Nonclinical Development of Biologics: Integrating Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics to Create Smarter and More Flexible Nonclinical Safety Programs Optimizing Animal Use.

Safety assessment of biological drugs has its challenges due to the multiple new different modalities, for example, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecifics, nanobodies, fusion proteins and advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), their different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and their ability to trigger immunogenicity and toxicity. In the public and in the pharmaceutical industry, there is a strong and general desire to reduce the number of animals used in research and development of drugs and in particular reducing the use of nonhuman primates. Important discussions and activities are ongoing investigating the smarter designs of early research and dose range finding studies, reuse of animals, and replacing animal experiments with in vitro studies. Other important challenges include absence of a relevant species and design of studies and developing genetically modified animals for special investigative toxicology studies. Then, the learnings and challenges from the development of the first ATMPs are available providing valuable insights in the development path for these new potentially transformative treatments. Finally, development of strategies for assessment of immunogenicity and prediction of translation of immunogenicity and associated findings to the clinic. On this, the eighth meeting for the European BioSafe members, these challenges served as the basis for the presentations and discussions during the meeting. This article serves as the workshop report reviewing the presentations and discussions at the meeting.

Dual Blockade of Interleukin-1ß and Interleukin-17A Reduces Murine Arthritis Pathogenesis but Also Leads to Spontaneous Skin Infections in Nonhuman Primates.

Despite the efficacy of biologics for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), many patients show inadequate responses and likely require neutralization of multiple mediators. Neutralization of both interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-17A with monoclonal antibodies showed greater efficacy than either agent alone in a mouse arthritis model with cooperative inhibition of key inflammatory factors, IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)1. Given the potential clinical benefit in RA, we generated a human dual variable domain antibody Ig, ABBV-615, capable of simultaneous binding and neutralization of IL-1ß and IL-17A. ABBV-615 was characterized and evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys for pharmacokinetics and toxicity to enable clinical development. ABBV-615 exhibited affinities (KD) of 12 and 3 pM on human IL-1ß and IL-17A, respectively, and potencies (IC50) of 3 and 58 pM, respectively, as well as excellent drug-like properties. ABBV-615 pharmacokinetics in cynomolgus monkeys was dose proportional from 20 to 100 mg/kg with a mean half-life of 16 days. However, a 13-week repeat-dose toxicity study in cynomolgus monkeys revealed time-dependent spontaneous infections exclusively in skin at all doses tested and not historically seen with single-agent anti-IL-1α/ß or anti-IL-17A. Consistent with reduced resistance to skin infections, IL-1ß- and IL-17A-stimulated human keratinocytes demonstrate cooperative or compensatory production of key antibacterial and inflammatory mediators such as lipocalin-2, G-CSF, CXCL1, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor, and IL-6, which aid in defense against skin bacterial infections. These results illustrate the skin-specific antimicrobial mechanisms of IL-1ß and IL-17A and highlight the importance of understanding unique combinatorial effects of biologic agents.

Biotherapeutics in non-clinical development: Strengthening the interface between safety, pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics and manufacturing.

Biological drugs comprise a wide field of different modalities with respect to structure, pharmacokinetics and pharmacological function. Considerable non-clinical experience in the development of proteins (e.g. insulin) and antibodies has been accumulated over the past thirty years. In order to improve the efficacy and the safety of these biotherapeutics, Fc modifications (e.g. Fc silent antibody versions), combinations (antibody-drug conjugates, protein-nanoparticle combinations), and new constructs (darpins, fynomers) have been introduced. In the last decade, advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) in research and development have become a considerable and strongly growing part of the biotherapeutic portfolio. ATMPs consisting of gene and cell therapy modalities or even combinations of them, further expand the level of complexity, which already exists in non-clinical development strategies for biological drugs and has thereby led to a further diversification of expertise in safety and PKPD assessment of biological drugs. It is the fundamental rationale of the BioSafe meetings, held yearly in the EU and in the US, to convene experts on a regular basis and foster knowledge exchange and mutual understanding in this fast growing area. In order to reflect at least partially the variety of the biotherapeutics field, the 2016 EU BioSafe meeting addressed the following topics in six sessions: (i) In vitro Meets in vivo to Leverage Biologics Development (ii) New developments and regulatory considerations in the cell and gene therapy field (iii) CMC Challenges with Biologics development (iv) Minipigs in non-clinical safety assessment (v) Opportunities of PKPD Assessment in Less Common Administration Routes In the breakout sessions the following questions were discussed: (i) Cynomolgus monkey as a reprotoxicology Species: Impact of Immunomodulators on Early Pregnancy Maintenance (ii) Safety Risk of Inflammation and Autoimmunity Induced by Immunomodulators (iii) Experience with non-GMP Material in Pivotal Non-clinical Safety Studies to Support First in Man (FiM) Trials (iv) Safety Assessment of Combination Products for Non-oncology.

Leverage nonclinical development of bispecifics by translational science.

Bispecific antibody constructs (Bispecifics, bsAbs) may have greater functionality compared to established monoclonal antibodies because they bind to 2 different targets or, potentially, to 2 epitopes on the same target (dual targeting). This may result in enhanced binding avidity with preferential binding to cells that express both targets or binding to targets on different cells. However, development of these next-generation biologics, including new formats, creates unique challenges due to their increased complexity. Here we review aspects of bsAbs preclinical development programs that may increase the success rates of bsAbs in clinical development.

Non-clinical Safety Evaluation of Biotherapeutics - Challenges, Opportunities and new Insights.

New challenges and opportunities in nonclinical safety testing of biotherapeutics were presented and discussed at the 5th European BioSafe Annual General Membership meeting in November 2015 in Ludwigshafen. This article summarizes the presentations and discussions from both the main and the breakout sessions. The following topics were covered in six main sessions: The following questions were discussed across 4 breakout sessions (i-iv) and a case-study based general discussion (v).

Nonclinical safety testing of biopharmaceuticals--Addressing current challenges of these novel and emerging therapies.

Non-clinical safety testing of biopharmaceuticals can present significant challenges to human risk assessment with these often innovative and complex drugs. Hot Topics in this field were discussed recently at the 4th Annual European Biosafe General Membership meeting. In this feature article, the presentations and subsequent discussions from the main sessions are summarized. The topics covered include: (i) wanted versus unwanted immune activation, (ii) bi-specific protein scaffolds, (iii) use of Pharmacokinetic (PK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) data to impact/optimize toxicology study design, (iv) cytokine release and challenges to human translation (v) safety testing of cell and gene therapies including chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells and retroviral vectors and (vi) biopharmaceutical development strategies encompassing a range of diverse topics including optimizing entry of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) into the brain, safety testing of therapeutic vaccines, non-clinical testing of biosimilars, infection in toxicology studies with immunomodulators and challenges to human risk assessment, maternal and infant anti-drug antibody (ADA) development and impact in non-human primate (NHP) developmental toxicity studies, and a summary of an NC3Rs workshop on the future vision for non-clinical safety assessment of biopharmaceuticals.

Pre- and postnatal development in the cynomolgus monkey following administration of ABT-874, a human anti-IL-12/23p40 monoclonal antibody.

BACKGROUND: ABT-874 is an anti-IL-12/23 monoclonal antibody that binds to the p40 subunit of human IL-12 and IL-23. As part of its preclinical safety assessment, studies were conducted to assess its potential effects on pre- and postnatal development in cynomolgus monkeys. METHODS: In the embryo-fetal development studies, ABT-874 was administered once weekly subcutaneously to adult female cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 0, 5, 25, or 100 mg/kg during gestation days (GD) 20 to 48. Fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal development on GD 100 or 150. In the pre- and postnatal study, ABT-874 was administered once weekly subcutaneously to adult female cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 10, 50, or 200 mg/kg from GD 20 through postpartum day 182. Infants were examined from birth up to 9 months of age for morphological and functional development. Potential effects on the infant immune system were evaluated by immunophenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes and by T-dependent antibody response to KLH. RESULTS: There was no ABT-874-related maternal toxicity or adverse effects on fetuses or infants. ABT-874 was present in maternal and fetal serum at GD 100 and 150, and in infant serum through day 63 postbirth. ABT-874 was also present at low levels in breast milk through postpartum day 175. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure of cynomolgus monkey fetuses and infants to ABT-874 had no adverse effects on embryo-fetal or postnatal development.

Male and female fertility assessment in the cynomolgus monkey following administration of ABT-874, a human Anti-IL-12/23p40 monoclonal antibody.

BACKGROUND: ABT-874 is an anti-IL-12/23 monoclonal antibody that binds to the p40 subunit of human IL-12 and IL-23. As part of its preclinical safety assessment, studies were conducted to asses its potential effects on the reproductive system in male and female cynomolgus monkeys. METHODS: Sexually mature male cynomolgus monkeys (n = 6/group) were administered once weekly subcutaneous doses of 0, 5, 25, or 100 mg/kg ABT-874 for 13 weeks. Four monkeys/group were necropsied at the end of the 13-week dosing period and two monkeys/group were necropsied following an 8-week recovery period. Endpoints assessed in these males included sperm parameters such as sperm count and morphology, male reproductive hormones, and testes histopathology. Sexually mature female cynomolgus monkeys (n = 6/group) were administered subcutaneous doses of 0, 5, 25, or 100 mg/kg/week ABT-874 for two menstrual cycles, and recovery was subsequently assessed in each of these animals over two menstrual cycles. Endpoints assessed in these females included menses and reproductive hormone levels. RESULTS: In both the male and female fertility studies, there were no unscheduled deaths and there was no evidence of toxicity. In male monkeys, there were no ABT-874-related effects on sperm count or motility, histopathology of the testes or effects on testosterone and inhibin B levels. In addition, menstrual cycle length, progesterone, 17ß-estradiol, and luteinizing hormone levels in female monkeys were comparable among control and ABT-874-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that ABT-874 had no adverse effects on reproductive hormones or fertility parameters in male or female cynomolgus monkeys.

Developmental and reproductive toxicology studies in IL-12p40 knockout mice.

BACKGROUND: Interleukin (IL)-12 is a cytokine that can exert regulatory effects on T and NK cells. This study was designed to identify potential developmental and reproductive hazards associated with IL-12p40 knockout in mice. METHODS: In the combined fertility and teratology study, female F0 C57/BL6 wild-type control mice and female F0 C57/BL6 IL-12p40 homozgyous knockout mice were assessed for estrous cyclicity, sperm, and mating parameters. Pregnant females were euthanized on gestation day (GD) 18 and their fetuses were assessed for external, visceral, and skeletal development. In the peri and postnatal development study, the F1 wild-type control and IL-12p40 knockout mice were assessed for developmental landmarks, sexual development, passive avoidance, motor activity, and morris water maze. RESULTS: The IL-12p40 knockout male mice exhibited decreased testis weights when compared to the wild-type control group; however, this finding was not considered adverse, as it had no apparent functional effects on mating, fertility, and pregnancy rates or sperm motility. The IL-12p40 knockout group exhibited effects on estrous cycle length, passive avoidance, morris water maze, and motor activity when compared to the wild-type control group. However, since these findings were small in magnitude, transient and/or had no apparent effects on subsequent growth and development, they were not considered adverse. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that although IL-12p40 homozygous knockout in mice exhibited effects on developmental and reproductive parameters, these effects were relatively minor and were not considered adverse.

Challenges of non-clinical safety testing for biologics: A Report of the 9th BioSafe European Annual General Membership Meeting.

New challenges and other topics in non-clinical safety testing of biotherapeutics were presented and discussed at the nineth European BioSafe Annual General Membership meeting in November 2019. The session topics were selected by European BioSafe organization committee members based on recent company achievements, agency interactions and new data obtained in the non-clinical safety testing of biotherapeutics, for which data sharing would be of interest and considered as valuable information. The presented session topics ranged from strategies of in vitro testing, immunogenicity prediction, bioimaging, and developmental and reproductive toxicology (DART) assessments to first-in-human (FIH) dose prediction and bioanalytical challenges, reflecting the entire space of different areas of expertise and different molecular modalities. During the 9th meeting of the European BioSafe members, the following topics were presented and discussed in 6 main sessions (with 3 or 4 presentations per session) and in three small group breakout sessions: 1) DART assessment with biotherapeutics: what did we learn and where to go?; 2) Non-animal testing strategies; 3) Seeing is believing: new frontiers in imaging; 4) Predicting immunogenicity during early drug development: hope or despair?; 5) Challenges in FIH dose projections; and 6) Non-canonical biologics formats: challenges in bioanalytics, PKPD and biotransformation for complex biologics formats. Small group breakout sessions were organized for team discussion about 3 specific topics: 1) Testing of cellular immune function in vitro and in vivo; 2) MABEL approach (toxicology and pharmacokinetic perspective); and 3) mRNA treatments. This workshop report presents the sessions and discussions at the meeting.