Recognition and Activation of the Plant AKT1 Potassium Channel by the Kinase CIPK23.

Plant growth largely depends on the maintenance of adequate intracellular levels of potassium (K+). The families of 10 Calcineurin B-Like (CBL) calcium sensors and 26 CBL-Interacting Protein Kinases (CIPKs) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) decode the calcium signals elicited by environmental inputs to regulate different ion channels and transporters involved in the control of K+ fluxes by phosphorylation-dependent and -independent events. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms governing target specificity require investigation. Here, we show that the physical interaction between CIPK23 and the noncanonical ankyrin domain in the cytosolic side of the inward-rectifier K+ channel AKT1 regulates kinase docking and channel activation. Point mutations on this domain specifically alter binding to CIPK23, enhancing or impairing the ability of CIPK23 to regulate channel activity. Our data demonstrate the relevance of this protein-protein interaction that contributes to the formation of a complex between CIPK23/CBL1 and AKT1 in the membrane for the proper regulation of K+ transport.

Structure-guided engineering of a receptor-agonist pair for inducible activation of the ABA adaptive response to drought.

Strategies to activate abscisic acid (ABA) receptors and boost ABA signaling by small molecules that act as ABA receptor agonists are promising biotechnological tools to enhance plant drought tolerance. Protein structures of crop ABA receptors might require modifications to improve recognition of chemical ligands, which in turn can be optimized by structural information. Through structure-based targeted design, we have combined chemical and genetic approaches to generate an ABA receptor agonist molecule (iSB09) and engineer a CsPYL1 ABA receptor, named CsPYL15m, which efficiently binds iSB09. This optimized receptor-agonist pair leads to activation of ABA signaling and marked drought tolerance. No constitutive activation of ABA signaling and hence growth penalty was observed in transformed Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Therefore, conditional and efficient activation of ABA signaling was achieved through a chemical-genetic orthogonal approach based on iterative cycles of ligand and receptor optimization driven by the structure of ternary receptor-ligand-phosphatase complexes.

Structure-Based Modulation of the Ligand Sensitivity of a Tomato Dimeric Abscisic Acid Receptor Through a Glu to Asp Mutation in the Latch Loop.

The binding of the plant phytohormone Abscisic acid (ABA) to the family of ABA receptors (PYR/PYL/RCAR) triggers plant responses to abiotic stress. Thus, the implementation of genetic or chemical strategies to modulate PYR/PYL activity might be biotechnologically relevant. We have employed the available structural information on the PYR/PYL receptors to design SlPYL1, a tomato receptor, harboring a single point mutation that displays enhanced ABA dependent and independent activity. Interestingly, crystallographic studies show that this mutation is not directly involved in ABA recognition or in the downstream phosphatase (PP2C) inhibitory interaction, rather, molecular dynamic based ensemble refinement restrained by crystallographic data indicates that it enhances the conformational variability required for receptor activation and it is involved in the stabilization of an active form of the receptor. Moreover, structural studies on this receptor have led to the identification of niacin as an ABA antagonist molecule in vivo. We have found that niacin blocks the ABA binding site by mimicking ABA receptor interactions, and the niacin interaction inhibits the biochemical activity of the receptor.