Unusual branch of the saphenous nerve to the sartorius muscle in a female cadaver.

PURPOSE: The saphenous nerve is a predominantly sensory nerve. It is the longest nerve of the body which supplies the skin of the medial side of the leg and foot as far as the ball of the great toe. We present here an unusual motor branch of the saphenous nerve to the sartorius muscle. METHOD: Institutional guidelines for use of human cadaver were followed. Routine dissection of the lower limbs for undergraduate medical teaching was performed in a 67 years old female cadaver employing standard methods. Relevant gross features of the variations were photographed. H&E staining of relevant structure was done and photomicrographed. RESULTS: The unusual motor branch to Sartorius was observed in the right thigh. The branch was given off in the lower third of the thigh after the saphenous nerve exited the adductor canal. The branch was distinctly seen entering the substance of the sartorius. The structure was confirmed to be a peripheral nerve by histological examination. The saphenous nerve then descended between the sartorius and gracilis tendons, pierced the fascia lata and became cutaneous. CONCLUSION: The motor branch to the sartorius muscle is a very rare branch whose knowledge is important for clinicians as it can get damaged during arthroscopy and other knee surgery or during adductor canal block.

Diagnostic Approaches in Nuclear Medicine for Reproductive Health Assessment: Hysterosalpingography in Radiology versus hysterosalpingoscintigraphy.

Background: Infertility is a significant aspect of reproductive health and evaluating degree of tubal pathology is essential for determining appropriate management plans. Aims and Objectives: To assess the role of hysterosalpingoscintigraphy (HSSG) as a tubal patency test in nuclear medicine and compare it with hysterosalpingography (HSG) in radiology in infertile women and study pain perception in both tests as well. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 50 infertility patients undergoing infertility evaluation at a tertiary care hospital. Both HSG and HSSG procedures were performed during proliferative phase of menstrual cycle. Results: Our study demonstrated the potential of HSSG as a tool for evaluating tubal patency in infertility workup. It showed good accuracy in detecting tubal patency compared to HSG. Conclusion: HSG is a radiological procedure valued for its ability to provide detailed anatomical information of uterus and patency of fallopian tubes. In contrast, HSSG provides dynamic information on the functional aspects of the reproductive system using nuclear medicine techniques. Both HSG and HSSG are vital tools in the diagnostic armamentarium for assessing female reproductive health, offering complementary information that aids in comprehensive patient management.

Adsorptive removal of anthracene from water by biochar derived amphiphilic carbon dots decorated with chitosan.

Anthracene belongs to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of benzene rings, unusually highly stable through more π-electrons and localized π-bond in entire rings. Aqueous-phase anthracene adsorption using carbon-based materials such as biochar is ineffective. In this paper, carbon dots (CDs) derived from the acid treatment of coconut shell biochar (CDs/MCSB) decorated with chitosan (CS) are successfully synthesized and applied for anthracene removal from aqueous solutions. The h-CDs/MCSB exhibited fast adsorption of anthracene with significant sorption capacity (Qmax = 49.26 mg g-1) with 95 % removal efficiency at 60 min. The study suggested chemisorption dominated monolayer anthracene adsorption onto h-CDs/MCSB, where a significant role was played by ion-exchange. Density Functional Theory (DFT) suggested the anthracene adsorption was dominated by the electrostatic interactions and delocalized electron, induced by higher polarizability of functional groups on the surface of hybrid CDs/MCSB assisted by chitosan (h-CDs/MCSB). In addition, the aromatic structure of CDs/MCSB and high polarizability of functional groups provided the strong interactions between benzene rings of anthracene and hybrid adsorbent-assisted multiple π-bond through delocalized π-bond and polarization-induced H-bond interactions. The presence of carboxylic and sulfonic groups on the CDs/MCSB surface also contributed to the effective adsorption of anthracene was confirmed by the fluorescence spectra. The results showed that the hybrid adsorbent was an effective material for removing PAHs, usually difficult to remove from water owing to the presence of benzene rings in their structures. Further, consistency in the DFT results suggested the outstanding binding capacity with the anthracene molecules with h-CDs/MCSB.

Micro and nanoplastics pollution: Sources, distribution, uptake in plants, toxicological effects, and innovative remediation strategies for environmental sustainability.

Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs), are minute particles resulting from plastic fragmentation, have raised concerns due to their widespread presence in the environment. This study investigates sources and distribution of MNPs and their impact on plants, elucidating the intricate mechanisms of toxicity. Through a comprehensive analysis, it reveals that these tiny plastic particles infiltrate plant tissues, disrupting vital physiological processes. Micro and nanoplastics impair root development, hinder water and nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, and induce oxidative stress and cyto-genotoxicity leading to stunted growth and diminished crop yields. Moreover, they interfere with plant-microbe interactions essential for nutrient cycling and soil health. The research also explores the translocation of these particles within plants, raising concerns about their potential entry into the food chain and subsequent human health risks. The study underscores the urgency of understanding MNPs toxicity on plants, emphasizing the need for innovative remediation strategies such as bioremediation by algae, fungi, bacteria, and plants and eco-friendly plastic alternatives. Addressing this issue is pivotal not only for environmental conservation but also for ensuring sustainable agriculture and global food security in the face of escalating plastic pollution.

Efficiency of Pollution Tolerance Index (PTI) of macroinvertebrates in detecting aquatic pollution in an oxbow lake in India / Eficiencia del índice de tolerancia a la contaminación (PTI) de macroinvertebrados para detectar contaminación acuática en un lago en herradura en India / Eficiência do Índice de Tolerância a Contaminação (PTI) de macroinvertebrados para detectar contaminação aquática em um lago em ferradura na Índia

Abstract This paper evaluates the efficiency of a macroinvertebrate-based Pollution Tolerance Index (PTI) in detecting aquatic pollution in the Chhariganga oxbow lake in India. In this lake, calculated PTIs were compared with results from an array of physicochemical water and sediment parameters and to a macroinvertebrate diversity assessment conducted in parallel for the same lake. The obtained PTI values fell in a range (between 20 and 31) that are indicative of an absence of organic pollution according to the literature, and are normally reported for systems devoid of anthropogenic activity (for instance no monsoonal polluting jute retting activities). However, in the light of the results for the assessed water and sediment physicochemical parameters, and the support of diversity indexes of macroinvertebrates, using data from the same lake, it was possible to conclude that the obtained PTI values do not reflect the true pollution status of this oxbow lake. As PTI values and diversity indexes contradict each other in detecting pollution, it is advised to take both parameters into consideration when using macroinvertebrates to assess aquatic health.

Resumen Este artículo evalúa la eficiencia del Índice de Tolerancia a la Contaminación basado en macroinvertebrados (PTI), para detectar contaminación acuática en el lago en herradura Chhariganga, India. Los PTIs calculados se compararon con los resultados de un conjunto de parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua y del sedimento, y con una determinación de la diversidad de macroinvertebrados llevada a cabo paralelamente en el mismo lago. Los valores obtenidos del PTI cayeron dentro de un rango (entre 20 y 31) que, de acuerdo con la literatura, es indicativo de ausencia de contaminación orgánica, y que son normalmente reportados para sistemas desprovistos de actividad antropogénica (por ejemplo, actividades contaminantes de enriamiento del yute durante los monzones). Sin embargo, a la luz de los resultados de los parámetros fisicoquímicos de agua y sedimento, y con el soporte de los índices de diversidad de macroinvertebrados usando datos del mismo lago, fue posible concluir que los valores de PTI obtenidos no reflejan el verdadero estado de contaminación del lago en herradura. Como los valores de PTI y los índices de diversidad se contradicen entre sí en detectar la contaminación, se aconseja tomar en consideración ambos parámetros cuando se usen macroinvertebrados para determinar la salud acuática.

Resumo Este artigo avalia a eficiência do Índice de Tolerância a Contaminação baseada em macroinvertebrados (PTI) para detectar contaminação aquática no lago em ferradura Chhariganga, Índia. Neste lago, os PTIs calculados foram comparados com resultados de um conjunto de parâmetros físicoquímicos da água e do sedimento, e com uma determinação da diversidade de macroinvertebrados realizada paralelamente para o mesmo lago. Os valores obtidos para PTI estiveram dentro de um rango (entre 20 e 31) que indica, de acordo a literatura, a ausência de contaminação orgânica, e que é reportado normalmente para sistemas desprovidos de atividade antropogênica (por exemplo, atividades contaminantes de remoção de juta durante as monções). Entretanto, em função dos resultados dos parâmetros físico-químicos de água e sedimentos, e com o suporte dos índices de diversidade de macroinvertebrados usando dados do mesmo lago, foi possível concluir que os valores observados de PTI não refletem o real estado de contaminação de este lago em ferradura. Como os dados de PTI e os índices de diversidade são contraditórios entre si para detectar a contaminação, se aconselha considerar ambos os parâmetros quando se usem macroinvertebrados para determinar a saúde aquática.