Nutritional factors and pressure injury risk in hospitalised patients post-stroke.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyse the nutritional factors and pressure injury (PI) risk in hospitalised patients post-stroke. METHOD: The research employed a descriptive observational method in which patients ≥18 years of age were followed for six days. Nutritional evaluation was based on anthropometric and dietary factors. The nutritional risk was assessed via anthropometric measurements, Braden nutrition subscale and daily dietary intake. PI risk was evaluated through the Braden Scale. The Wilcoxon test, paired t-test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were applied and corrected with Bonferroni correction or analysis of variance, followed by the post hoc Tukey test. RESULTS: During their hospital stays, the participating 59 patients had an increase in sensory perception (p=0.02) and nutrition (p=0.005) scores. It was observed that patients at high risk of PI did not meet daily nutritional recommendations for calories, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and micronutrients (zinc, selenium and copper) compared with patients at low-to-moderate risk. Weight (p<0.001), body mass index (p<0.001), calf (p=0.01) and arm (p=0.04) circumferences, and subscapular (p=0.003) and triceps (p<0.001) skinfolds decreased during the six days of hospitalisation. CONCLUSION: From the findings of this study, it was concluded that nutritional factors, such as unmet recommended daily nutritional requirements of macronutrients and micronutrients, and nutritional status are associated with a higher risk of developing a PI.

Low Food Consumption Interferes with the Nutritional Status of Surgical Patients with Neoplasia of the Gastrointestinal Tract.

Nutritional support strongly influence the nutritional status of the surgical neoplastic patients. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of food consumption on the perioperative nutritional status of hospitalized patients with neoplasia of the upper (UGIT) and lower (LGIT) gastrointestinal tract. METHOD: Observational, longitudinal, and prospective study. Data collected: food consumption, Subjective Global Assessment, anthropometry, laboratory tests. RESULTS: Eighty patients were followed up: 43 (54%) in the UGIT and 37 (46%) in the LGIT. The consumption in the perioperative period was lower than the usual consumption in the UGIT and LGIT groups, respectively, of energy (14.2 ± 6.5; 22.8 ± 11.2 Kcal/kg/d, p < 0.001; 13.6 ± 1.2; 19.0 ± 2.0 Kcal/kg/d; p = 0.014), protein (1.1 ± 0.7; 0.6 ± 0.3 g/kg/d, p < 0.001; 0.8 ± 0.1; 0.5 ± 0.1 g/kg/d; p = 0.058), selenium, zinc and copper. Most patients presented in the UGIT and LGIT groups, respectively, worsening malnutrition and muscle depletion according to the Subjective Global Assessment (61.9%; 51.4%) and hypoalbuminemia, mainly in the UGIT in the postoperative. CONCLUSION: Low food consumption during the perioperative period associated with prolongation of the postoperative fasting period worsens the nutritional status of patients undergoing surgery of the gastrointestinal tract for neoplasia, especially in the UGIT group.

Dysphagia, Immobility, and Diet Acceptance: Main Factors Associated with Increased Risk of Pressure Injury in Patients Hospitalized after Stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the predisposing factors for PI in patients hospitalized after stroke. METHODS: This 7-day longitudinal study followed up with patients hospitalized after stroke. Assessments included mobility, nutrition, and the presence of dysphagia and anemia. The nutrition evaluation was based on anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary determinants. Pressure injury (PI) risk was assessed via the Braden Scale. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied. RESULTS: Patients who were bedridden showed a greater risk of PI development upon admission (P = .004) and 7 days later (P < .001) compared with patients who could ambulate. Patients who were not dysphagic presented a lower risk of PI development in relation to patients who were dysphagic on admission (P = .047) and 7 days later (P < .001). On admission, patients with good and average diet acceptance had a lower PI risk (P = .002; P = .034) compared with those with a low acceptance. Body mass index was lower in patients at a high risk of developing PI compared with those at moderate risk (P = .02). Hemoglobin and hematocrit were statistically lower among patients who were at high risk of PI compared with patients who were low risk. CONCLUSIONS: Predisposing factors such as immobility, dysphagia, low diet acceptance, nutrition risk, and anemia are associated with a greater risk of PI development.

Vitamin D is associated with a low quality of life: a primary care study

Introduction: Some studies have described impairment in quality of life of vitamin-deficient subjects. However, little is known about this association in primary care. This study aimed to evaluate the association between vitamin D deficiency and quality of life in postmenopausal women attending primary care in the municipality of Santa Maria ­ Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with postmenopausal women over 55 years of age, accompanied in primary care, from March to August 2014. These women were randomly selected among the participants of a cohort study in the municipality of Santa Maria ­ Brazil. Data were collected through a standardized questionnaire, quality of life was assessed using the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured using the ALPCO® ELISA method. Results: Of the total of 78 studied women, 11.54% had vitamin D deficiency. Women with vitamin D deficiency had a poorer quality of life assessed by SF-36. In the regression analysis, both vitamin D deficiency and falls were independently associated with a lower physical component of the SF-36. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with poorer quality of life in the studied postmenopausal women.

Comportamento da variabilidade glicêmica em pacientes hospitalizados com Diabetes Mellitus 2 / Behavior of glycemic variability in hospitalized type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients / Comportamiento de la variable glucémica en pacientes Hospitalizados con Diabetes Mellitus 2

Introdução: A hiperglicemia pode estar presente em até 38% dos pacientes hospitalizados.O controle glicêmico está associado a melhores desfechos clínicos. Objetivo: avaliar o comportamento da variabilidade glicêmica em pacientes hospitalizados com Diabetes Mellitus 2. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, composto por pacientes hospi-talizados com e sem diabetes, adultos e idosos, de ambos os gêneros, em terapia nutricional enteral. As glicemias foram medidas por testes de glicemia capilar e classificadas como normoglicemia, hiperglicemia e variabilidade glicêmica, avaliados a partir do desvio-padrão glicêmico e coeficiente de variação glicêmico. Foram avaliados dados bioquímicos como Proteína C-reativa. A análise de variância de duas vias (ANOVA) foi utilizada para comparar os grupos, além da correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Participaram 85 indivíduos, com diabetes mellitus 2 (20%; n= 17), e sem diabetes mellitus (80%; n = 68), sendo 34% (n = 29) adultos e 66% (n=56) idosos. Adultos e idosos com diabetes mellitus apresentaram hiperglicemia em relação aos pacientes não diabéticos (p<0,01), valores supe-riores de desvio-padrão glicêmico (p<0,01) e coeficiente de variação glicêmica em relação aos pacientes sem dia-betes (p= 0,03), no entanto, não foram classificados com variabilidade glicêmica. Os valores da Proteína C-reativa foram correlacionados com o desvio-padrão glicêmico (R= 0,29; p= 0,0065), no entanto, a quantidade de carboi-dratos infundida na dieta enteral não se correlacionou estatisticamente com as glicemias nem com a variabilidade glicêmica dos pacientes (p>0,05). Conclusão: pacientes hospitalizados com ou sem diabetes mellitus 2 não apre-sentaram variabilidade glicêmica, demonstrando um controle glicêmico na hospitalização. (AU)

Introduction: Hyperglycemia may be present in up to 38% of hospitalized patients. Glycemic control is associated with better clinical outcomes. Objective: assess the behavior of glycemic variability in hospitalized patients with Diabetes Mellitus 2. Methodology: Cross-sectional study composed of hospitalized patients with and without diabetes, adults and elderly, of both genders, undergoing enteral nutritional therapy. Blood glucose was measured by capillary blood glucose tests and classified as normoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and glycemic variability, assessed from the glycemic standard deviation and glycemic variation coefficient. Biochemical data such as C-reactive protein were assessed. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the groups, in addition to Spearman's correlation. Results: Eighty-five individuals with diabetes mellitus 2 (20%; n=17) and without diabetes mellitus (80%; n=68) participated in the study; 34% (n=29) were adults, and 66% (n=56) were elderly. Adults and elderly people with diabetes mellitus presented hyperglycemia concerning non-diabetic patients (p<0.01), higher values of glycemic standard deviation (p<0.01), and glycemic variation coefficient concerning patients without diabetes (p= 0.03); however, they were not classified with glycemic variability. The C-reactive protein values were correlated with the glycemic standard deviation (R= 0.29; p= 0.0065); however, the amount of carbohydrates infused in the enteral diet was not statistically correlated with glycemia or with the glycemic variability of patients (p>0.05). Conclusion: hospitalized patients with or without diabetes mellitus 2 did not show glycemic variability, demonstrating glycemic control during hospitalization. (AU)

Introducción: La hiperglucemia puede estar presente hasta en un 38% de los pacientes hospitalizados. El con-trol glucémico se asocia con mejores resultados clínicos. Objetivo: evaluar el comportamiento de la variación glucémica en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus 2. Metodología: Estudio transversal, compuesto por pacientes hos-pitalizados con y sin diabetes, adultos y ancianos, con terapia nutricional enteral. Las glucemias fueron medidas por exámenes de glucemia capilar y clasificadas como normo glucemia, hiperglucemia y variación glucémica, evaluados a partir de la desviación estándar y coeficiente de variación glucémico. Fueron evaluados datos bioquí-micos como Proteína C-reactiva. El análisis de la variación de las dos vías (ANOVA) fue utilizada para comparar los grupos, junto a la correlación de Spearman. Resultados: Participaron 85 individuos, con diabetes mellitus 2 (20%; n+17), y sin diabetes mellitus (80%; n = 68). Adultos 34% (n=29) y ancianos 66% (n=56). Pacientes con diabetes mellitus presentaron hiperglucemia en relación a los pacientes nodiabéticos (p< 0,01), valores superiores de desviación estándar glucémico (p< 0,01) y coeficiente de variación glucémica en relación a los pacientes sin dia-betes (p= 0,03), sin embargo, no fueron clasificados con variación glucémica. Los valores de la Proteína C-reactiva fueron correlacionados con la desviación estándar glucémica (R = 0,29; P= 0,0065), la cantidad de carbohidratos administrada, no se correlacionó estadísticamente con las glucemias ni con la variación glucémica de los pacientes (p>0,05). Conclusión: pacientes hospitalizados con o sin diabetes mellitus 2 no presentaron variación glucémica, demostrando control glucémico en la hospitalización. (AU)

Desafios da referência e contrarreferência na atenção em saúde na perspectiva dos trabalhadores / Challenges of referral and counter-referral in health care in the workers' perspective / Desafíos de la referencia y contrarreferencia en la atención en salud en la perspectiva de los trabajadores

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os desafios da Atenção Primária à Saúde e Terciária nos serviços de saúde de um município do sul do Brasil. Estudo descritivo-exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com equipe multiprofissional. Os dados foram coletados entre julho e agosto de 2014, utilizando-se a entrevista semiestruturada. Os resultados foram organizados em duas categorias temáticas: Dificuldade de articulação nos serviços de saúde e o trabalho solitário. A falta de comunicação entre os trabalhadores dos serviços, o desconhecimento sobre os serviços da rede, a carência de educação permanente, a ausência de retorno dos serviços e a falta de responsabilização dos profissionais envolvidos no cuidado foram destaque, o que fragiliza os processos de referência e contrarreferência (AU).

This study's objective was to identify the challenges of Primary and Tertiary Healthcare in the health services of a municipality in the South of Brazil. It is a descriptive-exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, undertaken with the multi-professional team. The data were collected between July and August 2014, using semistructured interviews. The results were organized in two thematic categories: Difficulty in articulation in the health services and the solitary work. The lack of communication between the services' workers, lack of knowledge regarding the services in the network, lack of continuing education, the absence of feedback from the services and the lack of responsibilization of the professionals involved in the care were highlighted, which weakens the processes of referral and counter referral (AU).

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los desafíos de la Atención Primaria a la Salud y Terciaria en los servicios de salud de un municipio del sur de Brasil. Estudio descriptivo exploratorio, de abordaje cualitativo, realizado con equipo multiprofesional. Los datos fueron obtenidos entre julio y agosto de 2014, utilizándose la entrevista semiestructurada. Los resultados fueron organizados en dos categorías temáticas: Dificultad de articulación en los servicios de salud y el trabajo solo. La falta de comunicación entre los trabajadores de los servicios, el desconocimiento acerca de los servicios de la red, la carencia de educación permanente, la ausencia de retorno de los servicios y la falta de responsabilización de los profesionales involucrados en el cuidado fueron destaque, lo que debilita los procesos de referencia y contrarreferencia (AU).

Percepções de gestantes e puérperas acerca da sala de espera em uma unidade básica de saúde integrada à estratégia saúde da familia / Percepciones de mujeres embarazadas y puérperas acerca de la sala de espera en una Unidad Básica de Salud Integrada em la Estrategia Salud para la Familia / Pregnant and postpartum women perceptions about waitingroom in a Primary Health Care Unit included in the Family Health Strategy

Objetivo: Analisar a percepção de gestantes e puérperas acerca de suas experiências vivenciadas em sala de espera. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, analítico, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde integrada à Estratégia Saúde daFamília (ESF), em um município do interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados no mês de dezembro de 2011, mediante entrevistas com questõesabertas e fechadas analisadas pela técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os sujeitos compreenderam 10 mulheres, sendo sete gestantes e três puérperas, que realizaram pré-natal e participaram das atividades em sala de espera no período de setembro a dezembro de 2011. Resultados: Segundo a percepção das participantes, a sala de espera é um espaço atencioso, promotor de tranquilidade, conhecimento e esclarecimento de dúvidas relacionadas ao processo gravídico puerperal. Conclusões: A formação de grupos de educação em saúde intermediados pelo diálogo problematizador, visando promover a reciprocidade do aprender e ensinar, tendo como foco a concepção ampliada de saúde, é um ponto relevante no espaço sala de espera. Ainda é importante destacar a necessidade de que sejam efetivadas ações de educação permanente junto aos profissionais de saúde, tendo como eixo a problematização da realidade social e dos serviços, bem como a integração de aspectos gerenciais, pedagógicos e políticos. Isso pode contribuir para a verdadeira construção do conhecimento politizado em saúde,como anunciam os documentos oficiais da esfera da saúde e da educação.

Objective: To analyze the perception of pregnant and postpartum women about their experiences in the waiting room. Methods: A descriptive analytic study, of qualitative approach, conducted in a Primary Health Care Unit integrated into the Family Health Strategy (Estratégia Saúde da Família-PSF) in a municipality of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The data was collected in December 2011, through interviews with open and closed questions, and was analyzed using content analysis technique. The sample consisted of 10 women, seven of them being pregnant and three in postpartum period; all having received prenatal care and taken part in waiting room activities from September to December 2011. Results: According to the participants? perception, the waiting room is a space of attentiveness, promoter of tranquility, understanding and clarification of questions related to pregnancy and childbirth process. Conclusions: The formation of health education groups intermediated by problem-based dialogue, aiming to promote reciprocal learning and teaching, with focus on the extensive concept of health, is a relevant issue in the waiting room. It is also important to highlight the need to accomplish continuing education initiatives involving healthcare professionals, centered on a questioning approach of social reality and services, along with the integration of managerial, educational and political aspects. This shall contribute to the real construction of politicized knowledge in health, as report the official documents of health and education sphere.

Objetivos: Analizar las percepciones de las mujeres embarazadas y puérperas acerca de sus experiencias en la sala de espera. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, analítico, de abordaje cualitativo realizado en una Unidad Básica de Salud integrada en La Estrategia Salud para la Familia (ESF) en un municipio del interior del estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Los datos fueron recopilados en diciembre de 2011 a través de entrevistas com preguntas abiertas y cerradas analizadas mediante el análisis de contenido. La muestra estuvo formada por 10 mujeres, siendo siete embarazadas y tres puérperas que tuvieron atención prenatal y participaron en las actividades de la sala de espera durante El período de septiembre a diciembre de 2011. Resultados: Según las percepciones de las participantes, la sala de espera es um espacio atento y promotor de la tranquilidad, del conocimiento y esclarecimiento de las dudas relacionadas con el embarazo y el proceso del parto y posparto. Conclusiones: La formación de grupos de educación en salud intermediados por el dialogo problematizado, promoviendo la reciprocidad del aprendizaje y la enseñanza centrándose en el concepto ampliado de salud, ES un aspecto relevante en el espacio de la sala de espera. También es importante destacar la necesidad de que las acciones de educación permanente sean realizadas junto con los profesionales sanitarios teniendo como eje la problemática de la realidad social y de los servicios, así como la integración de los aspectos administrativos, pedagógicos y políticos. Esto puede contribuir a la verdadera construcción del conocimiento politizado en salud, como anuncian los documentos oficiales de la esfera de la salud y la educación.

Nutrição e saúde óssea: a importância do cálcio, fósforo, magnésio e proteínas / Nutrition and bone health: the importance of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and protein

A osteoporose é uma doença silenciosa que afeta, especialmente, as mulheres na pós-menopausa, e suas principais consequências são as fraturas. Medidas não farmacológicas, tais como uma nutrição adequada, podem ajudar a manter a massa óssea, retardando o aparecimento da osteoporose. Nessa revisão, será abordada a importância da nutrição adequada nesta fase da vida, com ênfase para o cálcio, fósforo, magnésio e proteínas. Tanto uma baixa ingestão desses nutrientes quanto um excesso de cálcio e fosforo parecem estar associados a um risco maior de fraturas. Uma dieta balanceada pode vir a diminuir o impacto do envelhecimento na saúde óssea(AU)

Osteoporosis is a silent disease that affects especially women after menopause, and its main consequences are the fractures. Non-pharmacological measures, such as proper nutrition, can help maintain bone mass delaying the onset of osteoporosis. Here the authors review the importance of proper nutrition at this stage of life, with emphasis on calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and protein. Both a low intake of these nutrients and an excess of calcium and phosphorus seem to be associated with an increased risk of fractures. A balanced diet can come to lessen the impact of aging on bone health(AU)