Correction: Clinical experience with carrier screening in a general population: support for a comprehensive pan-ethnic approach.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Clinical experience with carrier screening in a general population: support for a comprehensive pan-ethnic approach.

PURPOSE: To present results from a large cohort of individuals receiving expanded carrier screening (CS) in the United States. METHODS: Single-gene disorder carrier status for 381,014 individuals was determined using next-generation sequencing (NGS) based CS for up to 274 genes. Detection rates were compared with literature-reported values derived from disease prevalence and carrier frequencies. Combined theoretical affected pregnancy rates for the 274 screened disorders were calculated. RESULTS: For Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) diseases, 81.6% (4434/5435) of carriers identified did not report AJ ancestry. For cystic fibrosis, 44.0% (6260/14,229) of carriers identified had a variant not on the standard genotyping panel. Individuals at risk of being a silent spinal muscular atrophy carrier, not detectable by standard screening, comprised 1/39 (8763/344,407) individuals. For fragile X syndrome, compared with standard premutation screening, AGG interruption analysis modified risk in 83.2% (1128/1356) premutation carriers. Assuming random pairing across the study population, approximately 1/175 pregnancies would be affected by a disorder in the 274-gene screening panel. CONCLUSION: Compared with standard screening, NGS-based CS provides additional information that may impact reproductive choices. Pan-ethnic CS leads to substantially increased identification of at-risk couples. These data support offering NGS-based CS to all reproductive-aged women.

Corifollitropin alfa versus recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone: an individual patient data meta-analysis.

A meta-analysis was conducted of individual patient data (n = 3292) from three randomized controlled trials of corifollitropin alfa versus rFSH: Engage (150 µg corifollitropin alfa n = 756; 200 IU rFSH n = 750), Ensure (100 µg corifollitropin alfa n = 268; 150 IU rFSH n = 128), and Pursue (150 µg corifollitropin alfa n = 694; 300 IU rFSH n = 696). Women with regular menstrual cycles aged 18-36 and body weight >60 kg (Engage) or ≤60 kg (Ensure), or women aged 35-42 years and body weight ≥50 kg (Pursue), received a single injection (100 µg or 150 µg) of corifollitropin alfa (based on body weight and age) or daily rFSH. The difference (corifollitropin alfa minus rFSH) in the number of oocytes retrieved was +1.0 (95% CI: 0.5-1.5); vital pregnancy rate: -2.2% (95% CI: -5.3%-0.9%); ongoing pregnancy rate: -1.7% (95% CI: -4.7%-1.4%); and live birth rate: -2.0% (95% CI: -5.0%-1.1%). The odds ratio for overall OHSS was 1.15 (95% CI: 0.82-1.61), and for moderate-to-severe OHSS: 1.29 (95% CI: 0.81-2.05). A single dose of corifollitropin alfa for the first 7 days of ovarian stimulation is a generally well-tolerated and similarly effective treatment compared with daily rFSH.

Examining the evidence: progesterone supplementation during fresh and frozen embryo transfer.

ART has evolved over time and frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) is now a frequently performed, successful option. During the last decade, cryopreservation techniques have received considerable interest, whereas interest in the priming and preparation of the endometrium prior to and after embryo transfer was more limited. The available evidence for the rationale and timing of progesterone supplementation as well as an understanding of the differences among progesterone formulations with respect to efficacy, optimum use, and patient preference is worth examining. A Summit was convened to review the literature on progesterone supplementation in ART and after FET and to provide guidance on the most clinically relevant issues. Utilizing an innovative consensus-building model to examine the evidence, Summit faculty drafted summit statements prior to the meeting, completed a literature search, and created a presentation based on this. At the conclusion of their discussion the faculty developed final summit statements, evaluating the strength of the evidence supporting each statement, and rating their level of support for each statement. The clinically relevant topic areas were the rationale for progesterone supplementation, timing and appropriate dosing, whether progesterone sérum levels reflect outcomes, and distinguishing among progesterone formulations with respect to efficacy, tolerability, and patient preference/satisfaction.

Computer-automated time-lapse analysis results correlate with embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy: a blinded, multi-centre study.

Computer-automated time-lapse analysis has been shown to improve embryo selection by providing quantitative and objective information to supplement traditional morphology. In this multi-centre study, the relationship between such computer-derived outputs (High, Medium, Low scores), embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy were examined. Data were collected from six clinics, including 205 patients whose embryos were imaged by the Eeva(TM) System. The Eeva scores were blinded and not considered during embryo selection. Embryos with High and Medium scores had significantly higher implantation rates than those with Low scores (37% and 35% versus 15%; P < 0.0001; P = 0.0004). Similar trends in implantation rates were observed in different IVF centres each using their own protocols. Further analysis revealed that patients with at least one High embryo transferred had significantly higher clinical pregnancy rates than those with only Low embryos transferred (51% versus 34%; P = 0.02), although patients' clinical characteristics across groups were comparable. These data, together with previous research and clinical studies, confirm that computer-automated Eeva scores provide valuable information, which may improve the clinical outcome of IVF procedures and ultimately facilitate the trend of single embryo selection.

The first clinical validation of whole-genome screening on standard trophectoderm biopsies of preimplantation embryos.

Objective: To validate the performance of our laboratory-developed whole-genome screening assay within clinical preimplantation genetic testing environments. Design: Perform a laboratory-developed whole-genome assay on both cell lines and trophectoderm biopsies, subsequently employing the next-generation sequencing procedure to reach a sequencing depth of 30X. Adhere to the Genome Analysis Toolkit best practices for accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision calculations by comparing samples with references. Our assay was then applied to cell lines and biopsies harboring known pathogenic variants, aiming to ascertain these changes solely from the next-generation sequencing data, independent of parental genome information. Settings: Clinical laboratory. Patients: Coriell cell lines and research embryos with known chromosomal or genetic variants. Research trophectoderm biopsies from a couple that are heterozygous carriers for distinct variants in the same autosomal recessive gene (HOGA1). Intervention: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision were assessed by comparing the samples to their references. For samples with known variants, we calculated our sensitivity to detecting established variants. For the research embryos, noncarrier, carrier, and compound heterozygous states of inherited HOGA1 variants were distinguished independently of parental samples. Results: Amplification of DNA from cell lines and embryos yielded success rates exceeding 99.9% and 98.2%, respectively, although maintaining an accuracy of >99.9% for aneuploidy assessment. The accuracy (99.99%), specificity (99.99%), sensitivity (98.0%), and precision (98.1%) of amplified genome in the bottle (reference NA12878) and embryo biopsies were comparable to results on genomic DNA, including mitochondrial heteroplasmy. Using our assay, we achieved >99.99% sensitivity when examining samples with known chromosomal and genetic variants. This encompassed pathogenic CFTR, BRCA1, and other variants, along with uniparental isodisomies and microdeletions such as DiGeorge syndrome. Our research study identified noncarrier, carrier, and compound heterozygous states within trophectoderm biopsies while simultaneously screening for 1,300 other severe monogenic diseases. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first clinical validation of whole-genome embryo screening. In this study, we demonstrated high accuracy for aneuploidy calls (>99.9%) and genetic variants (99.99%), even in the absence of parental genomes. This assay demonstrates advancements in genomic screening and an extended scope for testing capabilities in the realm of preimplantation genetic testing.

Efficacy and safety of frozen-thawed embryo transfer in women aged 35 to 42 years from the PURSUE randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy and safety of frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FTET) cycles with supernumerary embryos cryopreserved during a randomized clinical trial (PURSUE). DESIGN: Follow-up clinical study. SETTING: In vitro fertilization (IVF) centers. PATIENT(S): Infertile women 35 to 42 years of age. INTERVENTION(S): In PURSUE, women were randomized to a single injection of 150 µg of corifollitropin alfa (n = 694) or daily 300 IU of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (recombinant FSH; n = 696) for the first 7 days of controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Cumulative vital pregnancy rate per-patient by treatment group, cumulative live-birth rate per-patient by treatment group, and occurrence of adverse events in (pregnant) women and their fetuses/infants and the incidence of congenital malformations in the infants. RESULT(S): Of the 1,390 treated women in PURSUE, 307 were enrolled in the FTET study. In PURSUE or a subsequent FTET cycle, the cumulative vital pregnancy rate (per patient) was 31.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 27.7%; 34.7%) with corifollitropin alfa versus 33.0% (95% CI: 29.6%; 36.7%) with recombinant FSH; treatment difference, -1.8% (95% CI, -6.5%; 3.0%), and the cumulative live-birth rate (per patient) was 28.2% (95% CI, 24.9%; 31.8%) with corifollitropin alfa versus 29.5% (95% CI, 26.1%; 33.0%) with recombinant FSH; treatment difference, -1.2% (95% CI, -5.7%; 3.4%). There were no clinically relevant differences in safety outcomes collected from pregnant women or their infants after transfer of cryopreserved embryos obtained by treatment with corifollitropin alfa or recombinant FSH. CONCLUSION(S): The cumulative vital pregnancy and live-birth rates (from fresh cycles and FTET) were similar in women treated with corifollitropin alfa and recombinant FSH. No new safety signals were detected in this follow-up FTET study. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01146418.

Large, comparative, randomized double-blind trial confirming noninferiority of pregnancy rates for corifollitropin alfa compared with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone in a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist controlled ovarian stimulation protocol in older patients undergoing in vitro fertilization.

OBJECTIVE: To compare corifollitropin alfa with recombinant FSH treatment in terms of the vital pregnancy rate in older patients undergoing IVF. DESIGN: Phase 3 randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial. SETTING: Multicenter trial. PATIENT(S): A total of 1,390 women aged 35-42 years. INTERVENTION(S): A single injection of 150 µg of corifollitropin alfa or daily 300 IU of recombinant FSH for the first 7 days then daily recombinant FSH until three follicles reach ≥17 mm in size. Ganirelix was started on stimulation day 5 up to and including the day of recombinant hCG administration. If available, two good quality embryos were transferred on day 3. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Vital pregnancy rate (PR), number of oocytes, and live birth rate. RESULT(S): Vital PRs per started cycle were 23.9% in the corifollitropin alfa group and 26.9% in the recombinant FSH group, with an estimated difference (95% confidence interval) of -3.0% (-7.4 to 1.4). The mean (SD) number of recovered oocytes per started cycle was 10.7 (7.2) and 10.3 (6.8) in the corifollitropin alfa and the recombinant FSH groups, respectively, with an estimated difference of 0.5 (-0.2 to 1.2). The live birth rates per started cycle were 21.3% in the corifollitropin alfa group and 23.4% in the recombinant FSH group, with an estimated difference (95% confidence interval) -2.3% (-6.5 to 1.9). The incidence of serious adverse events was 0.4% versus 2.7% in the corifollitropin alfa and recombinant FSH groups, respectively, and of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS; all grades) was 1.7% in both groups. CONCLUSION(S): Treatment with corifollitropin alfa was proven noninferior to daily recombinant FSH with respect to vital PRs, number of oocytes retrieved, and live birth rates, and was generally well tolerated. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01144416.

Accelerated endometrial maturation in the luteal phase of cycles utilizing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation: impact of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists versus antagonists.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the endometrium obtained during the luteal phase of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) cycles utilizing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists, and to compare these findings with those obtained in cycles utilizing a GnRH agonist and with artificial cycles among recipients. DESIGN: Prospective evaluation of oocyte donors. SETTING: University-based in vitro fertilization (IVF) center. PATIENT(S): Fifteen oocyte donors undergoing standard COH were enrolled in 1 of 3 COH groups, and 40 recipients of oocyte donation were used as a control group. INTERVENTION(S): Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and endometrial biopsy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Histological dating of endometrial biopsies, serum estradiol (E(2)) and progesterone levels. RESULT(S): On the day of oocyte retrieval, endometrial maturation was advanced by an average of 5.8 +/- 0.4 days in the antagonist group and 5.9 +/- 0.7 days in the agonist group. This advancement persisted on day 7 postoocyte retrieval. Serum progesterone levels were elevated before human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration, but remained similar in both groups. CONCLUSION(S): Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is associated with elevated progesterone levels in the late follicular phase and accelerated endometrial maturation in the subsequent luteal phase. No significant differences exist between preretrieval serial serum progesterone levels and luteal phase endometrial histology between cycles utilizing GnRH agonists or antagonists.

Human chorionic gonadotropin suppresses ovarian epithelial neoplastic cell proliferation in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the in vitro effects of gonadotropins on benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian cell lines. DESIGN: In vitro cell culture. SETTING: Research laboratory. PATIENT(S): None. INTERVENTION(S): Three hormonally sensitive ovarian neoplastic cell lines were exposed to control medium, FSH (40 mIU/mL), hCG (200 mIU/mL), and a combination of FSH and hCG. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Cellular proliferation measured by a colorimetric (MTT) assay. RESULT(S): Growth of the cell lines was similar when exposed to control or FSH. In the presence of hCG alone, the cell lines demonstrated decreased proliferation when compared to control or FSH alone. When hCG was given in combination with FSH, there was decreased proliferation of the cell lines compared to control or FSH alone. CONCLUSION(S): Growth of benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian epithelial cell lines is inhibited by hCG at levels, which are commonly achieved with hCG administration during ovulation induction or as a result of trophoblastic production in early pregnancy.

Improving embryo selection using a computer-automated time-lapse image analysis test plus day 3 morphology: results from a prospective multicenter trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the first computer-automated platform for time-lapse image analysis and blastocyst prediction and to determine how the screening information may assist embryologists in day 3 (D3) embryo selection. DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter, cohort study. SETTING: Five IVF clinics in the United States. PATIENT(S): One hundred sixty women ≥ 18 years of age undergoing fresh IVF treatment with basal antral follicle count ≥ 8, basal FSH <10 IU/mL, and ≥ 8 normally fertilized oocytes. INTERVENTION(S): A noninvasive test combining time-lapse image analysis with the cell-tracking software, Eeva (Early Embryo Viability Assessment), was used to measure early embryo development and generate usable blastocyst predictions by D3. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Improvement in the ability of experienced embryologists to select which embryos are likely to develop to usable blastocysts using D3 morphology alone, compared with morphology plus Eeva. RESULT(S): Experienced embryologists using Eeva in combination with D3 morphology significantly improved their ability to identify embryos that would reach the usable blastocyst stage (specificity for each of three embryologists using morphology vs. morphology plus Eeva: 59.7% vs. 86.3%, 41.9% vs. 84.0%, 79.5% vs. 86.6%). Adjunctive use of morphology plus Eeva improved embryo selection by enabling embryologists to better discriminate which embryos would be unlikely to develop to blastocyst and was particularly beneficial for improving selection among good-morphology embryos. Adjunctive use of morphology plus Eeva also reduced interindividual variability in embryo selection. CONCLUSION(S): Previous studies have shown improved implantation rates for blastocyst transfer compared with cleavage-stage transfer. Addition of Eeva to the current embryo grading process may improve the success rates of cleavage-stage ETs.

A comparison of live birth rates and cumulative ongoing pregnancy rates between Europe and North America after ovarian stimulation with corifollitropin alfa or recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone.

OBJECTIVE: To compare live birth rates after fresh embryo transfer (ET) and cumulative ongoing pregnancy rates after fresh ET and frozen-thawed (ET) between continents and overall after one treatment cycle with corifollitropin alfa or recombinant FSH. DESIGN: Double-blind, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Fourteen centers in North America (NA); 20 in Europe (EU). PATIENT(S): 804 NA patients and 702 EU patients. INTERVENTION(S): Patients >60 kg received a single dose of corifollitropin alfa or daily rFSH for the first 7 days of controlled ovarian stimulation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Live birth rates. RESULT(S): Within each continent no differences were noted between the two treatment groups; however, between continents, the cumulative ongoing pregnancy rate and live birth rate were considerably higher in NA than in EU. The live birth rate in NA was 39.2% in both treatment groups compared with 31.5% and 28.8% in EU after corifollitropin alfa and rFSH treatment, respectively. Considering the number of embryos transferred, the live birth rate per ET was still higher in NA than in EU (42.7% v.s 36.8% with corifollitropin alfa and 41.6% vs. 30.9% with rFSH). Overall live birth rates after fresh ET were 35.6% and 34.4% (estimated difference 1.1% [95% confidence interval -3.7-5.8]), and the estimated cumulative live birth rates were 43.4% and 41.3% with corifollitropin alfa and rFSH, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): Live birth rates and cumulative pregnancy rates were higher in NA than in EU after treatment with either corifollitropin alfa or daily rFSH; both treatment protocols provided equal success rates. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIERS: NCT00703014 and NCT00702273.

Regulation of cyclooxygenase activity in cultured endometrial stromal cells by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to regulate cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme activity and prostaglandins (PGs) synthesis, specifically PGE2 production in stromal cells, neither of which have been addressed in the literature. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Department of obstetrics and gynecology at a university hospital. PATIENT(S): Human luteal phase endometrium was obtained from surgical specimens (n = 6) for clinical indications. INTERVENTION(S): Confluent stromal cells were stimulated with GM-CSF. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Expression of COX mRNA, COX enzyme activity, and PGE2 level in cultured stromal cells. RESULT(S): Confluent stromal cell cultures treated with P and E2 for 9 days were stimulated with GM-CSF. After treatment of 12 hours, low-dose GM-CSF (0.001-0.1 ng/mL) increased COX-2 mRNA levels in stromal cell, whereas high dose GM-CSF (1-100 ng/mL) decreased COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA levels. After treatment of 48 hours, low concentrations of GM-CSF (0.001-0.1 ng/mL) increased total COX and COX-2 enzyme activity, whereas high concentrations of GM-CSF (1-100 ng/mL) inhibited COX and COX-2 activity; The PGE2 levels decreased by 31% to 393.3 pg/mL (P < .05) with concentrations of GM-CSF increasing from 1 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL. CONCLUSION(S): There appeared to be a biphasic pattern of COX-2 enzyme response to GM-CSF with low concentrations increasing activity and high concentrations inhibiting activity. It is possible that GM-CSF may provide critical regulation of PG production in the preimplantation period.

Exogenous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes follicular development in the newborn rat in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Expression and selective cellular localization of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and its receptor in ovarian tissue imply an autocrine/paracrine role in ovarian function. Evidence indicating a functional role for GM-CSF in ovarian follicular cell function has been provided by studies with GM-CSF knockout (GM-/-) mice, which suggest that GM-CSF influences events associated with murine follicular maturation. METHODS: Immature female rats were treated with GM-CSF, FSH or saline for 5 or 10 days. Ovaries were collected for histologic examination and immunostaining determination of CYP17, a theca cell marker. In addition, ovarian section slides were evaluated by immunofluorescence for CD45, an ovarian leukocyte marker. To investigate the possible mechanism of GM-CSF action on follicular development, theca-interstitial cells (T-I) were separated and cultured. Cells were treated with increasing concentrations of GM-CSF, then evaluated for CYP17 mRNA and protein expression assays. RESULTS: After 10 days of treatment with GM-CSF, the number of small preantral and large preantral follicles was significantly increased compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Similarly, treatment with FSH increased the number of small preantral and large preantral follicles (P < 0.05). CD45 expression measured by immunofluorescence was not different in the three groups, indicating that the distribution of leukocytes was unchanged. In addition, CYP17 was increased in the T-I cells both in vivo and in vitro after GM-CSF treatment. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that GM-CSF may play a significant role in follicular development.

Monozygotic twins and triplets in association with blastocyst transfer.

PURPOSE: To compare the incidence of monozygotic twins following blastocyst versus day-3 embryo transfer (ET). METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the outcome of assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles utilizing blastocyst ET during 1999-2000 was compared to a similar group of patients undergoing day-3 ET during 1997-1998. RESULTS: Blastocyst ET was used in 75 cycles with 2.0 +/- 2 embryos transferred. The comparison group consisted of 90 cycles with day-3 ET and 3.0 +/- 2 embryos transferred. CONCLUSIONS: High pregnancy rates are maintained with blastocyst ET even though fewer embryos are transferred. The rate of monozygotic twins is higher with blastocyst ET than with day-3 ET. This increase may partially negate the benefit of reduced high-order multiple gestations attributed to blastocyst ET.

Pregnancy in the sixth decade of life: obstetric outcomes in women of advanced reproductive age.

CONTEXT: As a result of oocyte donation, women in their sixth decade of life are now able to conceive and carry pregnancies to term. However, little is known about pregnancy outcomes in this population. OBJECTIVE: To describe pregnancy outcomes in women aged 50 years or older who conceived after in vitro fertilization with donor oocytes. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective analysis of cycles conducted at a US university assisted reproduction program during calendar years 1991-2001. PATIENTS: Seventy-seven postmenopausal women with no chronic medical conditions (mean [SD] age, 52.8 [2.9] years; range, 50-63 years) who underwent 121 embryo transfer procedures (89 fresh and 32 frozen). Pregnancy outcomes were ascertained by chart review and telephone follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Maternal and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: There were 55 clinical pregnancies for a total pregnancy rate of 45.5%. The live birth rate was 37.2%. Of the 45 live births, 31 were singletons, 12 were twins, and 2 were triplets, for which the mean (SD) gestational ages at delivery were 38.4 (2.1) weeks, 35.8 (2.8) weeks, and 32.2 weeks, respectively. Mean (SD) birth weights were 3039 g (703 g), 2254 g (581 g), and 1913 g, respectively. Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes were 8.2 (0.9) and 9.1 (0.5), respectively. Of singletons, 68% were delivered by cesarean, and all multiples were delivered by cesarean. Mild preeclampsia was noted in 25% of patients and severe preeclampsia in 10%. Gestational diabetes required diet modification in 17.5%, and 2.5% required insulin. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriately screened women aged 50 years or older can successfully conceive via oocyte donation and experience similar pregnancy rates, multiple gestation rates, and spontaneous abortion rates as younger recipients. During pregnancy, they appear at increased risk of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. A majority can expect to deliver via cesarean. However, there does not appear to be any definitive medical reason for excluding these women from attempting pregnancy on the basis of age alone.