up of 5.8 years, 36 patients had events (21 died, 14 had nonfatal myocardial infarction). The percentage of events in the abnormal and normal stress test groups were similar (5 [5.5%] vs 31 [3.9%], P = ns), as the annualized event rate (0.87% vs 0.62%, P = ns). Age was the only variable associated with outcome in the regression analysis (hazard ratio 1.072, 95% CI 1.034-1.113, P < 0.001). An abnormal result was not associated with worse outcome in each of the subgroups of functional tests. CONCLUSIONS: In our geographical area, a considerable proportion of patients undergoing imaging functional tests for stable chest pain have a low estimated PTP of CAD. Of these, 1 in 10 resulted positive for inducible ischemia. However, none of the most common imaging functional tests, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and stress echocardiography offer prognostic information in these patients.

Equivocal tests after contrast stress-echocardiography compared with invasive coronary angiography or with CT angiography: CT calcium score in mildly positive tests may spare unnecessary coronary angiograms.

BACKGROUND: Imaging stress tests are not ideally accurate to predict anatomically obstructive CAD, leading to a non-trivial rate of unnecessary iCA. This may depend on the threshold used to indicate iCA, and maybe CTA or, one step earlier, CT calcium score could spare most unnecessary iCA in only mildly positive cSE. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of contrast stress-echocardiography (cSE) in comparison with invasive coronary angiography (iCA), and CT angiography (CTA) only in case of equivocal tests, to find hints helping reduce falsely positive cSE in the suspicion of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Patients who were indicated cSE for suspected CAD between 2012 and 2016, who also underwent iCA were selected and diagnostic results compared. A second group, specifically with equivocal cSE who underwent CTA was also analyzed. RESULTS: 137 subjects with equivocal cSE and CTA and 314 with cSE (any result) and iCA were selected. In the CTA-equivocal cSE group, an Agatston score < 105 and a coronary flow reserve (CFR-LAD) <1.7 had very high negative predictive value (99%, 92% respectively) to exclude obstructive CAD. The Agatston score was the most significant incremental predictor of CAD beyond clinical variables (chi square 31 to 47, p < 0.001). In the iCA group a more-than-mild reversible wall motion abnormality (WMA) demonstrated high positive predictive value for CAD (89%), while CFR-LAD appeared less useful. More-than-mild reversible WMA was the most significant predictor of CAD beyond clinical variables (chi square 37.5 to 56, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest iCA should be indicated only for more-than-mild reversible WMA at cSE, due to the very high positive predictive value for CAD of this finding, while mildly positive tests should be shifted to non-invasive CT, with CTA performed only for coronary calcium Agatston score > 100, since lower scores demonstrated very high negative predictive value for CAD, not justifying proceeding to CTA and even less to iCA.

Coronary Spasm Testing with Acetylcholine: A Powerful Tool for a Personalized Therapy of Coronary Vasomotor Disorders.

Coronary vasomotor disorders (CVD) are characterized by transient hypercontraction of coronary vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to hypercontraction of epicardial and/or microvascular coronary circulation. CVDs play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of ischemia, angina and myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries. Invasive provocative testing with intracoronary Acetylcholine (ACh) administration is the gold standard tool for addressing CVD, providing relevant therapeutic and prognostic implications. However, safety concerns preclude the widespread incorporation of the ACh test into clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to shed light on the pathophysiology underlying CVD and on the clinical role of the ACh test, focusing on safety profile and prognostic implications. We will also discuss contemporary evidence on the management of CVD and the role of the ACh test in driving a personalized approach of patients with CVD.

Polymer-free stents for percutaneous coronary intervention in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aim: To compare the efficacy of polymer-free drug-eluting stents (PF-DES) versus other stents in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Materials & methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to identify pertinent randomized controlled trials. The primary end point was the occurrence of target lesion failure. Results: Eight randomized controlled trials were included for a total of 4854 subjects. The PF-DES group experienced a trend in favor of a lower rate of target lesion failure (Incidence rate ratio = 0.91; p = 0.11) and a significantly lower rate of cardiac mortality, as compared with the control group (Incidence rate ratio = 0.82; p = 0.04). However, statistical significance was lost if bare-metal stent patients were excluded and a trend in favor of the PF-DES strategy was reported only for cardiac mortality. Conclusion: PF-DES could be a valuable strategy in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions.

What is this summary about? Polymer-free drug-eluting stents (PF-DES) are a novel type of coronary stent with potential benefits in terms of chronic coronary inflammation. This is a comprehensive, up-to-date, systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of PF-DES versus other stents in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.What were the results? Patients treated with PF-DES experienced similar prognosis, with a trend toward better outcomes, as compared with conventional stents.What do the results mean? PF-DES could represent a novel and effective strategy for treating coronary artery disease in diabetic patients.

Natural History of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Patients With Aortic Stenosis Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: The Role of Quantitative Flow Ratio.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic impact of functionally significant coronary artery disease, as assessed with quantitative flow ratio (QFR), in patients with severe aortic stenosis treated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement is unknown. METHODS: This is a retrospective study with blind analysis of angiographic data, enrolling consecutive patients with severe aortic stenosis treated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement at 4 Italian centers. None of the patients enrolled received pre-transcatheter aortic valve replacement or concomitant coronary revascularization, either for the absence of significant coronary stenoses or by clinical decision. Visual estimation of diameter stenosis and QFR analysis were performed in all coronary arteries. The end point was all-cause mortality at a 3-year follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 318 patients were enrolled. At visual estimation, 140 patients (44%) presented a diameter stenosis ≥50% in at least 1 coronary artery, whereas 78 patients (24.5%) had at least 1 vessel with QFR <0.80 and, therefore, included in the positive QFR group. Overall, 69 (21.7%) patients died during the follow-up. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, patients with positive QFR experienced significantly higher rates of death during follow-up compared with those without (51.1% versus 12.1%; P<0.001), whereas no significant difference was evident in terms of death between patients with or without significant coronary artery disease according to angiographic evaluation (24.3% versus 19.7%; P=0.244). In a multivariate regression model, positive QFR was an independent predictor of all-cause death during follow-up (hazard ratio, 5.31 [95% CI, 3.21-8.76]). CONCLUSIONS: Coronary QFR can predict mortality in patients with severe aortic stenosis treated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement without revascularization.

Prognostic role of coronary artery ectasia in patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease.

AIMS: Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) has been linked to the occurrence of adverse events in patients with ischemia/angina and no obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA/ANOCA), while the relationship between CAE and myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) has been poorly investigated. In our study we aimed at assessing differences in clinical, angiographic and prognostic features among patients with CAE and MINOCA vs. INOCA/ANOCA presentation. METHODS: Patients with angiographic evidence of CAE were enrolled at the University Hospital of Parma and divided into MINOCA vs. INOCA/ANOCA presentation. Clinical and quantitative angiographic information was recorded and the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was assessed at follow-up. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 97 patients: 49 (50.5%) with MINOCA and 48 (49.5%) with INOCA/ANOCA presentation. The presentation with MINOCA was associated with a higher frequency of inflammatory diseases ( P  = 0.041), multivessel CAE ( P  = 0.030) and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow < 3 ( P  = 0.013). At a median follow-up of 38 months, patients with MINOCA had a significantly higher incidence of MACE compared with those with INOCA/ANOCA [8 (16.3%) vs. 2 (4.2%), P  = 0.045], mainly driven by a higher rate of nonfatal MI [5 (10.2%) vs. 0 (0.0%), P  = 0.023]. At multivariate Cox regression analysis, the presentation with MINOCA ( P  = 0.039) and the presence of TIMI flow <3 ( P  = 0.037) were independent predictors of MACE at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Among a cohort of patients with CAE and nonobstructive coronary artery disease, the presentation with MINOCA predicted a worse outcome.

Atrial fibrillation before and after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: short- and long-term clinical implications.

BACKGROUND: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) have been associated with worse short-term outcomes compared with patients in sinus rhythm but data on long-term outcomes are limited. The aim of our study was to evaluate the association between AF and short- and long-term outcomes in patients undergoing TAVI. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated patients undergoing TAVI between 2012 and 2022 in four tertiary centres. Two different analyses were conducted: (i) in-hospital and (ii) postdischarge analysis. First, we evaluated the association between preexisting AF and short-term outcomes according to VARC-3 criteria. Second, we analyzed the association between AF at discharge (defined as both preexisting and new-onset AF occurring after TAVI) and long-term outcomes at median follow-up of 3.2 years (i.e. all-cause death, hospitalization and major adverse cardiovascular events). RESULTS: A total of 759 patients were initially categorized according to the presence of preexisting AF (241 vs. 518 patients). The preexisting AF group had a higher occurrence of acute kidney injury [odds ratio (OR) 1.65; 95%confidence interval ( CI) 1.15-2.38] and major bleeding (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.06-3.27). Subsequently, the population was categorized according to the presence of AF at discharge. At the adjusted Cox regression analysis, AF was independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause death and cardiovascular hospitalization [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.42, 95% CI 1.09-1.86], all-cause death and all-cause hospitalization (aHR 1.38, 95% CI 1.06-1.78) and all-cause hospitalization (aHR 1.59, 95% CI 1.14.2.22). CONCLUSIONS: In a real-world cohort of patients undergoing TAVI, the presence of AF (preexisting and new-onset) was independently associated with both short- and long-term adverse outcomes.

Timing and modality of complete revascularization in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel coronary artery disease.

Approximately half of the patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction have also significant atherosclerotic disease affecting coronary segments other than the infarct-related artery. Optimal management of residual lesions in this clinical setting has been a topic of intense research in the last decade. On the one hand, a large body of evidence has consistently shown the benefit of complete revascularization for the reduction of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. On the other hand, some crucial aspects such as the optimal timing or the best strategy of the complete treatment approach remain a matter of controversy. In this review, we aim to provide a thorough critical appraisal of the available literature regarding this topic, by discussing areas of relative certainty, gaps in the knowledge, approach to specific clinical subsets and future research directions.

Looking for optimal antithrombotic strategy after transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion: a real-world comparison of different antiplatelet regimens.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) has emerged as an effective procedure for the prevention of thromboembolic events in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with contraindications to oral anticoagulation. After the procedure, different antithrombotic regimens have been used, in order to prevent device-related thrombus and trying to minimize bleedings. The search for the optimal antithrombotic strategy is still ongoing. We sought to assess efficacy and safety of different antiplatelet therapy (APT) regimens. METHODS: We enrolled non-randomized consecutive patients who underwent LAAO at the University Hospital of Parma between 2010 and 2021. Three study groups were identified according to post-procedural APT: long (>1, ≤12 months)-dual APT (DAPT), short (≤ 1 month)-DAPT, lifelong single APT (SAPT). The choice of the APT was left to multidisciplinary team evaluation. The incidence of the primary outcome, a composite of any ischemic or hemorrhagic event, was assessed at follow-up. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 130 patients. Technical success was achieved in 123 (94.6%) patients. After LAAO, 39 [31.7%] patients were discharged on short-DAPT, 35 [28.5%] on long-DAPT and 49 [39.8%] on SAPT. After a median follow-up of 32 months, short-DAPT group had a significantly lower occurrence of the primary outcome (3 [7.7%] vs. 7 [20.0%] in long-DAPT vs. 14 [28.6%] in SAPT, p = 0.049], mainly driven by a lower occurrence of the bleeding endpoint (0 vs. 4 [11.4%] in long-DAPT vs. 9 [18.4%] in SAPT, p = 0.020). Finally, comparison of the Kaplan-Meier curves showed that short-DAPT group had a higher primary endpoint-free survival [p = 0.015] compared to the other groups. CONCLUSION: Post-procedural short-DAPT strategy was associated with better outcomes, mainly driven by reduction of major bleedings.

The Importance of Mehran Score to Predict Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with TAVI: A Large Multicenter Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has developed as an alternative to surgery for symptomatic high-risk patients with aortic stenosis (AS). An important complication of TAVI is acute kidney injury. The purpose of the study was to investigate if the Mehran Score (MS) could be used to predict acute kidney injury (AKI) in TAVI patients. METHODS: This is a multicenter, retrospective, observational study including 1180 patients with severe AS. The MS comprised eight clinical and procedural variables: hypotension, congestive heart failure class, glomerular filtration rate, diabetes, age >75 years, anemia, need for intra-aortic balloon pump, and contrast agent volume use. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the MS in predicting AKI following TAVI, as well as the predictive value of MS with each AKI-related characteristic. RESULTS: Patients were categorized into four risk groups based on MS: low (≤5), moderate (6-10), high (11-15), and very high (≥16). Post-procedural AKI was observed in 139 patients (11.8%). MS classes had a higher risk of AKI in the multivariate analysis (HR 1.38, 95% CI, 1.43-1.63, p < 0.01). The best cutoff for MS to predict the onset of AKI was 13.0 (AUC, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.57-0.67), whereas the best cutoff for eGFR was 42.0 mL/min/1.73 m2 (AUC, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.56-0.67). CONCLUSIONS: MS was shown to be a predictor of AKI development in TAVI patients.

Quantitative flow ratio-based outcomes in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation quaestio study.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is common in patients with aortic valve stenosis (AS) ranging from 60% to 80%. The clinical and prognostic role of coronary artery lesions in patients undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) remains unclear. The aim of the present observational study was to estimate long-term clinical outcomes by Quantitative Flow Ratio (QFR) characterization of CAD in a well-represented cohort of patients affected by severe AS treated by TAVI. Methods: A total of 439 invasive coronary angiographies of patients deemed eligible for TAVI by local Heart Teams with symptomatic severe AS were retrospectively screened for QFR analysis. The primary endpoint of the study was all-cause mortality. The secondary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular mortality, stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and any hospitalization after TAVI. Results: After exclusion of patients with no follow-up data, coronary angiography not feasible for QFR analysis and previous surgical myocardial revascularization (CABG) 48/239 (20.1%) patients had a QFR value lower or equal to 0.80 (QFR + value), while the remaining 191/239 (79.9%) did not present any vessel with a QFR positive value. In the adjusted Cox regression analysis, patients with positive QFR were independently associated with an increased risk of all-casual mortality (Model 1, HR 3.47, 95% CI, 2.35-5.12; Model 2, HR 5.01, 95% CI, 3.17-7.90). In the adjusted covariate analysis, QFR+ involving LAD (37/48, 77,1%) was associated with the higher risk of the composite outcome compared to patients without any positive value of QFR or non-LAD QFR positive value (11/48, 22.9%). Conclusions: Pre-TAVI QFR analysis can be used for a safe, simple, wireless functional assessment of CAD. QFR permits to identify patients at high risk of cardiovascular mortality or MACE, and it could be considered by local Heart Teams.

Precipitating factors in patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Clinical, laboratoristic and prognostic implications.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) often presents with acute coronary syndrome and underlying pathophysiology involves the interplay between predisposing factors and precipitating stressors, such as emotional and physical triggers. In our study we sought to compare clinical, angiographic and prognostic features in a cohort of patients with SCAD according to the presence and type of precipitating stressors. METHODS: Consecutive patients with angiographic evidence of SCAD were divided into three groups: patients with emotional stressors, patients with physical stressors and those without any stressor. Clinical, laboratoristic and angiographic features were collected for each patient. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events, recurrent SCAD and recurrent angina was assessed at follow-up. RESULTS: Among the total population (64 subjects), 41 [64.0%] patients presented with precipitating stressors, including emotional triggers (31 [48.4%] subjects) and physical efforts (10 [15.6%] subjects). As compared with the other groups, patients with emotional triggers were more frequently female (p = 0.009), had a lower prevalence of hypertension (p = 0.039] and dyslipidemia (p = 0.039), were more likely to suffer from chronic stress (p = 0.022) and presented with higher levels of C-reactive protein (p = 0.037) and circulating eosinophils cells (p = 0.012). At a median follow-up of 21 [7; 44] months, patients with emotional stressors experienced higher prevalence of recurrent angina (p = 0.025), as compared to the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that emotional stressors leading to SCAD may identify a SCAD subtype with specific features and a trend towards a worse clinical outcome.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: an Italian single centre experience.

AIMS: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an emerging cause of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in young women without a typical cardiovascular risk profile. Knowledge on SCAD is based on observational studies and is still scarce. The aim of this monocentric observational study was to evaluate the predisposing factors, clinical features and prognosis of SCAD patients. METHODS: Between 2013 and 2020, 58 patients with angiographic diagnosis of SCAD were identified in our centre with an overall prevalence of 0.9% among patients admitted for AMI (58 of 6414 patients). RESULTS: The mean age was 54 ±â€Š11 years and the majority were women (n = 50, 86%) with one or fewer cardiovascular risk factors (n = 35, 60%). The prevalence of Fibromuscolar Dysplasia (FMD) was 39% (7 of 18 screened patients). The rate of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) was used to assess the prognosis. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest because of ventricular fibrillation was observed in four (7%) patients. The majority of patients (n = 51, 88%) were treated conservatively without revascularization. The in-hospital and 30-day clinical course was uneventful in most patients (n = 54, 93%) with two cardiac deaths. During a median follow-up of 12 months, there were no further deaths. The global rate of SCAD recurrence was significant (n = 8, 14%) but predictors have not been identified. CONCLUSION: Although overall survival seems good, SCAD is a potentially malignant, not rare disease, which can present with sudden cardiac death and not uncommon recurrence. Prognostic stratification and optimal management of SCAD patients remain to be defined.

Impact of body mass index on the outcome of elderly patients treated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Underweight or overweight patients with cardiovascular diseases are associated with different outcomes. However, the data on the relation between body mass index (BMI) and outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) are not homogeneous. The aim of this study was to assess the role of low BMI on short and long-term mortality in real-world patients undergoing TAVI. We retrospectively included patients undergoing TAVI for severe aortic valve stenosis. Patients were classified into three BMI categories: underweight (< 20 kg/m2), normal weight (20-24.9 kg/m2) and overweight/obese (≥ 25 kg/m2). Our primary endpoint was long-term all-cause mortality. The secondary endpoint was 30-day all-cause mortality. A total of 794 patients were included [mean age 82.3 ± 5.3, 53% females]. After a median follow-up of 2.2 years, all-cause mortality was 18.1%. Patients in the lowest BMI group showed a higher mortality rate as compared to those with higher BMI values. At the multivariate Cox regression analysis, as compared to the normal BMI group, BMI < 20 kg/m2 was associated with long-term mortality independently of baseline risk factors and postprocedural adverse events (hazard ratio [HR] 2.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-4.03] and HR 2.61, 95% CI 1.48-4.60, respectively). The highest BMI values were found to be protective for both short- and long-term mortality as compared to lower BMI values even after applying the same adjustments. In our cohort, BMI values under 20 kg/m2 were independent predictors of increased long-term mortality. Conversely, the highest BMI values were associated with lower mortality rates both at short- and long-term follow-up.

Long-term outcomes of early-onset myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA).

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA) is frequent in patients experiencing an early-onset MI, but data concerning its long-term prognosis are limited and conflicting. METHODS: The Italian Genetic Study on Early-onset MI enrolled 2000 patients experiencing a first MI before the age of 45 years, and had a median follow-up of 19.9 years. The composite primary endpoint was cardiovascular (CV) death, non-fatal MI, and non-fatal stroke (MACE); the secondary endpoint was rehospitalisation for coronary revascularisation. RESULTS: MINOCA occurred in 317 patients (15.9%) and, during the follow-up, there was no significant difference in MACE rates between them and the patients with obstructive coronary artery disease (MICAD: 27.8% vs 37.5%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57-1.09;p = 0.15). The CV death rate was lower in the MINOCA group (4.2% vs 8.4%, HR 0.26, 95%CI 0.08-0.86;p = 0.03), whereas the rates of non-fatal reinfarction (17.3% vs 25.4%; HR 0.76, 95%CI 0.52-1.13;p = 0.18), non-fatal ischemic stroke (9.5% vs 3.7%; HR 1.79, 95%CI 0.87-3.70;p = 0.12), and all-cause mortality (14.1% vs 20.7%, HR 0.73, 95%CI 0.43-1.25;p = 0.26) were not significantly different in the two groups. The rate of rehospitalisation for coronary revascularisation was lower among the MINOCA patients (6.7% vs 27.7%; HR 0.27, 95% CI 0.15-0.47;p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: MINOCA is frequent and not benign in patients with early-onset MI. Although there is a lower likelihood of CV death,the long-term risk of MACE and overall mortality is not significantly different from that of MICAD patients.

Sex-Related Differences in Long-Term Outcomes After Early-Onset Myocardial Infarction.

Importance: There is growing awareness of sex-related differences in cardiovascular risk profiles, but less is known about whether these extend to pre-menopausal females experiencing an early-onset myocardial infarction (MI), who may benefit from the protective effects of estrogen exposure. Methods: A nationwide study involving 125 Italian Coronary Care Units recruited 2,000 patients between 1998 and 2002 hospitalized for a type I myocardial infarction before the age of 45 years (male, n = 1,778 (88.9%). Patients were followed up for a median of 19.9 years (IQR 18.1-22.6). The primary composite endpoint was the occurrence of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial re-infarction or non-fatal stroke, and the secondary endpoint of hospitalization for revascularisation by means of a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Results: ST-elevation MI was the most frequent presentation among both men and women (85.1 vs. 87.4%, p = ns), but the men had a greater baseline coronary atherosclerotic burden (median Duke Coronary Artery Disease Index: 48 vs. 23; median Syntax score 9 vs. 7; both p < 0.001). The primary composite endpoint occurred less frequently among women (25.7% vs. 37.0%; adjusted hazard ratio: 0.69, 95% CI 0.52-0.91; p = 0.01) despite being less likely to receive treatment with most secondary prevention medications during follow up. Conclusions: There are significant sex-related differences in baseline risk factors and outcomes among patients with early-onset MI: women present with a lower atherosclerotic disease burden and, although they are less frequently prescribed secondary prevention measures, experience better long-term outcomes. Trial Registration: 4272/98 Ospedale Niguarda, Ca' Granda 03/09/1998.