Pan-intestinal capsule endoscopy as first-line procedure in patients with suspected mid or lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

BACKGROUND: Pan-intestinal capsule endoscopy (PCE) evaluates the small bowel and colon noninvasively. This study evaluated diagnostic accuracy and safety of PCE vs. colonoscopy as first-line examination in suspected mid-lower gastrointestinal bleeding (MLGIB). METHODS: In this prospective, single-center, single-blinded cohort study, consecutive patients with suspected MLGIB underwent PCE followed by same-day colonoscopy. Diagnostic accuracy for potentially hemorrhagic lesions (PHLs; combined diagnosis by PCE + colonoscopy) and incidence of adverse events were assessed. RESULTS: 100 patients were included (median age 70 [range 18-92] years; 65% female). PHLs were diagnosed in 46 patients, including small-bowel and/or colon angioectasias in 32. PCE correctly identified 54 individuals without PHLs, and 95.7% (44/46) of those with PHLs vs. 50.0% (23/46) for colonoscopy (P<0.01). PHLs were detected by PCE alone in 65.2% (30/46), both examinations in 28.3% (13/46), and colonoscopy alone in 6.5% (3/46). PHLs were diagnosed at the ileocolonic region in 28% of patients, with PCE diagnosing 25/28 cases (89.3%) and colonoscopy diagnosing 23/28 (82.1%; P=0.13). Interventional procedures were performed at colonoscopy in 13/81 patients with iron-deficiency anemia (16.0%) vs. 6/19 patients with overt bleeding (31.6%; P<0.01). No significant adverse events occurred with PCE vs. 2% with colonoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with MLGIB, PCE avoided further invasive procedures in >50% of patients. PCE was safe and more effective than colonoscopy in identifying PHL both in the small bowel and colon. These results support the potential use of PCE as first-line examination in patients with suspected MLGIB.

Recurrence rate after piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection of <20 mm non-pedunculated colorectal lesions: should we worry about the risk?

INTRODUCTION: There is scarce data focused on recurrence neoplasia rate (RR) after piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection (pEMR) of 10-19 mm non-pedunculated colorectal lesions (NPL). We aimed to analyze the RR after pEMR of 10-19 mm NPL, identify risk factors for its development and compare it with RR after pEMR of ≥ 20 mm NPL. METHODS: Retrospective cohort-study including all ≥10 mm NPL resected by pEMR in our center between 2018-2022 with an early repeat colonoscopy (ERC). RR was defined as recurrence neoplasia identified in the ERC EMR scar with virtual chromoendoscopy or histological confirmation. RESULTS: A total of 444 NPL were assessed, 124 (27.9%) with 10-19 mm. In the ERC, performed a median of 6 months after pEMR, RR was significantly lower for 10-19 mm NPL compared to ≥ 20 mm NPL (13/124 vs 68/320, p = 0.005). In subgroup analysis, RR after pEMR of 15-19 mm NPL was significantly higher compared to 10-14 mm NPL (13/98 vs 0, p = 0.041) but not significantly different compared to ≥ 20 mm NPL (13/98 vs 68/320, p = 0.073). In multivariable analysis, size of NPL (HR 1.501, 95% CI 1.012-2.227, p = 0.044) was the only independent risk factor identified for RR for 10-19 mm NPL. CONCLUSION: Although the early RR after pEMR of 10-19 mm NPL is significantly lower compared to ≥ 20 mm NPL, it is non-negligible (10.5%) and appears to be the highest among 15-19 mm NPL. The size of the lesion was the only independent risk factor for RR. Our findings should be accounted in the selection of the most appropriate post-polypectomy endoscopic surveillance.

Real-life patency of plastic biliary stents in the pandemic era: is stent removal after 6 months safe and effective?

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic conditioned the optimal timing of some endoscopic procedures. ESGE guidelines recommend replacement or removal of the plastic biliary stents within 3-6 months to reduce the risk of complications. Our aim was to analyse the outcomes of patients who had delayed plastic biliary stent removal following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the pandemic era. METHODS: Retrospective study including consecutive ERCPs with plastic biliary stent placement between January 2019 and December 2021. Delayed removal was defined as presence of biliary stent >6 months after ERCP. The evaluated outcomes were stent migration, stent dysfunction, obstructive jaundice, cholangitis, acute pancreatitis, hospitalization, and biliary pathology-related mortality. RESULTS: One-hundred and twenty ERCPs were included, 56.7% male patients, with a mean age of 69.4 ± 15.7 years. Indications for plastic biliary stent insertion were choledocholithiasis (72.5%), benign biliary stricture (20.0%), and post-cholecystectomy fistula (7.5%). Delayed stent removal occurred in 32.5% of the cases. The median time to stent removal was 3.5 ± 1.3 months for early removal and 8.6 ± 3.1 months for delayed removal. Patients who had delayed stent removal did not have a significantly higher frequency of stent migration (20.5 vs 11.1%, p = 0.17), stent dysfunction (17.9 vs 13.6%, p = 0.53), hospitalization (17.9 vs 14.8%, p = 0.66), obstructive jaundice (2.6 vs 0.0%, p = 0.33), cholangitis (10.3 vs 13.6%, p = 0.77), acute pancreatitis (0.0 vs 1.2%, p = 1.0), or biliary pathology-related mortality (2.6 vs 1.2%, p = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS: Delayed plastic biliary stent removal does not seem to have a negative impact on patients' outcomes. In the current pandemic situation, while scheduled endoscopic procedures may have to be postponed, elective removal of plastic biliary stents can be safely deferred.

Gastrostomy Button Diameter and Length Variations after Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy: One Size Does Not Fit All.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a useful option for long-term enteral nutrition. Low-profile gastrostomy tubes ("buttons") may afterward be placed in the stomach through the abdominal wall following maturation of the preexisting ostomy. Regular verification is essential since inadequate sizing is associated with accidental exteriorization or food leakage. We aimed to evaluate gastrostomy buttons diameter or length variations on the first year after their placement and possible factors associated with these variations. METHODS: We analyzed consecutive PEGs between 2016 and 2018. A minimum follow-up of 12 after gastrostomy button placement was required. Diameter or length variations were assessed in a specialized PEG appointment during the follow-up period. RESULTS: Final sample included 94 patients, from which 65 (69.1%) were women, and 29 (30.9%) were men, with a mean age of 76.9 ± 13.3 years. Measurements variations occurred in 44 (46.8%) patients. Diameter variation was significantly more frequent in patients living in a nursing home (OR = 5.43; 95% CI = 1.32-22.27; p = 0.019), patients with previous PEG tube dislodgement (OR = 3.84; 95% CI = 1.21-12.20; p = 0.023), and male patients (OR = 3.50; 95% CI = 1.06-11.49, p = 0.039). Length variation occurred more frequently in patients with a weight change during the follow-up period greater than 5 kg (OR = 3.71; 95% CI = 1.14-12.05; p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of patients with gastrostomy buttons required a change in their measurements, especially if male, living in nursing homes, having significant weight changes, or accidental tube exteriorization. This emphasizes the importance of having a specialized PEG appointment to regularly assure the best fitted button for each patient and ultimately guarantee an adequate nutritional intake.

Decision-To-Scope Score: A novel tool with excellent accuracy in predicting foreign bodies in the esophagus.

INTRODUCTION: Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common indication for urgent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Nevertheless, most pass spontaneously through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Differently from GI bleeding, there is no validated score aiming to identify "low-risk" patients in suspected FB ingestion. We aimed to create a score able to discriminate patients who are candidates to emergent EGD in this scenario. METHODS: Retrospective study of consecutive patients admitted for suspected FB in the upper GI tract between 2016 and 2021. The evaluated outcome was endoscopic confirmation of FB in the esophagus. Variables significantly associated with the outcome on multivariate analysis were computed into a score predicting endoscopic confirmation. RESULTS: We included 228 patients. From these, 97 (42.5%) had a confirmed FB in EGD. Time since ingestion <6 h (OR = 4.0; P = 0.042), absence of any meal after FB ingestion (OR = 7.1; P = 0.005), dysphagia (OR = 11.8; P < 0.001), odynophagia (OR = 4.6; P = 0.004), and drooling (OR = 15.1; P < 0.001) were independent predictors of confirmed FB. These variables were used to compute a FB predicting score-the Decision-To-Scope (DTS) Score: time since ingestion <6 h (+1 point), absence of meals (+2 points), dysphagia (+3 points), odynophagia (+1 point), and drooling (+4 points). DTS-Score had excellent accuracy to predict the outcome (AUC = 0.953; 95%CI = 0.928-0.977; P < 0.001). The optimal cutoff to identify low-risk patients was a score ≤5 (sensitivity 85.0% and specificity 94.7%). CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the suspected FB were not confirmed by EGD. The DTS-Score presented excellent accuracy at stratifying patients' risk and may contribute to the decision to perform emergent EGD in suspected FB ingestion.

What Is the Optimal Bowel Preparation for Capsule Colonoscopy and Pan-intestinal Capsule Endoscopy? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The rate of adequate cleansing (ACR) and complete examinations (CR) are key quality indicators in capsule colonoscopy (CC) and pan-intestinal capsule endoscopy (PCE). AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy of bowel preparation protocols regarding ACR and CR. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, search terms regarding colon capsule preparation, publication date from 2006/01, and date of search 2021/12, in six bibliographic databases. Multiple steps of the cleansing protocol were assessed: diet, adjunctive laxatives, purgative solution, use of prokinetic agents, and "booster". The meta-analytical frequency of ACR and CR was estimated, and subgroup analyses performed. Strategies associated with higher ACR and CR were explored using meta-analytical univariable and multivariable regression models. RESULTS: Twenty-six observational studies and five RCTs included (n = 4072 patients). The pooled rate of ACR was 72.5% (95% C.I. 67.8-77.5%; I2 = 92.4%), and the pooled rate of CR was 83.0% (95% C.I. 78.7-87.7%; I2 = 96.5%). The highest ACR were obtained using a low-fibre diet [78.5% (95% C.I. 72.0-85.6%); I2 = 57.0%], adjunctive laxatives [74.7% (95% C.I. 69.8-80.1%); I2 = 85.3%], and split dose < 4L polyethylene glycol (PEG) as purgative [77.5% (95% C.I. 68.4-87.8%); I2 = 47.3%]. The highest CR were observed using routine prokinetics prior to capsule ingestion [84.4% (95% C.I. 79.9-89.2%); I2 = 89.8%], and sodium phosphate (NaP) as "booster" [86.2% (95% C.I. 82.3-90.2%); I2 = 86.8%]. In univariable models, adjunctive laxatives were associated with higher ACR [OR 1.81 (95% C.I. 1.13; 2.90); p = 0.014]. CR was higher with routine prokinetics [OR 1.86 (95% C.I. 1.13; 3.05); p = 0.015] and split-dose PEG purgative [OR 2.03 (95% C.I. 1.01; 4.09), p = 0.048]. CONCLUSIONS: Main quality outcomes (ACR, CR) remain suboptimal for CC and PCE. Despite considerable heterogeneity, our results support low-fibre diet, use of adjunctive sennosides, split dose < 4L PEG, and routine prokinetics, while NaP remains the most consistent option as booster.

Apex Score: Predicting Flares in Small-Bowel Crohn's Disease After Mucosal Healing.

BACKGROUND: Optimal strategies for using small-bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) in established small-bowel Crohn's disease (CD) remain uncertain. Mucosal healing (MH) has emerged as a valuable predictor of a flare-free disease. We aimed to evaluate the occurrence of disease flare on patients with small-bowel CD and MH, as well as to create a score identifying patients in higher risk for this outcome. METHODS: We analyzed consecutive patients submitted to SBCE for assessment of MH and included those where MH was confirmed. The incidence of disease flare was assessed during follow-up (minimum 12 months). A score predicting disease flare was created from several analyzed variables. RESULTS: From 47 patients with MH, 12 (25.5%) had a flare (versus 48.3% in excluded patients without MH; p = 0.01). Age ≤ 30 years (OR  = 70; p  = 0.048), platelet count ≥ 280 × 103/L (OR  = 12.24; p  =  0.045) and extra-intestinal manifestations (OR  =  11.76; p  =  0.033) were associated with increased risk of CD flare during the first year after SBCE with MH. These variables were used to compute a risk-predicting score-the APEX score-which assigned the patients to having low (0-3 points) or high-risk (4-7 points) of disease flare and had excellent accuracy toward predicting disease relapse (AUC  =  0.82; 95%CI 0.64-0.99). CONCLUSION: Patients with small-bowel CD and MH were not free of disease flares on the subsequent year, despite presenting lower rates when compared to those without MH. The APEX score demonstrated excellent accuracy at stratifying patients relapse risk and guiding further therapeutic options for patients achieving MH.

P020 Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy: Providing "Acid" Outcomes in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Under Infliximab Treatment.

BACKGROUND: A recent meta-analysis has suggested that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is associated with lower clinical remission rates and a higher number of hospitalizations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) under infliximab therapy. We aimed to assess if these differences kept their significance when adjusted for other possible confounders. METHODS: Cohort study of consecutive patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) under infliximab therapy. A minimum follow-up of 54 weeks after introduction of infliximab treatment was required. The analyzed outcomes were deep remission at week 54 and the need of IBD-related hospitalization, corticosteroid treatment or abdominal surgery under infliximab treatment. Collected possible confounders were age, gender, smoking habits, perianal disease, extra-intestinal manifestations, familiar history of IBD and concomitant use of immunomodulators. RESULTS: Our final sample included 104 patients, 56 (53.8%) of them females, with a mean age of 38.2±13.1 years. From these, 77 (74.0%) had CD and 27 (26.0%) had UC. PPI therapy was described in 21 (20.2%) of the patients under infliximab treatment. On univariate analysis, PPI users were found to have significantly lower rates of deep remission at week 54 (7.7 vs 28.3%; p = 0.034) and higher IBD-related hospitalization rates (47.6 vs 21.7%; p = 0.034). No differences were found regarding the need of corticosteroid therapy (4.8 vs 10.8%; p = 0.398) or abdominal surgery (33.7 vs 21.7; p = 0.201). When adjusted for the collected confounders by multivariate analysis, while not significantly influencing deep remission at week 54 (OR = 0.16; 95%CI = 0.02-1.63; p = 0.121), concomitant PPI therapy was a significant independent risk factor for IBD-related hospitalization (OR = 3.22; 95%CI = 1.11-9.34; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Despite not conducting to significantly different deep remission rates, concomitant PPI therapy was associated with a three-fold increase in hospitalization rates in IBD patients under infliximab treatment, even when adjusted for classical risk factors for adverse outcomes in IBD. These findings emphasize the importance of restricting PPI treatment to those with a clear clinical indication, especially in this set of patients.

P051 Identifying High-Risk Patients With Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis: Is the ACE Index Useful?

BACKGROUND: Treatment delay in patients admitted with acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) are associated with increased mortality. Therefore, it is essential to identify on admission patients at high-risk of steroid nonresponse who may benefit from earlier second-line treatment or surgical intervention. Recently, the ACE index was developed and includes 3 variables at admission: C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥50mg/dL, albumin ≤30g/L and endoscopic severity (Mayo endoscopic score=3), and ranges between 0-3 points. An index of 3 has been shown to be useful to identify patients with acute ulcerative colitis with high-risk of steroid nonresponse. OBJECTIVES: To assess the ACE index performance in predicting steroids response in ASUC. METHODS: Retrospective study including consecutive admissions for ASUC according to Truelove and Witts definition between January 2005 and December 2020. The ACE index was calculated and its accuracy for predicting response to steroids on admission in ASUC was assessed through the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: Sixty-five patients were included of whom 78.5% responded to steroids. Mean CRP (p = 0.01), albumin (p=0.02) and endoscopic severity score (p < 0.001) at admission were significantly different between responders and nonresponders, as opposed to Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS) score (p = 0.32). Median ACE index was 2. The ACE index was a predictor of steroids response (AUC 0.789; p = 0.001); 50.0% of patients with an index of 3 did not respond to steroids, and 86.3% of patients with an index inferior to 3 responded to steroids (positive predictive value 50.0%; negative predictive value of 86.3%). CONCLUSION: The ACE index is an accurate predictor of steroids response on admission in ASUC. However, in our study, the ACE index doesn´t discriminate whose high-risk patients would benefit from earlier therapeutic escalation, since only 50.0% of patients with an index of 3 did not respond to steroids.

Endoscopic diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (NVUGIH): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline - Update 2021.

1: ESGE recommends in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (UGIH) the use of the Glasgow-Blatchford Score (GBS) for pre-endoscopy risk stratification. Patients with GBS ≤ 1 are at very low risk of rebleeding, mortality within 30 days, or needing hospital-based intervention and can be safely managed as outpatients with outpatient endoscopy.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. 2: ESGE recommends that in patients with acute UGIH who are taking low-dose aspirin as monotherapy for secondary cardiovascular prophylaxis, aspirin should not be interrupted. If for any reason it is interrupted, aspirin should be re-started as soon as possible, preferably within 3-5 days.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. 3: ESGE recommends that following hemodynamic resuscitation, early (≤ 24 hours) upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy should be performed. Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. 4: ESGE does not recommend urgent (≤ 12 hours) upper GI endoscopy since as compared to early endoscopy, patient outcomes are not improved. Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. 5: ESGE recommends for patients with actively bleeding ulcers (FIa, FIb), combination therapy using epinephrine injection plus a second hemostasis modality (contact thermal or mechanical therapy). Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. 6: ESGE recommends for patients with an ulcer with a nonbleeding visible vessel (FIIa), contact or noncontact thermal therapy, mechanical therapy, or injection of a sclerosing agent, each as monotherapy or in combination with epinephrine injection. Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. 7 : ESGE suggests that in patients with persistent bleeding refractory to standard hemostasis modalities, the use of a topical hemostatic spray/powder or cap-mounted clip should be considered. Weak recommendation, low quality evidence. 8: ESGE recommends that for patients with clinical evidence of recurrent peptic ulcer hemorrhage, use of a cap-mounted clip should be considered. In the case of failure of this second attempt at endoscopic hemostasis, transcatheter angiographic embolization (TAE) should be considered. Surgery is indicated when TAE is not locally available or after failed TAE. Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. 9: ESGE recommends high dose proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy for patients who receive endoscopic hemostasis and for patients with FIIb ulcer stigmata (adherent clot) not treated endoscopically. (A): PPI therapy should be administered as an intravenous bolus followed by continuous infusion (e. g., 80 mg then 8 mg/hour) for 72 hours post endoscopy. (B): High dose PPI therapies given as intravenous bolus dosing (twice-daily) or in oral formulation (twice-daily) can be considered as alternative regimens.Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. 10: ESGE recommends that in patients who require ongoing anticoagulation therapy following acute NVUGIH (e. g., peptic ulcer hemorrhage), anticoagulation should be resumed as soon as the bleeding has been controlled, preferably within or soon after 7 days of the bleeding event, based on thromboembolic risk. The rapid onset of action of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACS), as compared to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), must be considered in this context.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence.

Does Perianal Disease Influence the Efficacy of Combination Therapy in Crohn's Disease?

BACKGROUND: Perianal disease is associated with a disabling course of Crohn's disease (CD). We aim to study the impact of perianal disease on CD remission rates, after a 1-year course of infliximab in combination therapy with azathioprine. METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-center cohort study, including consecutive CD patients on combination therapy, followed for 1 year since induction. The outcome variable was split into clinical and endoscopic remissions. The correlation toward the outcome variable was assessed with univariate and multivariate analysis and a survival assessment, using SPSS software. RESULTS: We assessed 74 CD patients, of whom 41 (55.4%) were female, with a mean age of 36 years. Thirty-nine percent of the patients presented perianal disease at diagnosis (n = 29). We documented 70.3% clinical and 47.2% endoscopic remissions. Several variables had statistical significance toward the outcomes (endoscopic and clinical remissions) in the univariate analysis. After adjusting for confoundment, patients with perianal disease presented an odds ratio (OR) of 0.201 for achieving endoscopic remission (CI: 0.054-0.75, p value 0.017) and an OR of 0.203 for achieving clinical remission (CI: 0.048-0.862, p value 0.031). Sixty-six patients (89.2%) presented an initial response to treatment, from whom, 20 (30.3%) exhibited at least 1 disease relapse (clinical and/or endoscopic). Patients with perianal disease presented higher probability of disease relapse, displaying statistically significant difference on Kaplan-Meier curves (Breslow p value 0.043). CONCLUSION: In the first year of combination therapy, perianal disease is associated with an 80% decrease in endoscopic and clinical remission rates and higher ratio of disease relapse.

Combination therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients: do we need to maximize the dose of azathioprine?

BACKGROUND: The use of combination therapy of anti-TNFα and thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with greater efficacy and lower immunogenicity. However, the dose of thiopurine in this setting remains to be elucidated. AIM: To compare the trough levels, anti-TNFα antibodies and the inflammatory biomarkers between three groups in combotherapy: group 1 (dose of azathioprine <1 mg/kg); group 2 (dose of azathioprine ≥1 and <2 mg/kg), and group 3 (dose of azathioprine ≥2 mg/kg). METHODS: A retrospective study was performed, selecting all patients with established diagnosis of IBD who were on combined maintenance treatment. RESULTS: We included 99 patients, 52.5% female with median age 33 (17-61) years. Eighty patients (80.8%) were diagnosed with Crohn's disease and 19 (19.2%) with ulcerative colitis. Seventy-one (71.8%) patients were on infliximab (IFX) and 28 (28.3%) were on adalimumab (ADA). In patients treated with IFX, there were no differences in trough levels (p=.976) or formation of antibodies anti-IFX (p=.478) between groups. Moreover, there were no differences in inflammatory biomarkers: CRP (p=.385) and fecal calprotectin (p=.576) among the three groups. Regarding patients treated with ADA, there were no differences in trough levels of ADA (p=.249), formation of antibodies anti-ADA (p=.706) or in inflammatory biomarkers: CRP (p=.738) and fecal calprotectin (p=.269) among the three groups. CONCLUSION: In our cohort, there were no differences between anti-TNFα trough levels, formation of anti-TNFα antibodies or inflammatory biomarkers among patients in combotherapy with azathioprine, irrespective of its dosage. In conclusion, our study suggests that maintaining therapeutic levels of anti-TNFα drugs without antibodies formation is feasible with lower doses of azathioprine, minimizing its side effects.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: dealing with the issue of dislodgement.

Introduction: Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) is accepted as an efficient method to provide long-term enteral nutrition. PEG accidental dislodgement (device exteriorization confirmed by expert evaluation) rate is high and can lead to major morbidity.Objective: To identify independent risk factors for PEG accidental dislodgement.Methods: Retrospective, single-center study, including consecutive patients submitted to PEG procedure, for 38 consecutive months. Every patient had 12 months minimum follow-up after PEG placement. Univariate analysis selected variables with at least marginal association (p < .15) with the outcome variable, PEG dislodgement, which were included in a logistic regression multivariate model. Discriminative power was assessed using area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating curve (ROC).Results: We included 164 patients, 67.7% (111) were female, mean age was 81 years. We report 59 (36%) PEG dislodgements, of which 13 (7.9%) corresponded to early dislodgements. The variables with marginal association were hypoalbuminemia (p = .095); living at home (p = .049); living in a nursing home (p = .074); cerebrovascular disease (CVD) (p = .028); weight change of more than 5 kg, either increase or decrease (p = .001); psychomotor agitation (p < .001); distance inner bumper-abdominal wall (p = .034) and irregular appointment follow-up (p = .149). At logistic multivariate regression, the significant variables after model adjustment were CVD OR 4.8 (CI 95% 2.0-11.8), weight change OR 4.7 (CI 95%1.6-13.9) and psychomotor agitation OR 18.5 (CI 95% 5.2-65.6), with excellent discriminative power (AUC ROC 0.797 [CI95% 0.719-0.875]).Conclusion: PEG is a common procedure and accidental dislodgement is a frequent complication. CVD, psychomotor agitation and weight change >5 kg increase the risk of this complication and should be seriously considered when establishing patients' individual care requirements.

RHEMITT Score: Predicting the Risk of Rebleeding for Patients with Mid-Gastrointestinal Bleeding Submitted to Small Bowel Capsule Endoscopy.

INTRODUCTION: Small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) is the gold standard for mid-gastrointestinal bleeding (MGIB). No score has been developed to predict the risk of small bowel rebleeding after SBCE. OBJECTIVE: Creating a predictive small bowel rebleeding risk score for MGIB, after initial SBCE. METHODS: Retrospective, single center study, including SBCEs for MGIB, from June 2006 to October 2016. The minimum follow-up was 12 months. Univariate analysis and a multivariable Cox regression model tested the association with rebleeding. Statistically significant variables were used to compute the score. The score's accuracy was tested through a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A classification tree identified risk groups. For internal validation, we performed a 5-fold cross validation. RESULTS: We assessed 357 SBCEs for MGIB, of which 88 (24.6%) presented rebleeding during follow-up. Seven variables were used to compute a risk-predicting score - the RHEMITT score - namely, renal disease; heart failure; endoscopic capsule P1/P2 lesions; major bleeding; incomplete capsule; tobacco consumption; and endoscopic treatment. The score presented good accuracy toward the outcome (area under the curve ROC 0.842, 95% CI 0.757-0.927). We established 3 rebleeding risk groups: low (0-3 points); intermediate (4-10 points); and high (+11 points). CONCLUSION: A new MGIB score, named RHEMITT, accurately anticipates the individual risk of small bowel rebleeding after initial SBCE.

ORBIT score: an useful predictor of small bowel rebleeding in patients under chronic anticoagulation.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Available scoring systems to assess the risk for major bleeding in patients on chronic anticoagulation seem inadequate in predicting higher diagnostic yields of small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) or higher rebleeding rates in patients with suspected small bowel bleeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the new ORBIT score in predicting positive findings of SBCE or higher rebleeding rates in chronically anticoagulated patients with suspected small bowel bleeding. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 570 patients who consecutively underwent SBCE for the study of suspected small bowel bleeding. For each of the 67 patients who were on chronic anticoagulation, ORBIT score (Older age, Reduced hemoglobin/hematocrit, Bleeding history, Insufficient kidney function and Treatment with antiplatelets) was calculated. Patients were classified as high-risk (ORBIT score ≥4) or low/intermediate-risk (ORBIT score <4). Data on SBCE findings, diagnostic yield and rebleeding were compared between groups. RESULTS: When ORBIT score was calculated, 41 and 26 patients were classified as low/intermediate-risk and high-risk, respectively. When low/intermediate-risk and high-risk groups were compared, no differences were found in the diagnostic yield of SBCE (39.0% vs. 23.1%; p = .176). However, in high-risk patients, rebleeding was significantly more common than in low/intermediate-risk patients (80.0% vs. 36.6%; p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: In patients presenting with suspected small bowel bleeding and on chronic anticoagulation, the new ORBIT score seems promising in identifying those with a higher risk of rebleeding, in whom a closer follow-up and a more aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic strategy is advisable.

Perianal Crohn's disease - association with significant inflammatory activity in proximal small bowel segments.

OBJECTIVES: Perianal Crohn's disease (CD) prevalence varies according to the disease location, being particularly frequent in patients with colonic involvement. We aimed to evaluate small bowel involvement and compare small bowel capsule endoscopy findings and inflammatory activity between patients with and without perianal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective single-center study including 71 patients - all patients with perianal CD (17 patients) who performed a small bowel capsule endoscopy were included, and non-perianal CD patients were randomly selected (54 patients). Clinical and analytical variables at diagnosis were reviewed. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS v21.0 and a two-tailed p value <.05 was defined as indicating statistical significance. RESULTS: Patients had a median age of 30 ± 16 years with 52.1% females. Perianal disease was present in 23.9%. Patients with perianal disease had significantly more relevant findings (94.1% vs 66.6%, p = .03) and erosions (70.6% vs 42.6%, p = .04), however, no differences were found between the two groups regarding ulcer, villous edema and stenosis detection. Overall, patients with perianal disease had more frequently significant small bowel inflammatory activity, defined as a Lewis Score ≥135 (94.1% vs 64.8%, p = .03), and higher Lewis scores in the first and second tertiles (450 ± 1129 vs 0 ± 169, p = .02 and 675 ± 1941 vs 0 ± 478, p = .04, respectively). No differences were found between the two groups regarding third tertile inflammatory activity assessed with the Lewis Score. CONCLUSION: Patients with perianal CD have significantly higher inflammatory activity in the small bowel, particularly in proximal small bowel segments, when compared with patients without perianal disease.

New insights on an old medical emergency: non-portal hypertension related upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a potentially life-threatening condition and is the most common medical emergency managed by gastroenterologists. Despite being one of the most antique medical problems, recent studies have been slowly changing the management of these patients, which should nowadays include not only initial resuscitation, but also risk stratification, pre-endoscopic therapy, endoscopy treatment, and post-procedure care. The aim of this paper is to review the extended approach to the patient with non-portal hypertension related UGIB.