Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Diol-Based Peptidomimetics as Potential HIV Protease Inhibitors and Antitumor Agents.

Peptidomimetic HIV protease inhibitors are an important class of drugs used in the treatment of AIDS. The synthesis of a new type of diol-based peptidomimetics is described. Our route is flexible, uses d-glucal as an inexpensive starting material, and makes minimal use of protection/deprotection cycles. Binding affinities from molecular docking simulations suggest that these compounds are potential inhibitors of HIV protease. Moreover, the antiproliferative activities of compounds 33 a, 35 a, and 35 b on HT-29, M21, and MCF7 cancer cell lines are in the low micromolar range. The results provide a platform that could facilitate the development of medically relevant asymmetrical diol-based peptidomimetics.

Synthesis of the Marine Myxobacterial Antibiotic Enhygrolide A.

The first synthesis of enhygrolide A, a scarce γ-alkylidenebutenolide antibiotic of the obligate marine myxobacterium Enhygromyxa salina, was achieved in five steps and 54% overall yield from tetronic acid. Key steps include (i) organocatalytic reductive alkylation, (ii) iron-catalyzed sp2-sp3 cross-coupling, and (iii) vinylogous aldol condensation. Aside from its brevity and reliance on environmentally sustainable processes, the synthesis demonstrates the serviceability of butenolide pivalates in cross-coupling reactions.

Total Synthesis of the Antitumor Antibiotic Basidalin.

The first synthesis of the tetronamide antibiotic basidalin was accomplished in five steps and 39% overall yield from readily available 4-bromo-2-triisopropylsilyloxyfuran and 2-formyl-1,3-dithiane. Highlights include: (i) regio- and stereocontrolled assemblage of a pivotal (Z)-γ-ylidene-ß-bromobutenolide intermediate by stereodirected vinylogous aldol condensation (SVAC), (ii) installation of the amino group via aza-Michael addition/elimination, and crucially (iii) facile access to basidalin by late-stage dithiane removal.

Asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-O-methylasparvenone, a rare nitrogen-free serotonin 2C receptor antagonist.

The first enantioselective synthesis of the fungal metabolite (+)-O-methylasparvenone was achieved in eight steps and 22% overall yield from inexpensive 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde dimethyl acetal. Key steps include (i) early-stage asymmetric alkynylation of an aromatic aldehyde with a propiolate, (ii) intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation, and (iii) site-selective cleavage of an aryl methyl ether.

Thermodynamically driven, syn-selective vinylogous aldol reaction of tetronamides.

A stereoselective vinylogous aldol reaction of N-monosubstituted tetronamides with aldehydes is described. The procedure is simple and scalable, works well with both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, and affords mainly the corresponding syn-aldol adducts. In many cases, the latter are obtained essentially free of their anti-isomers (dr > 99 : 1) in high yields (70-90%). Experimental and computational studies suggest that the observed diastereoselectivity arises through anti-syn isomer interconversion, enabled by an iterative retro-aldol/aldol reaction.

Advancements in tetronic acid chemistry. Part 2: Use as a simple precursor to privileged heterocyclic motifs.

This work highlights the literature of one of the most valuable moieties in the field of organic chemistry. In this review, the chemistry of tetronic acid as a simple precursor to privileged heterocyclic motifs is described. The synthetic procedures of different fused heterocycles incorporating a furan moiety are described. Fused heterocycles are classified as bicyclic, tricyclic, tetracyclic and spiro-fused pyran derivatives.

Step-economical synthesis of the marine ascidian antibiotics cadiolide A, B, and D.

A concise, modular and efficient synthesis of the title natural products is reported. Prominent steps include (i) one-pot assembly of a key ß-aryl-α-benzoylbutenolide building block by regiocontrolled "click-unclick" oxazole-ynone Diels-Alder cycloaddition/cycloreversion and ensuing 2-alkoxyfuran hydrolysis and (ii) a protecting group-free vinylogous Knoevenagel condensation enabling rapid access to cadiolides A, B, and D from a common precursor.

Synthesis of new tetronamides displaying inhibitory activity against bloom-forming cyanobacteria.

BACKGROUND: The increasing frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms pose a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems. These blooms produce potent toxins that can contaminate drinking water and endanger the life of wild and domestic animals as well as humans. Consequently, the development of effective methods for their control is a matter of high priority. We have previously shown that some γ-benzylidenebutenolides, related to the rubrolide family of natural products, are capable of inhibiting the photosynthetic electron transport chain (Hill reaction), a target of commercial herbicides. Here we report the synthesis and biological properties of a new class of rubrolide-inspired molecules featuring a tetronamide motif. RESULTS: A total of 47 N-aryl tetronamides, including 38 aldol adducts, were prepared bearing phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, aliphatic and heteroaromatic groups. Some of the aldol adducts were dehydrated to the corresponding γ-benzylidenetetronamides, although satisfactory yields were obtained in only three cases (52-97%). None of the synthesized compounds were capable of blocking the Hill reaction. This notwithstanding, several aldol adducts equipped with a biphenyl substituent displayed excellent inhibitory activity against Synechococcus elongatus and other cyanobacterial strains (IC50  = 1-5 µM). Further, these tetronamides were found to be essentially inactive against eukaryotic microorganisms. CONCLUSION: Several newly synthesized biphenyl-containing tetronamides were shown to display potent and selective inhibitory activity against cyanobacteria. These compounds appear to exert their biological effects without interfering with the Hill reaction. As such, they represent novel leads in the search of environmentally benign agents for controlling cyanobacterial blooms. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

General, regiodefined access to alpha-substituted butenolides through metal-halogen exchange of 3-bromo-2-silyloxyfurans. Efficient synthesis of an anti-inflammatory gorgonian lipid.

A variety of alpha-substituted butenolides were efficiently prepared from 3-bromo-2-triisopropylsilyloxyfuran via lithium-bromine exchange and in situ quench with carbon or heteroatom electrophiles. The inherent flexibility of this methodology is illustrated by a short and efficient synthesis of an anti-inflammatory marine natural product.

Asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-panacene and correction of its relative configuration.

[reaction: see text] The first synthesis of (-)-panacene has been accomplished in concise, highly stereoselective fashion from commercially available 2-methoxy-6-methylbenzoic acid (15 steps, 8.3% overall yield). The synthesis unambiguously establishes the correct relative and absolute configuration of panacene, and demonstrates the serviceability of Pd(II)-mediated tandem intramolecular alkoxycarbonylation-lactonization for the expedient assembly of its tricyclic core, and the dual role of asymmetric alkynylation as an initial source of chirality and as a powerful tool for manipulating diastereoselectivity.

Steady-state kinetics and inhibition of anaerobically purified human homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase.

HGO (homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase; EC 1.13.11.5) catalyses the O2-dependent cleavage of HGA (homogentisate) to maleylacetoacetate in the catabolism of tyrosine. Anaerobic purification of heterologously expressed Fe(II)-containing human HGO yielded an enzyme preparation with a specific activity of 28.3+/- 0.6 micromol x min(-1) x mg(-1) (20 mM Mes, 80 mM NaCl, pH 6.2, 25 degrees C), which is almost twice that of the most active preparation described to date. Moreover, the addition of reducing agents or other additives did not increase the specific activity, in contrast with previous reports. The apparent specificity of HGO for HGA was highest at pH 6.2 and the steady-state cleavage of HGA fit a compulsory-order ternary-complex mechanism (K(m) value of 28.6+/-6.2 microM for HGA, K(m) value of 1240+/-160 microM for O2). Free HGO was subject to inactivation in the presence of O2 and during the steady-state cleavage of HGA. Both cases involved the oxidation of the active site Fe(II). 3-Cl HGA, a potential inhibitor of HGO, and its isosteric analogue, 3-Me HGO, were synthesized. At saturating substrate concentrations, HGO cleaved 3-Me and 3-Cl HGA 10 and 100 times slower than HGA respectively. The apparent specificity of HGO for HGA was approx. two orders of magnitude higher than for either 3-Me or 3-Cl HGA. Interestingly, 3-Cl HGA inactivated HGO only twice as rapidly as HGA. This contrasts with what has been observed in mechanistically related dioxygenases, which are rapidly inactivated by chlorinated substrate analogues, such as 3-hydroxyanthranilate dioxygenase by 4-Cl 3-hydroxyanthranilate.

Concise total synthesis of (-)-auxofuran by a click Diels-Alder strategy.

The first synthesis of auxofuran, a newly discovered auxin-like signaling molecule of streptomycetes, has been achieved in seven steps and 59% overall yield from commercial starting materials. Central to the synthetic route is a click-unclick Diels-Alder cycloaddition/cycloreversion regimen enabling rapid access to an advanced intermediate from an unactivated alkyne.

Direct observation of molecular preorganization for chirality transfer on a catalyst surface.

The chemisorption of specific optically active compounds on metal surfaces can create catalytically active chirality transfer sites. However, the mechanism through which these sites bias the stereoselectivity of reactions (typically hydrogenations) is generally assumed to be so complex that continued progress in the area is uncertain. We show that the investigation of heterogeneous asymmetric induction with single-site resolution sufficient to distinguish stereochemical conformations at the submolecular level is finally accessible. A combination of scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations reveals the stereodirecting forces governing preorganization into precise chiral modifier-substrate bimolecular surface complexes. The study shows that the chiral modifier induces prochiral switching on the surface and that different prochiral ratios prevail at different submolecular binding sites on the modifier at the reaction temperature.

Structure revision and synthesis of a novel labdane diterpenoid from Zingiber ottensii.

The structure of ottensinin, a recently reported constituent of the medicinal plant Zingiber ottensii, was revised by re-evaluation of available NMR data from alpha-ylidenebutenolide 1 to gamma-pyrone 2, whose rearranged labdane skeleton is unprecedented. Structure 2 was proven by synthesis from (+)-sclareolide (nine steps, 27% overall yield) and was further validated by X-ray diffraction analysis of our synthetic sample. A plausible biosynthesis of 2 is proposed.

Synthesis and stereochemistry of the antitumor diterpenoid (+)-zerumin B.

Starting from commercially available (+)-sclareolide, the first synthesis of zerumin B was achieved by a concise, highly efficient pathway featuring stereoselective addition of a new silyloxyfuryltitanium reagent to an aldehyde intermediate and silyloxyfuran oxyfunctionalization as key steps. The synthesis established the relative and absolute configuration of zerumin B along with its identity with a purportedly new diterpenoid isolated from the plant Renealmia alpinia.

A concise synthesis of siphonodictidine.

Siphonodictidine (1) has been synthesized for the first time in a concise and regiocontrolled manner by using 2-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)-3-methylfuran (6) as the crucial building block. The silver trifluoroacetate-induced alkylation of 6 with omega-bromogeranyl acetate 7 gave the key gamma-lactone intermediate 8, which on subsequent reduction, conversion of the hydroxyl into the amino group, and amidination afforded siphonodictidine (1) in an overall yield of 25.7% from 6.