RESUMO
Rare actinomycetes represent an underexploited source of new bioactive compounds. Here, we report the use of a targeted metabologenomic approach to identify piperazyl compounds in the rare actinomycete Lentzea flaviverrucosa DSM 44664. These efforts to identify molecules that incorporate piperazate building blocks resulted in the discovery and structural elucidation of two dimeric biaryl-cyclohexapeptides, petrichorins A and B. Petrichorin B is a symmetric homodimer similar to the known compound chloptosin, but petrichorin A is unique among known piperazyl cyclopeptides because it is an asymmetric heterodimer. Due to the structural complexity of petrichorin A, solving its structure required a combination of several standard chemical methods plus in silico modeling, strain mutagenesis, and solving the structure of its biosynthetic intermediate petrichorin C for confident assignment. Furthermore, we found that the piperazyl cyclopeptides comprising each half of the petrichorin A heterodimer are made via two distinct nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) assembly lines, and the responsible NRPS enzymes are encoded within a contiguous biosynthetic supercluster on the L. flaviverrucosa chromosome. Requiring promiscuous cytochrome p450 crosslinking events for asymmetric and symmetric biaryl production, petrichorins A and B exhibited potent in vitro activity against A2780 human ovarian cancer, HT1080 fibrosarcoma, PC3 human prostate cancer, and Jurkat human T lymphocyte cell lines with IC50 values at low nM levels. Cyclic piperazyl peptides and their crosslinked derivatives are interesting drug leads, and our findings highlight the potential for heterodimeric bicyclic peptides such as petrichorin A for inclusion in future pharmaceutical design and discovery programs.
Assuntos
Actinobacteria , Actinomycetales , Streptomyces , Actinobacteria/genética , Actinomycetales/genética , Família Multigênica , Peptídeos Cíclicos/genética , Streptomyces/genéticaRESUMO
Polycyclic tetramate macrolactams (PTMs) are bioactive natural products commonly associated with certain actinobacterial and proteobacterial lineages. These molecules have been the subject of numerous structure-activity investigations since the 1970s. New members continue to be pursued in wild and engineered bacterial strains, and advances in PTM biosynthesis suggest their outwardly simplistic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) belie unexpected product complexity. To address the origins of this complexity and understand its influence on PTM discovery, we engaged in a combination of bioinformatics to systematically classify PTM BGCs and PTM-targeted metabolomics to compare the products of select BGC types. By comparing groups of producers and BGC mutants, we exposed knowledge gaps that complicate bioinformatics-driven product predictions. In sum, we provide new insights into the evolution of PTM BGCs while systematically accounting for the PTMs discovered thus far. The combined computational and metabologenomic findings presented here should prove useful for guiding future discovery.IMPORTANCEPolycyclic tetramate macrolactam (PTM) pathways are frequently found within the genomes of biotechnologically important bacteria, including Streptomyces and Lysobacter spp. Their molecular products are typically bioactive, having substantial agricultural and therapeutic interest. Leveraging bacterial genomics for the discovery of new related molecules is thus desirable, but drawing accurate structural predictions from bioinformatics alone remains challenging. This difficulty stems from a combination of previously underappreciated biosynthetic complexity and remaining knowledge gaps, compounded by a stream of yet-uncharacterized PTM biosynthetic loci gleaned from recently sequenced bacterial genomes. We engaged in the following study to create a useful framework for cataloging historic PTM clusters, identifying new cluster variations, and tracing evolutionary paths for these molecules. Our data suggest new PTM chemistry remains discoverable in nature. However, our metabolomic and mutational analyses emphasize the practical limitations of genomics-based discovery by exposing hidden complexity.
Assuntos
Família Multigênica , Filogenia , Vias Biossintéticas/genética , Streptomyces/genética , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Streptomyces/classificação , Lysobacter/genética , Lysobacter/metabolismo , Lysobacter/classificação , Biologia Computacional , Lactamas/metabolismoRESUMO
Streptomyces genomes harbor numerous, biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding for drug-like compounds. While some of these BGCs readily yield expected products, many do not. Biosynthetic crypticity represents a significant hurdle to drug discovery, and the biological mechanisms that underpin it remain poorly understood. Polycyclic tetramate macrolactam (PTM) antibiotic production is widespread within the Streptomyces genus, and examples of active and cryptic PTM BGCs are known. To reveal further insights into the causes of biosynthetic crypticity, we employed a PTM-targeted comparative metabologenomics approach to analyze a panel of S. griseus clade strains that included both poor and robust PTM producers. By comparing the genomes and PTM production profiles of these strains, we systematically mapped the PTM promoter architecture within the group, revealed that these promoters are directly activated via the global regulator AdpA, and discovered that small promoter insertion-deletion lesions (indels) differentiate weaker PTM producers from stronger ones. We also revealed an unexpected link between robust PTM expression and griseorhodin pigment coproduction, with weaker S. griseus-clade PTM producers being unable to produce the latter compound. This study highlights promoter indels and biosynthetic interactions as important, genetically encoded factors that impact BGC outputs, providing mechanistic insights that will undoubtedly extend to other Streptomyces BGCs. We highlight comparative metabologenomics as a powerful approach to expose genomic features that differentiate strong, antibiotic producers from weaker ones. This should prove useful for rational discovery efforts and is orthogonal to current engineering and molecular signaling approaches now standard in the field.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Genômica , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Deleção de Genes , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Genoma Bacteriano , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Streptomyces/genéticaRESUMO
The vast majority of intracellular protein targets are refractory toward small-molecule therapeutic engagement, and additional therapeutic modalities are needed to overcome this deficiency. Here, the identification and characterization of a natural product, WDB002, reveals a therapeutic modality that dramatically expands the currently accepted limits of druggability. WDB002, in complex with the FK506-binding protein (FKBP12), potently and selectively binds the human centrosomal protein 250 (CEP250), resulting in disruption of CEP250 function in cells. The recognition mode is unprecedented in that the targeted domain of CEP250 is a coiled coil and is topologically featureless, embodying both a structural motif and surface topology previously considered on the extreme limits of "undruggability" for an intracellular target. Structural studies reveal extensive protein-WDB002 and protein-protein contacts, with the latter being distinct from those seen in FKBP12 ternary complexes formed by FK506 and rapamycin. Outward-facing structural changes in a bound small molecule can thus reprogram FKBP12 to engage diverse, otherwise "undruggable" targets. The flat-targeting modality demonstrated here has the potential to expand the druggable target range of small-molecule therapeutics. As CEP250 was recently found to be an interaction partner with the Nsp13 protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 disease, it is possible that WDB002 or an analog may exert useful antiviral activity through its ability to form high-affinity ternary complexes containing CEP250 and FKBP12.
Assuntos
Actinobacteria/genética , Antivirais/farmacologia , Genoma Bacteriano , Macrolídeos/farmacologia , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Proteína 1A de Ligação a Tacrolimo/química , Proteína 1A de Ligação a Tacrolimo/metabolismo , Actinobacteria/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/metabolismo , Autoantígenos/genética , Autoantígenos/metabolismo , Calcineurina/genética , Calcineurina/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Evolução Molecular , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Macrolídeos/química , Macrolídeos/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Proteica , Homologia de Sequência , Sirolimo/química , Sirolimo/metabolismo , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismoRESUMO
The structure of petrichorin C1 (4) converted from petrichorin C (3) was determined using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The chemical stability of petrichorins A and C (1 and 3) was investigated by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and calculations.
Assuntos
Modelos Moleculares , Cristalografia por Raios X , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética/métodosRESUMO
Polycyclic tetramate macrolactams (PTMs) are a class of structurally complex hybrid polyketide-nonribosomal peptide (PK-NRP) natural products produced by diverse bacteria. Several PTMs display pharmaceutically interesting bioactivities, and the early stages of PTM biosynthesis involving polyketide synthase (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) enzymology are well studied. However, the timing and mechanisms of post PKS-NRPS oxidations by P450 monooxygenases encoded in PTM biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) remain poorly characterized. Here we demonstrate that CftA, encoded in clifednamide-type PTM BGCs, is a multifunctional P450 monooxygenase capable of converting the C29-C30 ethyl side chain of ikarugamycin to either a C29-C30 methyl ketone or a C29-C30 hydroxymethyl ketone through C-H bond activation, resulting in the formation of clifednamide A or clifednamide C, respectively. We also report the complete structure of clifednamide C solved via multidimensional NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY, and TOCSY) using material purified from an engineered Streptomyces strain optimized for production. Finally, the in vitro reconstitution of recombinant CftA catalytic activity revealed the oxidation cascade for sequential conversion of ikarugamycin to clifednamide A and clifednamide C. Our findings confirm prior genetics-based predictions on the origins of clifednamide complexity via P450s encoded in PTM BGCs and place CftA into a growing group of multifunctional P450s that tailor PTM natural products through late-stage regioselective C-H bond activation.
Assuntos
Oxigenases de Função Mista , Policetídeos , Carbono/química , Catálise , Hidrogênio/química , Oxigenases de Função Mista/metabolismo , Família Multigênica , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Oxirredução , Policetídeo Sintases/genética , Policetídeos/química , Policetídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
Upon bacterial infection, one of the defense mechanisms of the host is the withdrawal of essential metal ions, in particular iron, which leads to "nutritional immunity". However, bacteria have evolved strategies to overcome iron starvation, for example, by stealing iron from the host or other bacteria through specific iron chelators with high binding affinity. Fortunately, these complex interactions between the host and pathogen that lead to metal homeostasis provide several opportunities for interception and, thus, allow the development of novel antibacterial compounds. This Review focuses on iron, discusses recent highlights, and gives some future perspectives which are relevant in the fight against antibiotic resistance.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções Bacterianas/metabolismo , Ferro/metabolismo , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/metabolismo , Infecções Bacterianas/imunologia , Heme/metabolismo , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Natural products containing phosphorus-carbon bonds have found widespread use in medicine and agriculture. One such compound, phosphinothricin tripeptide, contains the unusual amino acid phosphinothricin attached to two alanine residues. Synthetic phosphinothricin (glufosinate) is a component of two top-selling herbicides (Basta and Liberty), and is widely used with resistant transgenic crops including corn, cotton and canola. Recent genetic and biochemical studies showed that during phosphinothricin tripeptide biosynthesis 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate (HEP) is converted to hydroxymethylphosphonate (HMP). Here we report the in vitro reconstitution of this unprecedented C(sp(3))-C(sp(3)) bond cleavage reaction and X-ray crystal structures of the enzyme. The protein is a mononuclear non-haem iron(ii)-dependent dioxygenase that converts HEP to HMP and formate. In contrast to most other members of this family, the oxidative consumption of HEP does not require additional cofactors or the input of exogenous electrons. The current study expands the scope of reactions catalysed by the 2-His-1-carboxylate mononuclear non-haem iron family of enzymes.
Assuntos
Aminobutiratos/química , Aminobutiratos/metabolismo , Dioxigenases/metabolismo , Biocatálise , Cristalografia por Raios X , Dioxigenases/química , Dioxigenases/genética , Escherichia coli , Formiatos/metabolismo , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de Massas , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Organofosfonatos/metabolismoRESUMO
Actinobacteria in the genus Streptomyces are critical players in microbial communities that decompose complex carbohydrates in the soil, and these bacteria have recently been implicated in the deconstruction of plant polysaccharides for some herbivorous insects. Despite the importance of Streptomyces to carbon cycling, the extent of their plant biomass-degrading ability remains largely unknown. In this study, we compared four strains of Streptomyces isolated from insect herbivores that attack pine trees: DpondAA-B6 (SDPB6) from the mountain pine beetle, SPB74 from the southern pine beetle, and SirexAA-E (SACTE) and SirexAA-G from the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio. Biochemical analysis of secreted enzymes demonstrated that only two of these strains, SACTE and SDPB6, were efficient at degrading plant biomass. Genomic analyses indicated that SACTE and SDPB6 are closely related and that they share similar compositions of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Genome-wide proteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the major exocellulases (GH6 and GH48), lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (AA10), and mannanases (GH5) were conserved and secreted by both organisms, while the secreted endocellulases (GH5 and GH9 versus GH9 and GH12) were from diverged enzyme families. Together, these data identify two phylogenetically related insect-associated Streptomyces strains with high biomass-degrading activity and characterize key enzymatic similarities and differences used by these organisms to deconstruct plant biomass.
Assuntos
Celulose/metabolismo , Insetos/microbiologia , Lignina/metabolismo , Filogenia , Streptomyces/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Celulases/genética , Celulases/metabolismo , Herbivoria , Oxigenases de Função Mista/genética , Oxigenases de Função Mista/metabolismo , Streptomyces/classificação , Streptomyces/enzimologia , Streptomyces/genética , beta-Manosidase/genética , beta-Manosidase/metabolismoRESUMO
Hybrid genome-mining/15N-NMR was used to target compounds containing piperazate (Piz) residues, leading to the discovery of caveamides A (1) and B (2) from Streptomyces sp. strain BE230, isolated from New Rankin Cave (Missouri). Caveamides are highly dynamic molecules containing an unprecedented ß-ketoamide polyketide fragment, two Piz residues, and a new N-methyl-cyclohexenylalanine residue. Caveamide B (2) exhibited nanomolar cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines and nanomolar antimicrobial activity against MRSA and E. coli.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Streptomyces , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Streptomyces/química , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/isolamento & purificação , Alanina/química , Alanina/farmacologia , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Peptídeos/isolamento & purificação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , PiridazinasRESUMO
Several plant-associated microbes synthesize the auxinic plant growth regulator phenylacetic acid (PAA) in culture; however, the role of PAA in plant-pathogen interactions is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the role of PAA during interactions between the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae strain PtoDC3000 (PtoDC3000) and the model plant host, Arabidopsis thaliana. Previous work demonstrated that indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase A (AldA) of PtoDC3000 converts indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAAld) to the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Here, we further demonstrated the biochemical versatility of AldA by conducting substrate screening and steady-state kinetic analyses, and showed that AldA can use both IAAld and phenylacetaldehyde as substrates to produce IAA and PAA, respectively. Quantification of auxin in infected plant tissue showed that AldA-dependent synthesis of either IAA or PAA by PtoDC3000 does not contribute significantly to the increase in auxin levels in infected A. thaliana leaves. Using available arogenate dehydratase (adt) mutant lines of A. thaliana compromised for PAA synthesis, we observed that a reduction in PAA-Asp and PAA-Glu is correlated with elevated levels of IAA and increased susceptibility. These results provide evidence that PAA/IAA homeostasis in A. thaliana influences the outcome of plant-microbial interactions.
RESUMO
A combination of small molecule chemistry, biosynthetic analysis, and genome mining has revealed the unexpected conservation of polycyclic tetramate macrolactam biosynthetic loci in diverse bacteria. Initially our chemical analysis of a Streptomyces strain associated with the southern pine beetle led to the discovery of frontalamides A and B, two previously undescribed members of this antibiotic family. Genome analyses and genetic manipulation of the producing organism led to the identification of the frontalamide biosynthetic gene cluster and several biosynthetic intermediates. The biosynthetic locus for the frontalamides' mixed polyketide/amino acid structure encodes a hybrid polyketide synthase nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS), which resembles iterative enzymes known in fungi. No such mixed iterative PKS-NRPS enzymes have been characterized in bacteria. Genome-mining efforts revealed strikingly conserved frontalamide-like biosynthetic clusters in the genomes of phylogenetically diverse bacteria ranging from proteobacteria to actinomycetes. Screens for environmental actinomycete isolates carrying frontalamide-like biosynthetic loci led to the isolation of a number of positive strains, the majority of which produced candidate frontalamide-like compounds under suitable growth conditions. These results establish the prevalence of frontalamide-like gene clusters in diverse bacterial types, with medicinally important Streptomyces species being particularly enriched.
Assuntos
Bactérias/metabolismo , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/química , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/metabolismo , Actinobacteria/genética , Actinobacteria/isolamento & purificação , Actinobacteria/metabolismo , Animais , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Sequência de Bases , Besouros/microbiologia , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Microbiologia Ambiental , Genes Bacterianos , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/farmacologia , Estrutura Molecular , Família Multigênica , Mutação , Ophiostoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Filogenia , Streptomyces/genética , Streptomyces/isolamento & purificação , Streptomyces/metabolismoRESUMO
Here, we report the draft genome sequences of two related Streptomyces sp. strains, JV180 and SP18CM02. Despite their isolation from soils in Connecticut and Missouri (USA), respectively, they are strikingly similar in gene content. Both belong to the Streptomyces griseus clade and harbor several secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters.
RESUMO
Piperazate (Piz) is a nonproteinogenic amino acid noted for its unusual N-N bond motif. Piz is a proline mimic that imparts conformational rigidity to peptides. Consequently, piperazyl molecules are often bioactive and desirable for therapeutic exploration. The in vitro characterization of Kutzneria enzymes KtzI and KtzT recently led to a biosynthetic pathway for Piz. However, Piz anabolism in vivo has remained completely uncharacterized. Herein, we describe the systematic interrogation of actinobacterial Piz metabolism using a combination of bioinformatics, genetics, and select biochemistry. Following studies in Streptomyces flaveolus, Streptomyces lividans, and several environmental Streptomyces isolates, our data suggest that KtzI-type enzymes are conditionally dispensable for Piz production. We also demonstrate the feasibility of Piz monomer production using engineered actinobacteria for the first time. Finally, we show that some actinobacteria employ fused KtzI-KtzT chimeric enzymes to produce Piz. Our findings have implications for future piperazyl drug discovery, pathway engineering, and fine chemical bioproduction.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos/química , Piridazinas/química , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Biologia Computacional , Cinética , Proteínas Mutantes Quiméricas/química , Proteínas Mutantes Quiméricas/genética , Proteínas Mutantes Quiméricas/metabolismo , Mutação , Piridazinas/metabolismo , Streptomyces/genética , Streptomyces/isolamento & purificação , Streptomyces/metabolismoRESUMO
Polycyclic tetramate macrolactam (PTM) natural products are produced by actinomycetes and other bacteria. PTMs are often bioactive, and the simplicity of their biosynthetic clusters make them attractive for bioengineering. Clifednamide-type PTMs from Streptomyces sp. strain JV178 contain a distinctive ketone group, suggesting the existence of a novel PTM oxidizing enzyme. Here, we report the new cytochrome P450 enzyme (CftA) is required for clifednamide production. Genome mining was used to identify several new clifednamide producers, some having improved clifednamide yields. Using a parallel synthetic biology approach, CftA isozymes were used to engineer the ikarugamycin pathway of Streptomyces sp. strain NRRL F-2890 to yield clifednamides. Further, we observed that strong CftA expression leads to the production of a new PTM, clifednamide C. We demonstrate the utility of both genome mining and synthetic biology to rapidly increase clifednamide production.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450 , Lactamas/metabolismo , Engenharia Metabólica , Streptomyces , Proteínas de Bactérias/biossíntese , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/biossíntese , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/genética , Isoenzimas/biossíntese , Isoenzimas/genética , Streptomyces/genética , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Biologia SintéticaRESUMO
Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Streptomyces sp. JV178, a strain originating from Connecticut (USA) garden soil. This strain produces the polycyclic tetramate macrolactam compounds clifednamides A and B. The draft genome contains 10.65 Mb, 9,045 predicted protein coding sequences, and several natural product biosynthetic loci.
RESUMO
Fosfomycin is a clinically utilized, highly effective antibiotic, which is active against methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant pathogens. Here we report the cloning and characterization of a complete fosfomycin biosynthetic cluster from Streptomyces fradiae and heterologous production of fosfomycin in S. lividans. Sequence analysis coupled with gene deletion and disruption revealed that the minimal cluster consists of fom1-4, fomA-D. A LuxR-type activator that was apparently required for heterologous fosfomycin production was also discovered approximately 13 kb away from the cluster and was named fomR. The genes fomE and fomF, previously thought to be involved in fosfomycin biosynthesis, were shown not to be essential by gene disruption. This work provides new insights into fosfomycin biosynthesis and opens the door for fosfomycin overproduction and creation of new analogs via biomolecular pathway engineering.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/biossíntese , Fosfomicina/biossíntese , Família Multigênica , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Alquil e Aril Transferases/genética , Alquil e Aril Transferases/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Clonagem Molecular , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fosfomicina/farmacologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Streptomyces/genéticaRESUMO
Natural products containing phosphonic or phosphinic acid functionalities often display potent biological activities with applications in medicine and agriculture. The herbicide phosphinothricin-tripeptide (PTT) was the first phosphinate natural product discovered, yet despite numerous studies, questions remain surrounding key transformations required for its biosynthesis. In particular, the enzymology required to convert phosphonoformate to carboxyphosphonoenolpyruvate and the mechanisms underlying phosphorus methylation remain poorly understood. In addition, the model for non-ribosomal peptide synthetase assembly of the intact tripeptide product has undergone numerous revisions that have yet to be experimentally tested. To further investigate the biosynthesis of this unusual natural product, we completely sequenced the PTT biosynthetic locus from Streptomyces hygroscopicus and compared it with the orthologous cluster from Streptomyces viridochromogenes. We also sequenced and analyzed the closely related phosalacine (PAL) biosynthetic locus from Kitasatospora phosalacinea. Using data drawn from the comparative analysis of the PTT and PAL pathways, we also evaluate three related recently discovered phosphonate biosynthetic loci from Streptomyces sviceus, Streptomyces sp. WM6386 and Frankia alni. Our observations address long-standing biosynthetic questions related to PTT and PAL production and suggest that additional members of this pharmacologically important class await discovery.
Assuntos
Actinobacteria/metabolismo , Dipeptídeos/biossíntese , Compostos Organofosforados/metabolismo , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Actinobacteria/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Aminobutiratos/química , Aminobutiratos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Estrutura Molecular , Streptomyces/genética , Tioléster Hidrolases/genética , Tioléster Hidrolases/metabolismoRESUMO
A targeted polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based screening approach was used to identify candidate polycyclic tetramate macrolactam (PTM) biosynthetic gene clusters in environmental Streptomyces isolates. Isolation and characterization of the small molecules produced by one of the strains confirmed the production of two new PTMs (clifednamides A, 4, and B, 5) and, more generally, the utility of using a targeted approach for the discovery of new members of this interesting class.
Assuntos
Lactamas Macrocíclicas/química , Compostos Policíclicos/química , Streptomyces/química , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Família Multigênica , Iniciação Traducional da Cadeia Peptídica/genética , Streptomyces/metabolismoRESUMO
Bacterial acyl-homoserine lactones upregulated an uncharacterized gene cluster (bta) in Burkholderia thailandensis E264 to produce an uncharacterized polar antibiotic. The antibiotic is identified as a mixture of four bactobolins. Annotation of the bta cluster allows us to propose a biosynthetic scheme for bactobolin and reveals unusual enzymatic reactions for further study.