RNF212B E3 ligase is essential for crossover designation and maturation during male and female meiosis in the mouse.

Meiosis, a reductional cell division, relies on precise initiation, maturation, and resolution of crossovers (COs) during prophase I to ensure the accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I. This process is regulated by the interplay of RING-E3 ligases such as RNF212 and HEI10 in mammals. In this study, we functionally characterized a recently identified RING-E3 ligase, RNF212B. RNF212B colocalizes and interacts with RNF212, forming foci along chromosomes from zygonema onward in a synapsis-dependent and DSB-independent manner. These consolidate into larger foci at maturing COs, colocalizing with HEI10, CNTD1, and MLH1 by late pachynema. Genetically, RNF212B foci formation depends on Rnf212 but not on Msh4, Hei10, and Cntd1, while the unloading of RNF212B at the end of pachynema is dependent on Hei10 and Cntd1. Mice lacking RNF212B, or expressing an inactive RNF212B protein, exhibit modest synapsis defects, a reduction in the localization of pro-CO factors (MSH4, TEX11, RPA, MZIP2) and absence of late CO-intermediates (MLH1). This loss of most COs by diakinesis results in mostly univalent chromosomes. Double mutants for Rnf212b and Rnf212 exhibit an identical phenotype to that of Rnf212b single mutants, while double heterozygous demonstrate a dosage-dependent reduction in CO number, indicating a functional interplay between paralogs. SUMOylome analysis of testes from Rnf212b mutants and pull-down analysis of Sumo- and Ubiquitin-tagged HeLa cells, suggest that RNF212B is an E3-ligase with Ubiquitin activity, serving as a crucial factor for CO maturation. Thus, RNF212 and RNF212B play vital, yet overlapping roles, in ensuring CO homeostasis through their distinct E3 ligase activities.

Ammonia excretion in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) and responses of an Rhc glycoprotein.

Hagfishes, the most ancient of the extant craniates, demonstrate a high tolerance for a number of unfavorable environmental conditions, including elevated ammonia. Proposed mechanisms of ammonia excretion in aquatic organisms include vesicular NH(4)(+) transport and release by exocytosis in marine crabs, and passive NH(3) diffusion, active NH(4)(+) transport, and paracellular leakage of NH3 or NH(4)(+) across the gills of fishes. Recently, an emerging paradigm suggests that Rhesus glycoproteins play a vital role in ammonia transport in both aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates. This study has identified an Rh glycoprotein ortholog from the gills of Atlantic hagfish. The hagfish Rhcg shares a 56-60% amino acid identity to other vertebrate Rhcg cDNAs. Sequence information was used to produce an anti-hagfish Rhcg (hRhcg) antibody. We have used hRhcg to localize protein expression to epithelial cells of the gill and the skin. In addition, we have quantified hRhcg expression following exposure to elevated plasma ammonia levels. Animals exposed to a 3 mmol/kg NH(4)Cl load resulted in significantly elevated plasma ammonia concentrations compared with controls for up to 4 h postinjection. This correlated with net ammonia excretion rates that were also significantly elevated for up to 4 h postinjection. Rhcg mRNA expression in both the gill and skin was significantly elevated by 15 min and 1 h, respectively, and hRhcg protein expression in gills was significantly elevated at 2, 4, and 8 h postinjection. These results demonstrate a potential role for Rhcg in the excretion of ammonia in the Atlantic hagfish.

Assessing and treating faecal incontinence.

Compared with the rest of the population, older people receive inequitable care for faecal incontinence. Good care improves symptoms and minimises the effects of this common problem on quality of life. Faecal incontinence is a symptom rather than a diagnosis and there are a number of options for investigation and treatment depending on the suspected underlying cause. Although there are clear guidelines for assessment and management, there are significant gaps in the evidence base and in service provision. There are many opportunities for improving care and nurses should be encouraging, supporting and leading these improvements.

Dynamic regulatory phosphorylation of mouse CDK2 occurs during meiotic prophase I.

During prophase I of meiosis, DNA double-strand breaks form throughout the genome, with a subset repairing as crossover events, enabling the accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division. The mechanism by which DSBs become selected to repair as crossovers is unknown, although the crossover positioning and levels in each cell indicate it is a highly regulated process. One of the proteins that localises to crossover sites is the serine/threonine cyclin-dependent kinase CDK2. Regulation of CDK2 occurs via phosphorylation at tyrosine 15 (Y15) and threonine 160 (T160) inhibiting and activating the kinase, respectively. In this study we use a combination of immunofluorescence staining on spread spermatocytes and fixed testis sections, and STA-PUT gravitational sedimentation to isolate cells at different developmental stages to further investigate the temporal phospho regulation of CDK2 during prophase I. Western blotting reveals differential levels of the two CDK2 isoforms (CDK233kDa and CDK239kDa) throughout prophase I, with inhibitory phosphorylation of CDK2 at Y15 occurring early in prophase I, localising to telomeres and diminishing as cells enter pachynema. Conversely, the activatory phosphorylation on T160 occurs later, specifically the CDK233kDa isoform, and T160 signal is detected in spermatogonia and pachytene spermatocytes, where it co-localises with the Class I crossover protein MLH3. Taken together, our data reveals intricate control of CDK2 both with regards to levels of the two CDK2 isoforms, and differential regulation via inhibitory and activatory phosphorylation.

Hospital practitioner views on the benefits of continence education and best ways to provide training.

AIM: The aim of the study was to explore practitioners' experiences and perspectives on continence training, in order to understand its relevance to practice and how take-up of, and engagement with, such training may be improved. DESIGN: 27 qualitative interviews were conducted with nursing, medical and allied health practitioners in three hospitals. METHODS: We analysed data thematically, both manually and with the aid of NVivo software. The research adheres to the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research checklist. RESULTS: Practitioners asserted the likely benefits of evidence-based continence training, including more judicious use of products, reduction in associated infection, better patient skin care and more facilitative communication with patients. Practitioners also identified preferred methods of continence training, according to their role and workload. To ensure better take-up of, and engagement with, continence training, it must be authorized as essential and provided in ways that reflect professional preferences and pragmatic resource considerations.

Rule-Governed Behavior: Teaching Social Skills via Rule-Following to Children with Autism.

Rule-governed behavior (RGB) is behavior that is controlled by verbal descriptions of contingencies rather than by direct contact or a history of direct contact with the contingencies. Humans rely on RGB to navigate a multitude of life experiences, and in doing so, we avoid direct contact with destructive or harmful contingencies or contingencies that would be inefficient to contact. However, individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) frequently struggle with RGB, leaving them at increased risk of contacting aversive consequences. As a result, acquiring RGB can be a valuable developmental outcome for individuals with ASD. The current study examined the effectiveness of an intervention program designed to promote acquisition and generalization of rule-governed social skills in children with ASD. Multiple exemplar training (MET) resulted in increased performance of the target behavior as well as successful discrimination.

Case Report: Generalised Panniculitis as a Post-COVID-19 Presentation in Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome Treated With Ruxolitinib.

Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a rare hereditary early-onset encephalopathy. The syndrome was first described in 1984, and is characterised by upregulation of the type I interferon (IFN) pathway, which is involved in the host immune response against viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Whilst defects in type I IFN pathways have been described in association with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), less is known about the outcomes of upregulation. We describe an unusual case of generalised panniculitis as a post-COVID-19 phenomenon in a child with AGS. Our patient was initially managed with systemic steroid therapy, but due to relapse of symptoms on weaning, an alternative therapy was sought. In this case, a novel use of ruxolitinib, a JAK inhibitor, has resulted in lasting remission without complications. We discuss the probable protective role of IFN upregulation following COVID-19 infection in AGS and possible immunological mechanisms driving the panniculitis and therapeutic response in our case.

'We tend to get pad happy': a qualitative study of health practitioners' perspectives on the quality of continence care for older people in hospital.

BACKGROUND: Bladder and bowel control difficulties affect 20% and 10% of the UK population, respectively, touch all age groups and are particularly prevalent in the older (65+ years) population. However, the quality of continence care is often poor, compromising patient health and well-being, increasing the risk of infection, and is a predisposing factor to nursing and residential home placement. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors that help or hinder good continence care for patients aged 65 years and over in hospital medical ward settings. Medical care, not surgical, was our exclusive focus. METHODS: We conducted 27 qualitative interviews with nursing, medical and allied health practitioners in three hospitals. We used a purposive sample and analysed data thematically, both manually and with the aid of NVivo software. RESULTS: Interviews revealed perspectives on practice promoting or inhibiting good quality continence care, as well as suggestions for improvements. Good continence care was said to be advanced through person-centred care, robust assessment and monitoring, and a proactive approach to encouraging patient independence. Barriers to quality care centred on lack of oversight, automatic use of incontinence products and staffing pressures. Suggested improvements centred on participatory care, open communication and care planning with a higher bladder and bowel health profile. In order to drive such improvements, hospital-based practitioners indicate a need and desire for regular continence care training. CONCLUSIONS: Findings help explain the persistence of barriers to providing good quality care for patients aged 65 years and over with incontinence. Resolute continence promotion, in hospitals and throughout the National Health Service, would reduce reliance on products and the accompanying risks of patient dependency and catheter-associated gram-negative bacteraemia. Robust assessment and care planning, open communication and regular continence care training would assist such promotion and also help mitigate resource limitations by developing safer, time-efficient continence care.

Human NK cell deficiency as a result of biallelic mutations in MCM10.

Human natural killer cell deficiency (NKD) arises from inborn errors of immunity that lead to impaired NK cell development, function, or both. Through the understanding of the biological perturbations in individuals with NKD, requirements for the generation of terminally mature functional innate effector cells can be elucidated. Here, we report a cause of NKD resulting from compound heterozygous mutations in minichromosomal maintenance complex member 10 (MCM10) that impaired NK cell maturation in a child with fatal susceptibility to CMV. MCM10 has not been previously associated with monogenic disease and plays a critical role in the activation and function of the eukaryotic DNA replisome. Through evaluation of patient primary fibroblasts, modeling patient mutations in fibroblast cell lines, and MCM10 knockdown in human NK cell lines, we have shown that loss of MCM10 function leads to impaired cell cycle progression and induction of DNA damage-response pathways. By modeling MCM10 deficiency in primary NK cell precursors, including patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, we further demonstrated that MCM10 is required for NK cell terminal maturation and acquisition of immunological system function. Together, these data define MCM10 as an NKD gene and provide biological insight into the requirement for the DNA replisome in human NK cell maturation and function.

Low rates of PTSD in men attending childbirth: a preliminary study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether men experience symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after attending their partner's labour and delivery and the prevalence and predictors of symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression. DESIGN: This quantitative study involved a large sample, within-participants design with questionnaires completed at recruitment and six weeks follow-up. METHODS: Within 72 hours of attending their partner giving birth, 199 men provided demographic details and completed questions about their partner's pregnancy, labour and delivery. Six weeks later they completed a second questionnaire booklet containing measures of symptoms of post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression. RESULTS: No men reported symptoms at significant levels on all three dimensions of PTSD (intrusions, avoidance, and hyperarousal) although 12% reported clinically significant symptoms on at least one dimension. The dimension with the highest frequency was hyperarousal. Linear regression indicated more PTSD symptoms were predicted by trait anxiety, fewer children, the pregnancy being unplanned, being present at actual delivery, and feeling less confident about coping, less prepared, and more distressed during the process of childbirth. Prevalence of clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety was 8 and 7%, respectively, and was predicted by higher trait anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample there was little evidence for the full constellation of PTSD in men attending their partner giving birth. Using a trauma perspective in this context may not be supported. Those symptoms most commonly reported could be viewed primarily as anxiety and were linked with less previous experience of attending childbirth. Attendance at actual delivery was a key predictor of symptoms.

The maintenance of phenotypic divergence through sexual selection: An experimental study in barn swallows Hirundo rustica.

Previous studies have shown that sexual signals can rapidly diverge among closely related species. However, we lack experimental studies to demonstrate that differences in trait-associated reproductive performance maintain sexual trait differences between closely related populations, in support for a role of sexual selection in speciation. Populations of Northern Hemisphere distributed barn swallows Hirundo rustica are closely related, yet differ in two plumage-based traits: ventral color and length of the outermost tail feathers (streamers). Here we provide experimental evidence that manipulations of these traits result in different reproductive consequences in two subspecies of barn swallow: (H. r. erythrogaster in North America and H. r. transitiva in the East Mediterranean). Experimental results in Colorado, USA, demonstrate that males with (1) darkened ventral coloration and (2) shortened streamers gained paternity between two successive reproductive bouts. In contrast, exaggeration of both traits improved reproductive performance within H. r. transitiva in Israel: males with a combination treatment of darkened ventral coloration and elongated streamers gained paternity between two successive reproductive bouts. Collectively, these experimental results fill an important gap in our understanding for how divergent sexual selection maintains phenotype differentiation in closely related populations, an important aspect of the speciation process.

Gait Training Interventions for Lower Extremity Amputees: A Systematic Literature Review.

Lower extremity (LE) amputation patients who use prostheses have gait asymmetries and altered limb loading and movement strategies when ambulating. Subsequent secondary conditions are believed to be associated with gait deviations and lead to long-term complications that impact function and quality of life as a result. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature to determine the strength of evidence supporting gait training interventions and to formulate evidence statements to guide practice and research related to therapeutic gait training for lower extremity amputees. A systematic review of three databases was conducted followed by evaluation of evidence and synthesis of empirical evidence statements (EES). Eighteen manuscripts were included in the review, which covered two areas of gait training interventions: 1) overground and 2) treadmill-based. Eight EESs were synthesized. Four addressed overground gait training, one covered treadmill training, and three statements addressed both forms of therapy. Due to the gait asymmetries, altered biomechanics, and related secondary consequences associated with LE amputation, gait training interventions are needed along with study of their efficacy. Overground training with verbal or other auditory, manual, and psychological awareness interventions was found to be effective at improving gait. Similarly, treadmill-based training was found to be effective: 1) as a supplement to overground training; 2) independently when augmented with visual feedback and/or body weight support; or 3) as part of a home exercise plan. Gait training approaches studied improved multiple areas of gait, including sagittal and coronal biomechanics, spatiotemporal measures, and distance walked.

INTERVENTIONS TO MANAGE RESIDUAL LIMB ULCERATION DUE TO PROSTHETIC USE IN INDIVIDUALS WITH LOWER EXTREMITY AMPUTATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.

Patients with lower extremity amputation (LEA) experience 65% more dermatologic issues than non-amputees, and skin problems are experienced by ≈75% of LEA patients who use prostheses. Continuously referring LEA patients to a dermatologist for every stump related skin condition may be impractical. Thus, physical rehabilitation professionals should be prepared to recognize and manage common non-emergent skin conditions in this population. The purpose of this study was to determine the quantity, quality, and strength of available evidence supporting treatment methods for prosthesis-related residual limb (RL) ulcers. Systematic literature review with evidence grading and synthesis of empirical evidence statements (EES) was employed. Three EESs were formulated describing ulcer etiology, conditions in which prosthetic continuance is practical, circumstances likely requiring prosthetic discontinuance, and the consideration of additional medical or surgical interventions. Continued prosthetic use is a viable option to manage minor or early-stage ulcerated residual limbs in compliant patients lacking multiple comorbidities. Prosthetic discontinuance is also a viable method of residual limb ulcer healing and may be favored in the presence of severe acute ulcerations, chronic heavy smoking, intractable pain, rapid volume and weight change, history of chronic ulceration, systemic infections, or advanced dysvascular etiology. Surgery or other interventions may also be necessary in such cases to achieve restored prosthetic ambulation. A short bout of prosthetic discontinuance with a staged re-introduction plan is another viable option that may be warranted in patients with ulceration due to poor RL volume management. High-quality prospective research with larger samples is needed to determine the most appropriate course of treatment when a person with LEA develops an RL ulcer that is associated with prosthetic use.

Variation in access to community rehabilitation services and length of stay in hospital following a hip fracture: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess variation in access to and use of community rehabilitation services for patients with a hip fracture, and whether this affects length of stay in hospital. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using administrative patient-level data from Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and organisational survey data. SETTING: A regional health economy in South West England served by four acute National Health Service (NHS) hospital trusts and six former Primary Care Trusts (PCTs). POPULATION: 1230 hip fracture patients treated in an acute hospital between 1 April 2011 and 29 February 2012. MAIN OUTCOMES: Information about access to community rehabilitation services for each acute hospital and PCT, reported by organisational survey. Rates of patients transferred from acute hospital to community rehabilitation hospitals (CRH) across eight groups with varying access; determined by acute hospital and PCT. Median lengths of stay in the acute hospital, and in the acute hospital plus CRH combined. Associations between the rate of transfer to a CRH and median lengths of stay assessed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rs). RESULTS: Access to community rehabilitation services varied, including the number of CRH inpatient beds, formal access criteria and waiting times. In one PCT, no home-based rehabilitation service was available. The percentage of patients transferred to a CRH ranged from 2.1% to 54.7%. A higher transfer rate was associated with a shorter median length of stay in the acute hospital (rs=-0.8; p=0.01), but a longer median combined length of stay in the acute hospital and CRH (rs=+0.7; p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Within one geographical area, there was wide variation in availability and use of community rehabilitation services for patients discharged from an acute hospital following a hip fracture. Reliance on transfers to community rehabilitation hospitals was associated with a longer length of stay in the NHS.

Can paramedics use FRAX (the WHO Fracture Risk Assessment Tool) to help GPs improve future fracture risk in patients who fall? Protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility study.

INTRODUCTION: Currently identification, and therefore, management of patients at risk of osteoporotic fracture in the UK is suboptimal. As the majority of patients who fracture have fallen, it follows that people who fall can usefully be targeted in any programme that aims to reduce osteoporotic fracture. Targeting vulnerable patients who are likely to benefit from intervention may help shift the management of fracture prevention into primary care, away from emergency departments. Paramedics who attend to patients who have fallen may be well placed to assess future fracture risk, using the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) and communicate that information directly to general practitioners (GPs). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This feasibility study takes the form of a pragmatic, randomised controlled trial aimed at exploring and refining issues of study design, recruitment, retention, sample size and acceptability preceding a large-scale study with fracture as the end point. Patients (aged >50) who fall, call an ambulance, are attended by a study paramedic and give verbal consent will be asked FRAX and fall questions. Patients who subsequently formally consent to participation will be randomised to control (usual care) or intervention groups. Intervention will constitute transmission of calculated future fracture risk to the patients' GP with suitable, evidence-based recommendations for investigation or treatment. 3 months after the index fall, data (proportion of patients in each group undergoing investigation or starting new treatment, quality of life and health economic) will be collected and analysed using descriptive statistics. A nested qualitative study will explore issues of acceptability and study design with patients, paramedics and GPs. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This protocol was approved by NRES Committee South Central Oxford C in October 2012. Research Ethics Committee ref.12/SC/0604. The study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and local public events. A publication plan and authorship criteria have been preagreed. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN: 36245726.

Chimeric rhinoviruses displaying MPER epitopes elicit anti-HIV neutralizing responses.

BACKGROUND: The development of an effective AIDS vaccine has been a formidable task, but remains a critical necessity. The well conserved membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 gp41 glycoprotein is one of the crucial targets for AIDS vaccine development, as it has the necessary attribute of being able to elicit antibodies capable of neutralizing diverse isolates of HIV. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS: Guided by X-ray crystallography, molecular modeling, combinatorial chemistry, and powerful selection techniques, we designed and produced six combinatorial libraries of chimeric human rhinoviruses (HRV) displaying the MPER epitopes corresponding to mAbs 2F5, 4E10, and/or Z13e1, connected to an immunogenic surface loop of HRV via linkers of varying lengths and sequences. Not all libraries led to viable chimeric viruses with the desired sequences, but the combinatorial approach allowed us to examine large numbers of MPER-displaying chimeras. Among the chimeras were five that elicited antibodies capable of significantly neutralizing HIV-1 pseudoviruses from at least three subtypes, in one case leading to neutralization of 10 pseudoviruses from all six subtypes tested. CONCLUSIONS: Optimization of these chimeras or closely related chimeras could conceivably lead to useful components of an effective AIDS vaccine. While the MPER of HIV may not be immunodominant in natural infection by HIV-1, its presence in a vaccine cocktail could provide critical breadth of protection.

Correction: Chimeric Rhinoviruses Displaying MPER Epitopes Elicit Anti-HIV Neutralizing Responses.

[This corrects the article on p. e72205 in vol. 8.].