[The Goblets test: Norms in the elderly population and properties in the detection of cognitive impairment in elderly individuals selected from the general population]. / Le test des gobelets : normes et propriétés de détection d'un trouble cognitif chez des sujets sélectionnés en population générale.

INTRODUCTION: Most current tools exploring visuospatial memory abilities are poorly adapted to the elderly population. The Goblets test allows a brief evaluation of visuospatial memory abilities through an encoding phase in which the participant has to learn a particular sequence and a further delayed recall phase. The aim of the present work was to produce normative scores for this test and to study its properties in the detection of dementia. METHODS: Data were collected in a sample of 1002 agricultural retirees aged 65 years and over included in the AMI study, a population-based cohort study conducted in Gironde (southwestern France). The sample analyzed to establish normative data included 795 non-institutionalized and non-demented participants. Regarding the validity study, the sample analyzed included 912 participants of whom 76 subjects with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS: Normative scores were calculated according to age (65-74 years and 75 years and over) and educational level (primary school level not validated by a diploma, primary school level validated by a diploma and more than a primary school level). The normative scores of the learning phase were described using the percentiles while rates of success were reported for the delayed recall. Regarding the properties of the test, the Goblets test seemed to be more specific than sensitive and presented high negative predictive values. The Youden index showed that the better cut-off score was two trials (with 75.0% sensitivity and 83.0% specificity). CONCLUSION: The Goblets test can be a helpful tool in screening for dementia. Nevertheless, like many other simple and quick cognitive tests, it cannot be used alone to establish the diagnosis of dementia. This test has the advantage to be easy to administer in clinical situations; the normative scores presented in this study could be used as an aid to interpret a patient's performance.

[Needs and expectations of Alzheimer's disease family caregivers]. / Attentes et besoins des aidants de personnes souffrant de maladie d'Alzheimer.

BACKGROUND: Family members of people suffering from Alzheimer's disease play a major role in providing daily life care for their relatives. Compared to non-caregivers, they present increased risks of mortality as well as psychological and physical co-morbidity. Altered relationships between caregivers and medical staff and dissatisfaction with the quality of help provided tend to increase the risk of depression and anxiety disorders among caregivers. The present study aimed at exploring the needs and expectations of family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease who request medical assistance for their relatives. METHODS: The present analysis is an ancillary study of a large multicentric controlled randomized study designed to assess the efficacy of three non-pharmacological treatments in Alzheimer's disease, in which 645 mild-to-moderate Alzheimer patients were enrolled. Needs and expectations of the caregivers were assessed with a French scale of patient expectations for medical consultation, the échelle d'attentes en matière de consultations (EAC), completed by caregivers during the inclusion visit. This scale consists in a self-administered 28-item questionnaire concerning four main needs: learning skills to improve daily life management of their relatives; information regarding the disease; improving caregivers' self-confidence; support to improve communication with their relatives. RESULTS: The ten items for which more than 40% of caregivers reported high or very high expectations referred to two main needs: information regarding the disease (treatment, prognosis…) and learning skills in order to improve daily life management of their relative. The predominance of such needs was observed whatever the relationship between the caregiver and the cared relative but seemed to be more pronounced in female spouses and children of patients with Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSIONS: Needs and expectations of Alzheimer's disease family caregivers involve two major aspects: first, information regarding the disease (treatment, prognosis…) and second, learning skills for improving daily life management of their relative. These results suggest that among the various available family caregivers support programs, programs providing information, education, and practical advice to improve daily life assistance seem to be adequate.

Routinegedrag in de ouderdom. Onderzoek met de Schaal van Voorkeur voor Routine.

ROUTINIZATION IN OLD AGE: Although it is generally known, and even quoted as a quite ordinary failing of old age, routinization has been rarely the subject of scientific investigation. Is this behaviour so "ordinary" as seem to affirm the usual prejudices? In the present article, the authors present an overview of their work on this question. They developed a 10-item 5-point Likert Scale of Preference in Routine. The scale has been validated and related to age, anxiety and depression as well as cognitive deterioration. The results confirm that the routinization can be an interesting indication of vulnerability that must be taken in consideration especially in dealing with institutionalized elderly.

[Routinization in old age]. / Routinegedrag in de ouderdom. Onderzoek met de Schaal van Voorkeur voor Routine.

Although it is generally known, and even quoted as a quite ordinary failing of old age, routinization has been rarely the subject of scientific investigation. Is this behaviour so "ordinary" as seem to affirm the usual prejudices? In the present article, the authors present an overview of their work on this question. They developed a 10-item 5-point Likert Scale of Preference in Routine. The scale has been validated and related to age, anxiety and depression as well as cognitive deterioration. The results confirm that the routinization can be an interesting indication of vulnerability that must be taken in consideration especially in dealing with institutionalized elderly.