Impact of complementary treatment of breast cancer patients with standardized mistletoe extract during aftercare: a controlled multicenter comparative epidemiological cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the safety and efficacy of complementary treatment of breast cancer patients with the standardized mistletoe extract (sME) HELIXOR in routine practice during aftercare through a multicenter comparative epidemiological cohort study with 53 randomly selected hospitals/practices representatively distributed in Germany, including oncologists, gynaecologists and general practitioners. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from 741 screened patients fulfilling the inclusion/exclusion criteria were checked. Of these, 681 patients were eligible for the final analysis of the study group (with sME n = 167) and the control group (n = 514). Efficacy (development of disease/therapy-induced signs and symptoms; quality of life) and safety (number and severity of adverse events) of complementary treatment in breast cancer patients treated with sME in the aftercare period were determined. RESULTS: Complementary treatment of breast cancer patients with sME during the aftercare period of approximately 5 years after terminating recommended standard therapies resulted in significantly fewer (p < 0.001) complaints of patients (56.3% study group versus 70.0% control group). The reduced number of disease/therapy-related sign/symptoms (e.g. mucositis, fatigue, pain, headache) correlated to a significantly improved quality of life. Adverse drug reactions to the sME treatment were mostly mild and self limiting. CONCLUSION: Complementary treatment with the sME HELIXOR proved to be beneficial for breast cancer patients since it significantly improved quality of life and significantly reduced persistant signs/symptoms of the disease/treatment during the validated aftercare period of approximately five years.

Intratumoral application of standardized mistletoe extracts down regulates tumor weight via decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptosis and necrosis in a murine model.

The cytotoxic in vitro activity of standardized mistletoe extracts (ME) was examined by established assays towards the human ductal breast carcinoma cell line BT474. A dose-dependent (optimum 25 mg/mL medium) and significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced cytotoxic activity towards the BT474 cells was demonstrated. In vivo experiments on the antitumor activity of ME-A and ME-M were performed in a BALB/c-mouse / BT474 ductal breast carcinoma model. ME-A and ME-M were intratumorally administered according to an application schedule which was found to be optimal concerning dosage and time of administration. Standardized intratumoral application of ME-A and ME-M induced a significantly (p < 0.05) decreased tumor weight in experimental mice. Histological investigations were performed comprising analysis of mitosis and proliferation rates (Ki67 expression), as well as necrosis and apoptosis induction (ssDNA detection). As compared to tumors of control mice with intratumoral phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) injections, tumors of the ME-A and ME-M treated groups showed a decreased cell proliferation rate, as well as an increased cell necrosis and apoptosis rate. Standardized mistletoe extracts, interfering with defined tumor cell functions, e.g., proliferation, necrosis and apoptosis, may have an impact on local cancer treatment.

Enhancement of immune responses to neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica) correlates with antineoplastic activity in BALB/c-mice.

An aqueous plant extract from Azadirachta indica and its chromatographic fraction F1 (neem extract) exerted immunomodulating and antimetastatic activities in BALB/ c-mice. Regular subcutaneous administration of neem extract yielded significantly increased spleen weight and significant enhancement of peritoneal macrophage activity in the chemiluminescence assay, and activation marker CD-44 expression. The thymus weight and thymocyte counts did not show significant differences in the control and neem extract-treated groups, however, determination of peripheral blood cells revealed significant up-regulations of leukocyte subsets, the lymphocytes and monocytes. Flow cytometric analaysis of lymphocyte supopulations documented increased counts of CD-4 and CD-8 cells and an inreased activation marker expression on lymphocytes (CD-25) and monocytes (MAC-3) in neem-treated mice compared to the control animals. To evaluate the antimetastatic activity of neem extract, sarcoma L-1 cells and lymphosarcoma RAW cells were intravenously inoculated into BALB/c-mice. In these model systems the number of experimental lung and liver metastases decreased relevantly, however, biometrically non-significantly in neem extract-treated animals, as compared to the control mice which received injections of saline solutions. Neem extract can be regarded as an immunomodulating and antimetastatic substance which holds promise for further experimental and clinical investigation.

Safety and efficacy of local administration of contractubex to hypertrophic scars in comparison to corticosteroid treatment. Results of a multicenter, comparative epidemiological cohort study in Germany.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the safety and efficacy of Contractubex administration to hypertrophic scars in routine out-patient practice and to compare it to corticosteroid treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study, based on 38 randomly selected practices representatively distributed in Germany, including dermatologists and general practitioners. Data from 859 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were assessed and analyzed. Of these, 771 patients were eligible for the per protocol treatment with Contractubex (n=555) and corticosteroid (n=216). The safety and efficacy of local administration of Contractubex to hypertrophic scars was compared to corticosteroid treatment. RESULTS: At the end of defined treatment periods (minimum 28 days for local therapy with 1 intralesional corticosteroid application), normalization of the pre-treatment pathological parameters (erythema, pruritus, consistency) of hypertrophic scars was more frequent (42.5%) after Contractubex per protocol treatment as compared to corticosteroid per protocol treatment (22.2%). After adjusting imbalances of baseline characterisics between the treatment groups by the propensity score, the odds ratio was 2.274, demonstrating a significant superiority (p<0.001) of Contractubex treatment as compared to corticosteroid treatment. The time to normalization of erythema, pruritus and consistency was significantly (p=0.034) shorter with Contractubex treatment (median 344 days) than with corticosteroids (median 507 days). No unexpected or severe adverse events occurred in the Contractubex-treated patients. Apart from moderate pruritus (10% Contractubex vs. 1% corticosteroids), adverse events were significantly (p<0.001) more frequent in corticosteroid-treated patients (teleangiectasias 15% vs. 7% Contractubex; cutaneous atrophy of scars 10% vs. 2% Contractubex; cutaneous atrophy of scar surrounding skin tissue 11% vs. 1% Contractubex). CONCLUSION: For the primary aim of this study (assessment of normalization of erythema, pruritus, and consistency of hypertrophic scars) and for time to normalization, local administration of Contractubex was significantly more effective than corticosteroid treatment. Concerning safety, Contractubex treatment was associated with significantly less adverse events (e.g. teleangiectasias, cutaneous atrophy of scars and surrounding skin tissue) than topical corticosteroid application.

Influence of complementary Viscum album (Iscador) administration on microcirculation and immune system of ear, nose and throat carcinoma patients treated with radiation and chemotherapy.

With the techniques of vital microscopic and reflection spectrometric imaging, representative characteristics of microcirculation and immunology of white blood cells were evaluated before, during and after radiotherapy and chemotherapy of patients suffering from ear, nose and throat carcinomas. Adverse effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on the microcirculation and the immune system were decreased and reconstitution processes were accelerated by complementary administration of a standardized mistletoe extract (Iscador).

Inhibition of liver tumor cell colonization in two animal tumor models by lectin blocking with D-galactose or arabinogalactan.

Repeated administration of the hepatic lectin blocking agents D-galactose or arabinogalactan completely prevented the settling of metastatic cells of sarcoma L-1 tumor in the liver of Balb/c mice and greatly reduced the colonization process of highly metastatic ESb lymphoma cells of the liver of DBA/2 mice. Therefore, when hepatic lectins were blocked with competitive glycoconjugates, tumor cell colonization of the liver could be prevented in two different model systems.

Thymosin alpha(1) application augments immune response and down-regulates tumor weight and organ colonization in BALB/c-mice.

The immunomodulatory and antimetastatic/antitumor activity of thymosin alpha(1) (Talpha(1)) was evaluated in BALB/c-mice. Daily subcutaneous application (7 consecutive days, 0.01-10 microg of Talpha(1)/injection per mouse) upregulated the number of thymocytes and peripheral blood cells in tumor bearing mice. To check the influence of Talpha(1) treatment on growth of experimental metastases, RAW H10 lymphosarcoma cells or L-1 sarcoma cells were intravenously injected into BALB/c-mice to establish liver or lung metastases. Local tumor growth was induced by subcutaneous injection of L-1 sarcoma cells. Talpha(1) was subcutaneously administered daily for 7 consecutive days starting 24 h after tumor cell challenge. Organ colonization, as well as local tumor growth, were investigated on day 14 after tumor cell inoculation, and demonstrated a statistically significant (P<0.05) reduction of experimental liver and lung metastases and local tumor growth for Talpha(1) treated mice.

Application of standardized mistletoe extracts augment immune response and down regulates metastatic organ colonization in murine models.

The immunomodulatory and antimetastatic activity of standardized aqueous mistletoe extracts from plants grown on fir trees (ME-A) and pine trees (ME-P) were evaluated in BALB/c-mice. Regular subcutaneous (s.c.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) applications (three times per week for 14 consecutive days; 5 and 50 microg per injection and mouse) upregulated thymus weight and peripheral blood leukocyte counts in tumor bearing mice. To check the influence of ME-A and ME-P treatment on growth of experimental metastases, RAW 117 H 10 lymphosarcoma cells and L-1 sarcoma cells were intravenously inoculated into BALB/c-mice to establish liver and lung colonization. ME-A and ME-P were regularly administered starting 24 h after tumor cell challenge. Organ colonization was investigated on day 14 after tumor cell inoculation and demonstrated statistically significant (P<0.05) reductions of experimental liver and lung metastases for ME-A and ME-P treated mice.

Combined immunostimulation (Propionibacterium avidum KP 40) and anticoagulation (heparin) prevents metastatic lung and liver colonization in mice.

The antineoplastic activity of Propionibacterium avidum KP-40 and its enhancement by anticoagulation with heparin was studied. In Balb/c mice syngeneic sarcoma L-1 exclusively caused tumor colonization of the lungs. After neuraminidase treatment the organotropism of this tumor was changed, with tumor nodules developing in lung and liver. After single systemic application of Propionibacterium avidum KP-40 the number of lung and liver colonies decreased evidently. Combination of this immunomodulating therapy with temporary anticoagulation resulted in further reduction of tumor colonies in lung and liver.

Inhibition of liver metastasis in mice by blocking hepatocyte lectins with arabinogalactan infusions and D-galactose.

According to our hypothesis, organ-specific lectins (e.g., the D-galactose-specific hepatic binding protein) play an important role in the organ location of metastatic malignant cells. The rapid clearance and uptake by the liver of tritiated alpha 1-acid-(asialo)glycoprotein from the circulation of Balb/c mice was markedly delayed after preinjection of D-galactose or arabinogalactan. The preinjection (1 h) and regular application (for 3 days after tumor cell inoculation in Balb/c mice) of the receptor blocking agents D-galactose and arabinogalactan prevented the settling of sarcoma L-1 tumor in the liver completely, but did not influence the settling in the lung. Other galactans, dextrans, and phosphate-buffered saline showed no effect. Therefore, when lectins were blocked with competitive-specific glycoconjugates, colonization was prevented.

Glycoprotein modifications of sarcoma L-1 tumor cells by tunicamycin, swainsonine, bromoconduritol or 1-desoxynojirimycin treatment inhibits their metastatic lung colonization in Balb/c-mice.

Synthesis and expression of cell surface carbohydrates appear to be involved in recognition events associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. Thus, the potential of murine sarcoma L-1 cells to form experimental lung metastases after i.v. injection was assessed after inhibiting tumor cell protein glycosylation with tunicamycin, swainsonine, bromoconduritol, or 1-desoxynojirimycin. Incubation of sarcoma L-1 cells with 0.5 microgram (or above) of these substances/ml medium for 20-24 h significantly inhibited lung colonization. Cytotoxic side effects or additional organ manifestations could not be found. Gas liquid chromatographic examinations of carbohydrates from treated L-1 cells indicated that sugar synthesis was evidently inhibited. These results suggest that specific glycan structures on tumor cells are required for expression of the metastatic phenotype.

Impact of complementary oral enzyme application on the postoperative treatment results of breast cancer patients--results of an epidemiological multicentre retrolective cohort study.

PURPOSE: [corrected] To evaluate the impact of postoperative treatment with an oral enzyme (OE) preparation given complementary to an antineoplastic therapy in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: The design of this epidemiological study was a retrolective cohort analysis with parallel groups. Design and conduct of the study were performed to current standards for prospective, controlled clinical trials. A cohort of 2,339 breast cancer patients undergoing surgical intervention and radio-, chemo- or hormonal therapy were studied in 216 centres. Of the 2,339 patients, 1,283 received complementary treatment with OE and 1,056 did not receive OE. Patients with other complementary medications were excluded and the final analysis was performed with the data from 649 patients, of whom 239 (37%) were additionally treated with OE (test group) and 410 (63%) without OE (control group). The median follow-up time for the test group was 485 days and for the control group 213 days. The primary endpoint of the study was to determine whether complementary treatment with OE can reduce typical disease- or therapy-associated signs and symptoms (gastrointestinal symptoms, mental symptoms, dyspnoea, headache, tumour pain, cachexia, skin disorders, infections, and side effects associated with the antineoplastic therapy) in patients with breast cancer. Imbalances for causal effects (covariates) were adjusted for by means of the propensity score. Outcome analysis was performed by estimating the linear regression between change in symptom score and propensity score with all data and using this regression line to calculate the change in symptom score which would be expected for each patient. Tumour-associated events (recurrence, metastasis, and death) were evaluated in terms of the number of events observed and time to event. The safety of treatment with OE was analysed in terms of the number and severity of adverse events, their duration, treatment and outcome. RESULTS: For all symptoms except tumour pain, the adjusted mean improvement in symptom scores was larger in the test group than in the control group. The adjusted difference was statistically significant for all symptoms, except tumour pain and infections. The results show that the typical disease- and therapy-associated signs and symptoms in patients on complementary therapy with OE during postoperative treatment were significantly less. For 75% of the test group and 55% of the control group the physician recorded "no signs and symptoms". A clear reduction in the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy was documented in 74% of the test group and 55% of the control group. Analysis of survival, recurrence, and metastasis demonstrated a reduced number of events in the test group. There was evidence of a beneficial influence of OE on time to event, although the median observation time was too short in these breast cancer patients to draw definite conclusions. The safety component was judged in 98% of the test group and 76% of the control group as "very good" or "good". In the total sample of 2,339 patients, the rate of OE-associated adverse reactions was 3.2%. All side effects were mild to moderate gastrointestinal symptoms. CONCLUSION: Complementary treatment of breast cancer patients with OE improves the quality of life by reducing signs and symptoms of the disease and the side effects of adjuvant antineoplastic therapies. This epidemiological retrolective cohort analysis provides evidence that the patients may also gain benefit by a prolongation of the time to event for cancer recurrence, metastasis and survival. OE was generally well tolerated.

Implant infections: a haven for opportunistic bacteria.

The insertion of implants and medical devices has emerged as a common and often life-saving procedure. A current estimate of the rate of total hip replacement in the world is approximately one million a year, and knee replacements more than 250000. More than 30% of hospitalized patients have one or more vascular catheters in place. More than 10% of hospitalized patients have an indwelling urinary catheter. Some patients require multiple joint replacements. In the United States, approximately 2 million nosocomial infections cost nearly $11 billion annually. Exposure to invasive medical devices is one of the most important risk factors.(1)Devices predispose to infection by damaging or invading epithelial or mucosal barriers and by supporting growth of micro-organisms, thus serving as reservoirs. Invasive medical devices impair host defence mechanisms and, when contaminated, can result in resistant chronic infection or tissue necrosis, the major objections to extended use of implant devices. Implant devices today account for approximately 45% of all nosocomial infections.(2)Implant infections are extremely resistant to antibiotics and host defences and frequently persist until the implant is removed, which is the standard therapy. Tissue damage caused by surgery and foreign body implantation further increases the susceptibility to infections, activates host defences and stimulates the generation of inflammatory mediators; these are enhanced by bacterial activity and toxins.(3)The ability of bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, which are otherwise virtually avirulent, to escape from host defences and antibiotic therapy, has led to the development of alternative methods of control such as infection-resistant materials acting as antimicrobial drug-delivery systems. By these methods, there is a sustained delivery of antimicrobial drugs into the local micro-environment of implants, which avoids systemic side-effects and exceeds usual systemic concentrations by several orders of magnitude. Bioengineering of hybrid implant materials in order to achieve optimal performance and to prevent inflammatory reactions and interface cellular disorganization is a field undergoing rapid development. Hybrid materials that slowly deliver antimicrobial drugs may reduce implant infections in the future.

Measurement of ultrasonic-induced chlorhexidine liberation: correlation of the activity of chlorhexidine-silver-sulfadiazine-impregnated catheters to agar roll technique and broth culture.

The diagnosis of intravascular catheter-related infections continues to be a challenge to both the clinician and the microbiologist. To assess the antiseptic effects of silver-sulfadiazine-chlorhexidine-impregnated central venous catheters (SSC) on catheter culture systems, segments of fresh antiseptic- and non antiseptic-impregnated catheters as well as extracted catheters following five days of immersion in PBS were sonicated. The chlorhexidine liberated from the catheter material by ultrasonication was measured by HPLC. Fresh antiseptic-impregnated catheter segments rolled on seeded agar plates produced inhibition zones unlike catheters which had been extracted for >five days in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that chlorhexidine-silversulfadiazine crystals were located in the superficial catheter matrix. Direct contact of superficially located drug particles with seeded agar plates probably caused the inhibition of bacterial growth. The study suggests that antiseptic compounds readily elute from fresh catheters during solid medium-based culturing processes and ultrasonication. The addition of inhibitors of silversulfadiazine-chlorhexidine to media may be prudent especially when culturing antimicrobial loaded catheters removed after short inwelling times.

Prevention of liver-tumor colonization by combined immunomodulation and liver lectin blocking.

The protective effect of combined treatment (immunomodulation with Propionibacterium avidum KP-40; liver lectin blocking by D-galactose administration) on the liver colonization of RAW 117-H10 lymphosarcoma was investigated in BALB/c-mice. Both, immunomodulation with P. avidum KP-40 as well as liver lectin blocking by D-galactose treatment significantly decreased the number of liver tumor colonies in this experimental model. However, the combination of P. avidum KP-40 and D-galactose obviously proved to be superior to each monotherapy since the liver colonization by RAW 117-H 10 lymphosarcoma could be completely inhibited.

Mistletoe extract standardized for the galactoside-specific lectin (ML-1) induces beta-endorphin release and immunopotentiation in breast cancer patients.

The ability of immunomodulating mistletoe extract standardized for the galactoside-specific lectin (ML-1) to affect immunological parameters (peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, cytokine release) as well as neuroendocrinological parameters (beta-endorphin release) was investigated in breast cancer patients (n = 36). Regular subcutaneous injections of the optimal immunomodulating ML-1 dosage (1ng/kg body weight, twice a week) for 12 weeks induced 1) a significant increase (p < 0.005) of beta-endorphin plasma levels, 2) a reduced decrease (respectively moderate increase) of defined peripheral blood lymphatic subsets after standard chemotherapy, 3) an evidently increased in vitro cytokine release by mononuclear immune cells after adequate stimulation. The increased levels of plasma beta-endorphin after ML-1 administration obviously correlate with an improved quality of life in this group of patients; however, increased in vitro cytokine release and stabilization of peripheral blood lymphocyte counts after chemotherapy demonstrate the immunoactive potency of ML-1.

Immunomodulating efficacy of combined administration of galactoside-specific lectin standardized mistletoe extract and sodium selenite in BALB/c-mice.

The immunomodulating abilities of commercially available mistletoe extract standardized for the galactoside-specific lectin (mistletoe lectin-1, ML-1) and sodium selenite (Se) were evaluated in BALB/c-mice and compared to non-treated control animals. Following the optimal schedule of administration (ML-1: 1ng/kg BW; days 1, 2, 3, 5 and Se: 3,5 micrograms/kg BW for 7 subsequent days before evaluation) yielded enhanced counts (thymocytes; peritoneal macrophages, MO; peripheral blood leukocytes; lymphocytes, PBL; monocytes, PBM) and activities (CD-25 positive PBL, MAC-3 positive PBM) of desired immune cells reaching statistical significance for most parameters. However, combined administration of ML-1 and Se proved to be superior to monotherapy since immune cell counts (thymocytes, leukocytes, PBL, PBM) and activities (CD-25 positive PBL) exceeded values obtained after monotherapy. These data are in favour of therapeutical strategies in complementary oncology and suggest that the combination of defined immunomodulating substances might positively enhance the efficacy.