The anatomy of the uterine artery: A meta-analysis with implications for gynecological procedures.

The uterine artery (UA) is an arterial branch of the internal iliac artery in women, usually arising from the anterior division of the internal iliac artery. However, due to the high variability in the anatomy of the UA, embolization of this vessel may be challenging. Therefore, the objective of this meta-analysis was to provide physicians with transparent data on the anatomy of the UA, using the available data in the literature. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to find all the relevant studies regarding the UA. A total of 16 articles met the required criteria. The UA was found to originate most frequently from the internal iliac artery as the pooled prevalence was set to be 61.72% (95% CI: 41.31%-80.31%). A pooled prevalence of the UA originating from the umbilical artery was established at 13.93% (95% CI: 2.76%-30.44%). A pooled prevalence of the UA originating from the inferior gluteal artery was set to be 5.22% (95% CI: 0.00%-15.44%). In conclusion, we believe that this is the most accurate and up-to-date study regarding the highly variable anatomy of the UA. The UA originates most frequently from the internal iliac artery (61.72%), however, other origins, such as from the umbilical artery (13.93%) or the inferior gluteal artery (5.22%) may occur. It is hoped that the results of the present meta-analysis will be a helpful tool for surgeons performing pelvic or gynecological surgeries.

Oviductal Oxygen Homeostasis in Patients with Uterine Myoma: Correlation between Hypoxia and Telocytes.

Oxygen balance is crucial for angiogenesis, immunity, and tissue repair. The human oviduct is essential for reproductive function, and any imbalance in homeostasis leads to fertility disturbances and might be a reason for ectopic pregnancy development. Uterine myoma is a widespread benign tumour, which is often accompanied by infertility. Telocytes have been discussed in the contexts of motility, fibrosis development, and angiogenesis. We observed the oviducts from patients with and without uterine myoma, comparing the expression of HIF-1, HO, VEGF and its receptor, NOS, oestrogen, and progesterone receptors by immunolabeling. The myometrial and oviductal telocytes were also compared in both groups. Biochemical analyses were conducted for FSH, LH, AMH, sFlt, oestrogen, and progesterone in blood samples. Patients with uterine myoma have different expressions of sex steroid receptors and an increased number of telocytes. The decreasing VEFG expression was compensated by the rise in the HIF-1 and NOS expression. Blood biochemical analyses revealed a higher progesterone level and lower AMH in patients with uterine myoma. No differences in sFlt, FSH, and LF were observed. Uterine myoma impacts oviduct oxygen homeostasis and might cause fertility disturbances (uterine and oviductal infertility factors).

Cesarean scar pregnancy - various methods of treatment.

Ectopic pregnancy constitutes 2% of all pregnancies. In the last decades, due to the rising amount of caesarean sections, new localization of ectopic pregnancy has been observed - caesarean scar pregnancy (CSP). Cesarean scar pregnancy is an iatrogenic disease and a life-threatening condition which frequency will systematically rise. Because of possible serious complications, CSP should be swiftly diagnosed and treated. The purpose of this retrospective study was to demonstrate different methods of CSP treatment performed between 2015-2018 in the Clinic of Endocrinological Gynaecology and Gynaecology Jagiellonian University Medical College in Cracow. The clinical characteristics, diagnosis, various methods of treatment and clinical outcomes were analysed. Definitive algorithm of CSP treatment is still not established. Pharmacological and operative methods are approved while expectant observation is considered unsafe due to possible risk of complications for the patient, including death.

The thin red line - postmenopausal abnormal uterine bleeding with endometrial thickness less than 4 mm.

AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the risk of endometrial malignancy in postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) with endometrial thickness ≤ 4 mm. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Histological assessment of endometrial samples obtained via hysteroscopy or curettage was performed in 57 women. RESULTS: Women with premalignancy or malignancy (24.6%) had higher endometrial thickness (by 9.7%, p = 0.01) compared to women with benign condition. Out of 12 women with atypical hyperplasia (21.1%), 5 women (8.8%) were diagnosed with simple and 7 women (12.3%) had complex hyperplasia, whereas 2 (3.5%) were diagnosed with malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: Postmenopausal women with AUB and endometrial echo ≤ 4 mm are less likely to have a malignant condition. However, the role of histological evaluation cannot be undermined, especially in women at high risk of endometrial cancer, and routine endometrial biopsy should be considered. We recommend a change in the cut-off to 2 mm in routine practice.

Identification of uterine telocytes and their architecture in leiomyoma.

INTRODUCTION: Uterine leiomyoma is the most widespread benign tumor affecting women of childbearing age. ere are still gaps in the understanding of its pathogenesiss. Telocytes are unique cells described in greater than 50 different locations inside the human body. The functional relationship of cells could clarify the pathogenesis of leiomyomata. In the current study, we focused on the identification of telocytes in all regions of the human uterus to explain their involvement in leiomyoma development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tissue samples from a healthy and myomatous uterus were stained for c-kit, tryptase, CD34 and PDGFRα to identify telocytes. Routine histology was performed to analyze tissue morphology and collagen deposits. RESULTS: Telocytes were detected in the cervix, corpus of the uterus and leiomyoma. The density of telocytes in fibroid foci was reduced compared with normal myometrium. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated the existence of telocytes in all parts of the human body affected and unaffected by leiomyoma of the uterus. In addition, telocytes were also present in leiomyoma foci. Our results suggest that the reduced density of telocytes is important for the pathomechanisms of myometrial growth, demonstrating its value as a main component of the myomatous architecture.

Autonomic nervous system of the pelvis - general overview.

Autonomic nervous system of the pelvis is still poorly understood. Every year more and more pelvic procedures are carried out on patients suffering from different pelvic disorders what leads to numerous pelvic dysfunctions. Authors tried to review, starting from historical and clinical background, the most important reports on anatomy of the pelvic autonomic plexuses. We also pay attention to complete lack of knowledge of students of medicine on the autonomic nervous structures in the area studied. We present anatomical description of the pelvic plexuses including their visceral branches and anatomy of surrounding pelvic tissues which still remains unclear. More and more attention is paid to the topography of the plexuses specially because of new pain releasing techniques - neurolysies.

Ludwik Karol Teichmann (1823-1895).

Ludwik Karol Teichmann was the last of gross anatomists. His magnificent work on the lymphatic system gained him appreciation of the whole current scientific world. Based on the unpublished materials authors wanted to commemorate one of the greatest Polish and world anatomists with special regard to coming soon 150th anniversary of Theatrum Anatomicum of Jagiellonian University Medical College.

Unusual branching pattern of celiac trunk associated with supernumerary hepatic arteries and abnormal adrenal venous drainage - case study and review of the literature.

Celiac artery (trunk) is one of the three major arteries which arise from abdominal aorta. It's variations not seem to be very uncommon. A routine dissection of a male cadaver at Department of Anatomy Jagiellonian University revealed unusual branching pattern of the celiac trunk with numerous supernumerary hepatic arteries. Additionally unusual venous drainage of the adrenal glands was found. A review of current literature has shown that a changed branching pattern may be important from clinical point of view, with special respect to endovascular procedures, laparoscopic surgery or radiology.

Vascular density, angiogenesis and pro-angiogenic factors in uterine fibroids.

Angiogenesis is a process of development of new vessels from the preexisting vascular network of a host. This is process which is seen in many physiological situations but it accompanies also a development of different lesions, i.e. neoplasms. Uterine fibroids are one of the most frequent lesions which affect human internal female genital tracts. Authors briefly review most important pro-angiogenic factors, based on their own observation as well as reviewing current literature. They pay much attention to vascular density which is significantly changed in the uterine tumors.

Angiogenesis and pro-angiogenic factors in uterine fibroids - facts and myths.

Uterine leiomyomata present major problem for females. Although they are benign tumors their frequency is associated with many symptoms like infertility, abdominal pain, menorrhagia. Authors based on their own morphological studies and review of the literature try to indicate main factors causing angiogenesis within leiomyomata and its influence on tumor growth. The strongest proangiogenic factor seems to be hypoxia, which stimulates up- and down-regulation of numerous genetically determined substances. Also mechanical pressure acting upon newly growing vessels is one of the factors which may determine formation of so called "vascular pseudocapsule" around the lesion.

Blood vessels of the shin - anterior tibial artery - anatomy and embryology - own studies and review of the literature.

Injuries of the lower leg are rather frequent in every day orthopedic routine. Process of healing takes quite a long time and is commonly dependent on the proper vasculature. e study was carried out on 50 human lower legs obtained during autopsies. The anatomy of the vascular system of the leg was studied using classical anatomical dissection methods. Based also on literature we have reviewed the current knowledge on the vascularization of the lower leg and its embryological background.

Blood vessels of the shin - posterior tibial artery - anatomy - own studies and review of the literature.

Anatomy of the vascular system of the leg was studied using classical anatomical dissection methods. Based also on literature we have reviewed the current knowledge on the vascularization of the lower leg and its embryological background with special respect toward the posterior tibial artery and its branches.

Uterine fibroid: common features of widespread tumor (Review article).

Leiomyoma is the most frequent benign monoclonal tumor (cells behave identically in culture) of the female reproductive system. It affected almost 50% of childbearing age women, deteriorating the quality of life and may cause infertility. The unique features of this pathology is the absence of detailed understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and continuous morbidity among any age groups. Despite the huge amount of articles and studies related to leiomyoma, review pretend to depict herein actual and non-trivial information. This review assemble a versatile description of medical and biological aspects of leiomyomas. Explanation of genetic, molecular, pathophysiological mechanisms of uterine fibroid growing predetermine marked clinical symptoms of pathology. Mentioned model systems show multivariation of leiomyomas in human and animals. Review gives an opportunity analyze separate facets and collect it in one deep understanding of leiomyomas.

Morphometric parameters of human coronary sinus - based on study of 80 human hearts.

The study was carried out on 80 human hearts (64 male and 16 female). The whole material has been divided into 4 groups: I - aged 19-40; II - aged 41-50; III - aged 51-60 and IV - aged 61-70. The venous vascular bed of 80 hearts was injected through the coronary sinus with Duracryl plus (Spofa Dental, Czech Republic) and next corroded. Thus obtained specimens were measured using electronic caliper (MAU-a E 0-150, Horex, Poland). The length of the coronary sinus varied from 15-50 mm (with the mean value of 30 mm in male hearts and 25 mm in female hearts). The caliber of the vessels varied from 7-13 mm. The length of the coronary sinus is not age-dependent, however it is longer in male than female hearts. Generally the caliber of male coronary sinus is bigger than in the female, although it isn't statistically significant.

Certain remarks on blood supply of normal human uterine corpus - corrosion casting and SEM study.

Corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy are currently best available technique which allows observation of microvascular bed of different anatomical structures and obtaining quasi 3-D pictures, necessary for reconstruction of microvessels. Application of synthetic resins, which fill practically the whole vascular bed enables profound analysis of such obtained specimens.

Application of Duracryl plus for preparation of corrosion casts of venous coronary tree of human heart.

Duracryl Plus is a synthetic resin, self-polymerizing copolymer of methyl methacrylate and acrylate, which is widely used in dental practice. The aim of this study was to apply it to fill the venous vascular beds of human hearts to obtain corrosion cast ready to describe wanted parameters of venous coronary vessels.

Inferior tibiofibular joint (tibiofibular syndesmosis) - own studies and review of the literature.

The study was carried out on 50 human lower legs obtained during autopsies. The anatomy of the joint was studied using classical anatomical description methods. Based also on literature we have reviewed the current knowledge on the inferior tibiofibular joint.

Reduction in the level of antibodies against heat shock proteins 60 during different hormonal protocols in postmenopausal women.

INTRODUCTION: In current literature, the immune-inflammatory theory of atherosclerosis is widely discussed. The role of how heat shock proteins 60 (HSP60) lead to the development of the atheromatous plaque is especially underlined. The aim of the study is to estimate the influence of three hormonal protocols on behavior of antibodies against HSP60. It determines the state of endothelium in postmenopausal women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out on 90 women between 2007 and 2012. All the women were in their menopausal age (51 ± 3 years), from the south region of Poland, with a follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level above 25 mIU/ml, and with menopausal symptoms disturbing their normal daily activity. The study was done for a period of 6 months. Three groups of 30 randomized patients were formed. In the first group we used transdermal estrogen therapy in a 37.5 µg/24 h dose combined with a 10 mg dose of dydrogesterone. In the second group we applied transdermal estrogen therapy in a 50 µg/24 h dose with 2.5 mg of oral medroxyprogesterone. In both these groups, gestagens were administered continuously. In the third group, we prescribed continuous, oral, low-dose combined estrogen-gestagen therapy with 1 mg of ethinyl estradiol and 0.5 mg of norethisterone acetate. The control group consisted of 30 volunteers who were also from the south region of Poland, in good health, with menopausal symptoms, no menstrual period for the last 12 months, selected considering their age and weight, with an FSH level above 25 mIU/ml and with normal levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin. All patients treated and in the control group were seronegative to Chlamydia pneumonia for the entire duration of the study. In the analysis conducted, nonparametric tests were used (Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon test, Kruskal-Wallis test - ANOVA). RESULTS: After 6 months of hormonal therapy, we found that all schemes of treatment promote a significant reduction in antibodies against HSP60 in all treated groups vs. the control group. CONCLUSIONS: All of the investigated estrogen protocols have a favorable impact on the blood level of HSP60 antibodies in early postmenopausal women who have no cardiovascular risk factors. It triggers a better condition of endothelium.

Vascular structure of outer myometrial uterine leiomyomata - a preliminary SEM and immunohistochemical study.

AIM: The main goal of this study was assessment of vascular structure of uterine leiomyomata localized between outer myometrium and endometrium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out on thirty two human uteri collected upon autopsy. Vessels were injected with synthetic resin, next corroded and coated with gold, finally observed using scanning electron microscope. Next ten uteri were injected with acrylic emulsion and studies using immunohistochemical staining for von Willebrandt's factor. RESULTS: Vascular structure of outer myometrial leiomyomata was quite similar to those observed in the middle of muscular layer of uterus, characterized by relatively dense 'vascular capsule', consisted of flattened vein, arterioles and capillaries. CONCLUSIONS: Structure of outer myometrial uterine leiomyomata was similar to those observed during growth within myometrium.

Angioarchitecture of uterine cervical leiomyomata - a SEM study.

AIM: he main goal of this study was assessment of vascular structure of cervical uterine leiomyomata. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out on ten human uteri collected upon autopsy. Vessels were injected with synthetic resin, next corroded and coated with gold, finally observed using scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: Most of cervical fibroids were observed in the middle third of the wall of cervix. They were surrounded by relatively dense 'vascular capsule'. consisted of flattened vein, arterioles and capillaries. CONCLUSIONS: Structure of cervical uterine leiomyomata was similar to those observed in initial stage of growth of myometrial fibroids.