Evolution of the Multielemental Content along the Red Wine Production Process from Tempranillo and Grenache Grape Varieties.

In the present work, 38 elements were quantified in the different fractions generated by applying amateur winemaking methods. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry was used as detection technique. Grapes were analyzed and separate metal profiles were also obtained for the skin and seeds. Additional vinification fractions included musts before and after the fermentation process. Meanwhile, solid fractions corresponded to the so-called hat, pressed pomace and the lees obtained after gravitational settling at the tank bottom. Wine was further analyzed. The obtained results revealed a different repartition depending on the particular element and winemaking solid and liquid fraction evaluated. The studies included vinification in presence and in absence of added yeast and grape geographical origin. Principal component analysis helped to discriminate among fractions and to determine the critical elements behaving differently. Finally, a mass balance allowed to unequivocally detect the migration of a given element to the winemaking fractions.

Food consumption, body mass index and risk for oral health in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The food intake has great influence on the oral health of adolescents, being relevant to analyze the type of food consumed by adolescents and their relationship with the DMFT index (decayed, missing and filled), the plaque index (PI) and the body mass index (BMI). DESIGN: Epidemiological study conducted in public schools of the 3rd cycle of basic education, central Portugal. INSTRUMENTS: The sociodemographic and dietary habits and frequency characterization was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire completed by adolescents and validated for the population under study. The DMFT index was evaluated according to WHO criteria, oral hygiene was evaluated based on the plaque index and BMI through weight and height in adolescents. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample by clusters (schools) with 661 adolescents, 84.1% female and 15.9% male. RESULTS: Adolescents with mean age 13.22 years (± 1.139). The mean DMFT was 2.23 (± 2.484), the prevalence of PI was 96.4%, and ≥ 5 BMI <85. Adolescents with a higher DMFT index consume more cariogenic foods (r=0.160; P=.000). Adolescents with a higher BMI consume less cariogenic foods (r=-0.1343; P=.001). The value of t reveals that the consumption of cariogenic foods explains 1.8% of the variance of the BMI and 2.6% DMFT. CONCLUSION: The cariogenic foods are presented as a risk factor for dental caries. The results suggest that it is important to develop up actions for health education.

Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from poultry feed and feed ingredients.

Poultry feed is at the start of the food safety chain in the "farm-to-fork" model, and might serve as a source of antimicrobial resistant bacteria present in poultry meat. Antimicrobial resistance was investigated in 1137 enterococci and 163 Escherichia coli strains recovered from 23 samples of commercial broiler feed and 66 samples of raw feeding materials taken over half a year timespan. Enumeration of enterococci and E. coli were also performed using traditional plating and fluorescent in situ hybridisation methods. Viable enterococci were detected in all feed samples and in 66% of samples of separate feed ingredients, while E. coli was present in 50% and 32% of feed and raw feeding materials, respectively. The median values (50th percentile) for plate and FISH counts for feeds were, respectively, 2.70 log CFU/g and 5.52 log cells/g for enterococci, and 0.15 log CFU/g and 6.00 log cells/g for E. coli. Among enterococci recovered from feed ingredients, resistance to rifampicin, erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin was found in 59.8%, 21.6%, 21.2%, 18.0% and 6.9% of the isolates, respectively. A considerable proportion of the enterococci isolates obtained from broiler feed displayed resistance to tetracycline (69.1%), rifampicin (58.5%), erythromycin (52.9%) and nitrofurantoin (36.2%). Lower percentage of resistance was observed to chloramphenicol (4.6%), ciprofloxacin (3.9%), vancomycin (1.9%) and ampicillin (1.2%). Among E. coli recovered from feed ingredients and poultry feeds, resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline and streptomycin was found in 22.9%, 27.6% and 19.0% and in 22.4%, 41.4% and 17.0% of the isolates, respectively. These data show that feedstuffs and poultry feeds are extensively contaminated by resistant enterococci and, in a lesser extent, by E. coli, thus leading to their introduction in the farm environment.

Changes in antimicrobial resistance among faecal enterococci isolated from growing broilers prophylactically medicated with three commercial antimicrobials.

A controlled environment poultry house (1600m(2)) was divided into two separated compartments. Three hundred twenty chick containers (each containing 100 chicks) were randomly allocated to each compartment. Antimicrobial products were provided (via drinking water) to one broiler group in three different growth phases for prophylactic purposes: lincomycin associated with spectinomycin from day 1 to day 3, trimethoprim associated with sulfamethoxazole from day 19 to day 21, and tylosin from day 26 to day 28. Feed and faecal samples from both groups were obtained on days 0, 4, 9, 14, 18, 22, 25, 29 and 33. One sample of the drinking water and samples from the broiler house environment were obtained one day before bird placement. A maximum of 16 enterococci isolated from Kanamycin Aesculin Azide Agar were tested for resistance using the disk diffusion method. A high prevalence of resistance to drugs such as tetracycline, erythromycin and nitrofurantoin was detected in enterococcal isolates from medicated and unmedicated flocks. Resistance occurrence in the non-medicated group revealed a shift in resistance profiles with the gradual change of the initial strains, isolated from the day-old chicks' cloacal swabs, by others displaying a different phenotype. Resistance phenotypes obtained from faecal strains were correlated with those isolated from the farm environment and feeds.

Effects of antimicrobial treatment on selection of resistant Escherichia coli in broiler fecal flora.

Under field conditions, three commercial antimicrobials were sequentially prescribed to 16,000 broiler chickens during their rearing period, via drinking water using subtherapeutic levels for 3 days. A control group of 16,000 broilers was placed in the same controlled environment poultry house. Feed diet and fecal samples from both groups were collected periodically. One sample of the drinking water along with samples from the broiler house environment was also collected 1 day before bird placement. Samples were plated onto Tergitol BCIG Agar media; a maximum of 26 Escherichia coli were isolated per sample, and their susceptibility was tested to 12 antimicrobials by disk diffusion agar method. We have observed that day-old chicks were rapidly colonized by new antibiotic-resistant patterns shortly after treatment with lincomycin associated with spectinomycin. After medication with the second (sulfadiazine with trimethoprim) and third (tylosin) antimicrobials, a more radical displacement was observed, and, concurrently, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes have become more complex. In contrast, more than 70% of the strains isolated in control group during the experiment displayed exactly the same resistance pattern found in the day-old chicks. This study provides clear evidence that a sequential medication of a broiler flock, with different antimicrobial classes during short periods of time for prophylactic objectives, was accompanied by a dramatic increase in both antimicrobial resistance rates and phenotype diversity of E. coli strains.