Pharmacokinetics and residues of a new oral amoxicillin formulation in piglets: a preliminary study.

The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin (Amx) were determined in pigs following intravenous (IV) administration of a single dose of 15 mg/kg and a single dose of 15 mg/kg of a new oral formulation (Amx-FP containing 10% amoxicillin). Residue studies were performed to determine residues in edible tissues of healthy pigs after chronic oral administration of Amx-FP at a daily dose of 15 mg/kg for five consecutive days. After IV administration, the plasma concentration was characteristic of a two-compartment open model. The main pharmacokinetic variables were: t(1/2lambda(n)), MRT=90.1 min, V(darea)=0.81 L/kg and Cl(b)=3.9 mL/kg/min. After single oral administration the main pharmacokinetic variables were: C(max)=758 mug/L, t(max)=347 min and Cl(b/f)=3.7 mL/kg/min for Amx-FP. The oral bioavailability (F) was calculated at 11% for Amx-FP. Based on maximum residue levels (MRL) for AMX in pigs established at 50 microg/kg for all tissues, the withdrawal times of AMX in muscle and skin plus fat were estimated (95% tolerance limit and 95% confidence) to fall below the MRL after a withdrawal period of seven days. Levels of AMX in the liver and kidneys were estimated to fall below the MRL after a withdrawal period of four days.

Determination of memantine in plasma and vitreous humour by HPLC with precolumn derivatization and fluorescence detection.

A new HPLC procedure with precolumn derivatization and rimantadine as the internal standard for determining memantine, a candidate agent for the treatment of glaucoma in plasma and vitreous humour, has been developed and validated. Precolumn derivatization was performed with 9-fluorenylmethyl-chloroformate-chloride (FMOC-Cl) as the derivatization reagent and followed by a liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane. Optimal conditions for derivatization were an FMOC-Cl concentration of 1.5 mM, a reaction time of 20 min, the temperature at 30°C, the borate buffer pH 8.5, and a borate buffer-acetonitrile ratio of 1:1. The derivatives were analyzed by isocratic HPLC with the fluorescence detector λex 260 nm λem 315 nm on a Novapack C(18) reversed-phase column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (73:27, v/v), 40°C, and a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The linear range was 10-1000 ng/mL with a quantification limit of ∼ 10 ng/mL for both types of samples. This analytical method may be suitable for using in ocular availability studies.