Uncovering the coupling effect with energy-related carbon emissions and human development variety in Chinese provinces.

Lessening energy-related carbon emissions has become a crucial measure to achieve Chinese carbon neutrality. This study is the first to construct a Difference in Carbon pressures-adjusted Human Development Index (DCHDI) model for the purpose of exploring the coupling effect between carbon emissions and human development variety from 2000 to 2019 in Chinese provinces. We demonstrate the following. (1) The total energy-related carbon footprint of 30 provinces in China reached 10.2 billion tons in 2019, with an average annual growth rate of 6.93% over the past two decades; and the provinces with the highest carbon emissions per capita are InnerMongolia, Ningxia, and Shanxi. (2) At the provincial level, we observed that the Human Development Index (HDI), which includes life expectancy, education, and income, has been rising, while Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin entered the super-high HDI level before 2008. (3) The entire coupling effect of 30 Chinese provinces has been broadly fortified in the last 20 years, but the growth rate of DCHDI values in 2011-2019 has slowed down compared with that in 2000-2010; the clustering phenomenon demonstrated that this discovery is associated with historical peaks in total carbon emissions. (4) The coordination degree of carbon emissions per capita and HDI was verified, and 96% of the data points were found in the range of super high coupling coordination degree. Overall, this study provides the government with worthwhile guidance for decision-making and carbon reduction strategies for other countries struggling to advance human sustainable development.

PM2.5 can help adjust building's energy consumption.

Long- or short-term exposure to air pollution would distort human's cognitive function which has aroused widespread concern in interdisciplinary fields. It furtherly seems rational to assume that air pollution may affect energy use in public buildings. However, the overlooks of the potential impacts of air pollution on energy use would result in substantially higher energy saving cost. By matching the real-time energy consumption of public buildings to indoor and outdoor PM2.5, we construct a panel containing 193,226 data items. Based on this, we conduct the first preliminary exploration to try to reveal the impact of PM2.5 on energy use at the building-hourly level. Results show that the increase of energy intensity caused by PM2.5 is subtle, it indeed exists significantly. When indoor PM2.5 is 1 µg/m3, the marginal effect is minimum. After indoor PM2.5 exceeding 1 µg/m3, the marginal effect began to increase and the maximum is 0.3224 when PM2.5 is 1114 µg/m3. However, given the sorting and contrast effect, the practical relationship between indoor PM2.5 and energy use is possible inverted-U shaped. Furtherly, we find long term exposure to outdoor PM2.5 would not make people adapt to air pollution and instead cumulative the impact on energy use. Besides, centralized office could be an economical and feasible measure to achieve energy saving goal. Finally, we propose that it is promising for achieving the synergy between air pollution control and energy consumption reduction.

Interprovincial differences in the historical peak situation of building carbon emissions in China: Causes and enlightenments.

Scientific assessment of the historical carbon peak situation of provincial buildings in China is the premise and basis for understanding the country's development trends and formulating carbon peak goals. The population size, urbanization stages, economic development levels, natural resources endowment, and energy structure characteristics vary significantly for the different provinces in China, resulting in significant differences in the peaking situation of building carbon emissions (BCE). The differences require more attention given the current environmental status. Based on the judgment function of carbon peaking conditions and the statistical Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test method, this study evaluates the historical peak situation of building carbon emissions at the provincial level in China. The peaking sequence of BCE, building carbon emissions per capita (BCEP), and carbon emissions per unit floor area (BCEA) were analyzed, and the driving factors that cause different carbon peak situations were discussed. Further, with reference to the experience of the United States, a peak strategy for building carbon emissions in China was proposed. The research results showed that BCE in Beijing and Yunnan have peaked, and the three provinces of Shanghai, Sichuan, and Hubei have plateaued. The most important factors that cause different peaking situations for BCE are the floor area per capita and carbon emissions per unit of energy consumption. In addition, the peak order of building carbon emissions was BCEA, BCEP, and BCE. A strategy that should be adopted in the promotion of buildings' carbon peak in China is to formulate phased peak goals for BCE, BCEP, and BCEA at a national level and differentiated echelon peak goals at a provincial level considering interprovincial differences. This study provides a scientific basis and decision-making reference for formulating a path to buildings' carbon peak at a provincial level in China.

Spatial correlation network structure of China's building carbon emissions and its driving factors: A social network analysis method.

Clarifying the spatial association network of provincial building carbon emissions and its influential drivers is profoundly significant for transregional collaborative emission reduction and regionally-coordinated development. This study adopts the social network analysis method to investigate the network structure characteristics of carbon emissions in the building sector based on China's provincial-level evidence from 2000 to 2018. Then, the quadratic assignment procedure is further utilized to examine the driving factors. The results demonstrate that building carbon emissions in China take the form of a network structure. From 2000 to 2018, the relevance and stability of the spatial associations gradually strengthened. Shanghai, Jiangsu, Tianjin, Beijing and Zhejiang are in the center of the spatial association network and play a vital part in the network. The network of carbon emissions in the building sector can be classified into four plates: the main inflow plate, main outflow plate, bidirectional spillover plate and agent plate. Geographical adjacency, economic development level, energy intensity and industrial structure are significantly correlated with building carbon emissions. The urbanization level has no significant influence on the spatial correlations of building carbon emissions. This study is conducive to formulating energy conservation policies and promoting transregional collaborative emission reductions.

Spatial and temporal evolution and drivers of GHG emissions from urban domestic wastewater treatment in China: a review at the provincial level.

To mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the wastewater treatment industry, it is crucial to explore GHG emission patterns and propose useful measures. In this study, we use the Kaya model and LMDI decomposition method to analyze the changes in GHG emissions from urban domestic wastewater treatment at the provincial level and further explore the distribution characteristics and driving factors of urban domestic wastewater treatment GHG emissions across various years and regions. The results indicate the following: (1) In the temporal dimension, urban domestic wastewater treatment GHG emissions are increasing, from 21.0 MtCO2 in 2011 to 27.1 MtCO2 in 2020, with an average annual growth rate of 2.88%. The spatial distribution is high in the southeast and low in the northwest. There is variability in the spatial evolution trend of GHG emissions by province, with the growth rate becoming slower or even negative in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and North China, while the average annual growth rate exceeds 25% in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. (2) According to the decomposition results of driving factors, economic scale is the dominant positive driver, and the positive contributions of TI and the population effect are limited. The sludge disposal structure is the main negative driver, and the EEI and technology have restricted negative contributions. (3) Based on the decomposition results, for major coastal GHG emitters, such as Guangdong and Shandong, it is necessary to invest capital and technology to continuously upgrade the wastewater treatment process and reduce non-CO2 emissions. Along with adopting circular economy schemes, local governments in the northwestern region should transform the traditional sludge disposal structure and optimize the power supply structure to increase carbon offset and reduce CO2 emissions. The findings suggest a low-carbon transformation path to support the industry's dual carbon goals.

Differences in energy-saving benefits between the rich and poor: data-driven method to study equity of mandatory energy efficiency policy in Chongqing.

The equity of mandatory building energy efficiency design standards (BEEDSs) has not received sufficient attention, for there is little study emphasizing the equity between the rich and the poor from the perspective of mandatory energy policies. Therefore, this study is aimed at evaluating the heterogeneous effect of BEEDSs on the energy consumption of households with varying incomes based on household-level data (n = 1196) from Chongqing in China. The study indicates that the actual energy efficiency of the high-income group is 47%, whereas those of the middle- and low-income groups are 32% and 25%, respectively, compared to groups in the absence of BEEDSs. Furthermore, the energy-saving benefits of the rich are approximately twice that of the poor. Also, the Lorenz curve is used to describe the inequality in the distribution of energy-saving benefits, showing that the inequality coefficient is 0.25. This study provides a strong reference for the research and policy-making related to building energy efficiency.

City-level building operation and end-use carbon emissions dataset from China for 2015-2020.

The building sector, which accounts for over 20% of China's total energy-related carbon emissions, has great potential to reduce emissions and is critical to achieving China's emissions peak and carbon neutrality targets. However, the lack of data on operational carbon emissions and end-use carbon emissions in the building sector at the city level has become a major barrier to the development of building energy conservation policies and carbon peaking action plans. This study uses a combination of "top-down" and "bottom-up" methods to account for the operational carbon emissions of buildings in 321 cities in China from 2015 to 2020. The energy consumption in buildings is further broken down into six end uses: central heating, distributed heating, cooking and water heating (C&W), lighting, cooling, appliances and others (A&O). The dataset can serve as a reference to support city-level policies on peak building emissions and is of great value for the improvement of the carbon emissions statistical accounting system.

Reverse subsidy dilemma caused by the transformation from individual heating to central heating.

With the increase in household income enhancing people's expectations for life comfort, the demand for central heating in hot summer and cold winter areas (HSCWs) has increased. This study aims to explore whether it is appropriate to promote central heating in HSCWs from the perspectives of inequality and reverse subsidies. Reverse subsidy dilemma caused by the transformation from individual heating to central heating was proposed by the analysis relying on utility theory. This paper presents data suggesting that individual heating could provide more options for different household income groups than could central heating. Furthermore, the heating inequality among different income groups is assessed, and reverse subsidies from the poor to the rich are discussed. We find that the implementation of central heating leads to few adverse effects and high utility for the rich and increased expenditures and low utility satisfaction for the poor at the same price level.

Historical peak situation of building carbon emissions in different climate regions in China: Causes of differences and peak challenges.

The climatic conditions in different regions of China are complex and diverse, and the characteristics of building energy consumption in different climatic regions are quite different, leading to significant differences in the historical peak situation of building carbon emissions (BCE). Based on the statistical Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test method, this study evaluates the historical peak situation of BCE in different climate regions in China and discusses the reasons for the differences in the growth trends and peak situations of BCE in these regions. Furthermore, according to the characteristics of building energy consumption in different climate regions, the challenges faced by each climate region in promoting the peaking of BCE are highlighted. The research results show that owing to the continuous increase in the proportion of electrification and clean energy power generation, the electricity emission factor and carbon emissions per unit of energy consumption continue to decline, and the growth rates of BCE in the transitional and southern regions are significantly lower than the growth rate of building energy consumption, and the carbon emissions per unit floor area in the southern region has reached its peak. The main obstacles to promoting the peaking of BCE in the northern heating region are the high­carbon heating energy structure and the unrestrained heating behavior of residents, while the challenges faced by the transitional and southern regions are the southward migration of the population and economic centers of gravity and the gradual increase in residents' requirements for living environment comfort. Government decision-makers should formulate differentiated BCE peaking strategies according to the characteristics of building energy consumption in different climate regions.

Experimental study of the effect of CO2 on temperature and soot volume fraction in C2H4/air co-flow laminar diffusion flame.

The threat of global warming caused by greenhouse gases such as CO2 to the environment is one of the most intractable challenges. The capture and utilization of CO2 are essential to reduce its emission and achieve the goal of being carbon neutral, in which CO2-diluted combustion is an efficient carbon capture technology. In this research, the effects of CO2 addition in the fuel side (CO2-F), oxidizer side (CO2-O) and both sides (CO2-F/O) on temperature and soot formation in C2H4/air laminar co-flow diffusion flames were researched. The flame images were measured by a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) imaging equipment. The two-dimensional distributions of temperature and soot volume fraction in C2H4/air laminar co-flow diffusion flames were measured employing the inverse Abel transform. The results demonstrated that the effect of amount variation of CO2-F on the decrease of flame temperature was enhanced by the CO2-O. The reduction in peak flame temperature was 4 K in the CO2-F cases, while the reduction in peak flame temperature was 83 K in the CO2-F/O cases. The soot formation was suppressed significantly by the effects of CO2-F/O. Compared with the CO2-F cases, the reductions in peak soot volume fraction were 22.5% and 23.5% in the CO2-F/O cases. The suppression effect of amount variation of the CO2-F on soot formation became more significant with the increase of flame height. The reductions in peak soot volume fractions were 0.3%, 3.07% and 6.38% at the flame heights of 20 mm, 30 mm and 40 mm in the CO2-F cases, and the corresponding reductions were 4.92%, 5.2% and 16% in the CO2-F/O cases, respectively.

Decarbonizing residential buildings in the developing world: Historical cases from China.

China's large residential building stocks lead to the serious effect of operational carbon lock-in, which becomes a major challenge in hitting the carbon peak by 2030. This work is the first to develop the Generalized Divisia Index Method with a matrix of 8 × 14 to identify fourteen factors and analyze the provincial carbon change (especially the decarbonization progress) in residential building operations from 2000 to 2018. It shows that: (1) The operational carbon emissions released by residential buildings increased during 2000-2018, with an average rate of 4.53 % per yr in 30 samples. Behind this, the most positive contributor is residential floor areas, while the most negative contributor is the share of household consumption expenditure in the gross domestic product. (2) The annual decarbonization of most provinces in northern China peaked before 2008, accounting for 4.70 mega-tons of carbon dioxide (MtCO2) per province per yr, and in central and eastern China mainly peaked in approximately 2014, accounting for 7.21 MtCO2 per province per yr, and the annual decarbonization in southern China generally continued to grow. (3) High levels of decarbonization and decarbonization efficiency have been observed in northern and southwestern China, with 35.06 MtCO2 per province of decarbonization and 7.05 % per province of efficiency in 2001-2018. Overall, this study improves the analytical method to assess the decarbonization of building operations, and it helps the governments investigate the building decarbonization potential to promote the schemes of carbon peak.

Nonlinear influence of urbanization on China's urban residential building carbon emissions: New evidence from panel threshold model.

Carbon mitigation in the urban residential building sector is critical for China to achieve its carbon peak and carbon neutral commitment. However, how urbanization affects urban residential building carbon emissions is still unclear. This study adopts the panel threshold regression model to explore the dynamic influence mechanism of the urbanization on urban residential building CO2 emissions based on the evidence from China's 30 provincial regions during 2000-2015. Results indicate that urbanization contributes positively to the increase of urban residential building CO2 emissions, while such degree of influence varies across different stages of income and energy structure. As for per capita income, the promoting effect of the urbanization on urban residential building CO2 emissions is enhanced with the growth of per capita income. And the degree of such increasing effect becomes greater when per capita income exceeds its threshold value. Regarding the energy mix, the driving effect of urbanization on urban residential building CO2 emissions is also strengthened when the energy mix crosses its threshold value, showing a "stepwise growth" feature. This study reveals the nonlinear influence mechanism of urbanization on urban building CO2 emissions, and this is helpful in boosting the related theoretical and practical exploration on the impact of urbanization on the environment. Based on our findings, an environmentally-friendly consumption pattern should be promoted and more penetration of cleaner energies should be improved in urban households, which will be effective to alleviate the increase of residential carbon emissions.

Decoupling or delusion? Mapping carbon emission per capita based on the human development index in Southwest China.

Reducing energy-related carbon emissions has become the essential measure to mitigate global climate change. Based on decoupling analyses and index decomposition, this study is the first to explore whether carbon emission per capita decouples from the human development index from 2000 to 2015 at the provincial level in Southwest China [Chongqing (CQ), Sichuan (SC), Guizhou (GZ), and Yunnan (YN)]. We demonstrate the following. (1) The economic output and energy intensity effects among the five drivers are the strongest to promote and suppress the growth of carbon emission per capita from 2001 to 2015. (2) At the provincial level, we observed four decoupling statures, and the decoupling impact was organized in decreasing order: CQ > GZ > SC > YN (2001-2005), GZ > YN > CQ > SC (2006-2010), YN > SC > GZ > CQ (2011-2015). (3) The overall decoupling effect of Southwest China has been generally reinforced from 2000 to 2015, and finally entered a strong decoupling status in 2013-2015; an environmental Kuznets curve explained that this finding is related to historical peaks in total carbon emissions. Overall, this study provides guidance for the government on carbon emissions mitigation strategies and a valuable decision-making reference for other regions attempting to accelerate low-carbon development.

Do commercial building sector-derived carbon emissions decouple from the economic growth in Tertiary Industry? A case study of four municipalities in China.

Decoupling economic development from carbon emissions generated from China's commercial buildings (CECCB) is regarded as an important indicator for evaluating the energy efficiency of the commercial building sector in China. Our study is the first to propose a decoupling method based on a Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition analysis with the Kaya identity to analyze the relationship between economic development in China's Tertiary Industry and the CECCB growth at both national and municipal levels. The following three main results are found. (1) At the national level, commercial building sector decoupling from 2001 to 2015 is limited. Only four decoupling stages are observed at the municipal level with the ordering of municipal decoupling measured as follows: Tianjin > Beijing > Shanghai > Chongqing (2001-2010), Chongqing > Beijing > Tianjin > Shanghai (2011-2015). (2) Two extended versions of Environmental Kuznets Curves further show what drives different decoupling levels in the four municipalities. (3) More significant decoupling effects observed in recent years can be attributed to significant improvements made in the energy efficiency work of China's commercial building sector. Overall, our approach successfully covers a research gap relevant to the decoupling of the relationship between CECCB growth and the economic development of China's Tertiary Industry. Furthermore, we believe our results can be used to guide the evaluation of energy efficiency work in China's commercial building sector, and such efforts can also enrich diverse research conducted on China's low carbon economic systems.

Carbon dioxide intensity and income level in the Chinese megacities' residential building sector: Decomposition and decoupling analyses.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) caused by residential building sector is essential for China to achieve its 2030 carbon emission peak. As the indicator to control the total CO2 emissions, CO2 intensity feature should be preferentially analyzed. Through the decomposition and decoupling approaches, this paper is the first to investigate whether CO2 intensity decouples from the income level in residential building sector of China and its four megacities [Beijing (BJ), Tianjin (TJ), Shanghai (SH), and Chongqing (CQ)] from 2000 to 2016. Major findings indicate that: (1) The nationwide status was the weak decoupling during 2001-2016 excluding 2003 (the expansive coupling) and 2014 (the strong decoupling). (2) At the megacity scale, only four decoupling levels appeared and the decoupling effect rank of four megacities is as follows: CQ > TJ > BJ > SH (2001-2004), BJ > TJ > CQ > SH (2005-2008), SH > BJ > TJ > CQ (2009-2012), and SH > BJ > TJ > CQ (2013-2016). (3) Carbon Kuznets curves explained the different decoupling modes of four megacities and the increasing decoupling effects in 2001-2016 are attributable to the implementation of energy conservation strategy. Overall, this paper fills the gap of decoupling CO2 intensity from the income level in residential building sector. Furthermore, a significant contribution is made by this paper to the carbon emission peak analysis in residential building sector of China, and our efforts will also be a case for other countries and cities to evaluate the decoupling effect in their residential building sectors.

China Act on the Energy Efficiency of Civil Buildings (2008): A decade review.

China has launched the energy efficiency project (EEP) for its civil building sector beginning in the mid-1980s; however, its implementation has not been effective. To better promote the EEP for the Chinese civil building sector, the Chinese government issued the China Act on the Energy Efficiency of Civil Buildings in 2008. This is the first paper to present a review of this act's implementation over the past decade. Based on China Database of Building Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions and official documents, the achievements of this act are assessed by examining a variety of indicators. The success of the act can be attributed to the following factors: 1) a strong and sustained government commitment to top policies of building energy efficiency (BEE); 2) extensive efforts to apply the BEE standards to newly built civil buildings; 3) various incentive schemes involving energy efficiency retrofitting for existing civil buildings; 4) the increasing adoption of renewable energy to the civil building sector and of systems and platforms of energy efficiency supervision to commercial buildings; and 5) the rapid development of green buildings. Nevertheless, the revised act must address several challenges in the upcoming phase. These challenges mainly include the following: 1) the "double-control" strategy for the civil building sector; 2) the substantial development of the EEP in rural China; 3) the further development of green buildings for the low-carbon civil buildings; 4) the improvement of official statistical data systems on energy consumption and carbon emissions for civil buildings; and 5) building industrialization and informatization. It's expected that our efforts as constituting significant guidance for evaluating the EEP in the Chinese civil building sector, and the efforts will also be treated as an example for other developing countries to evaluate and revise their BEE acts.

Estimating urban residential building-related energy consumption and energy intensity in China based on improved building stock turnover model.

Accurate estimation of urban residential building-related energy consumption (URBEC) and energy intensity per unit floor area at the national level has significant implications for the analysis of carbon emission peaks. However, reliable data on China's building floor space (BFS) are lacking, resulting in unclear energy intensity levels. This study proposes a China BFS estimation method (CBFSEM) based on improved building stock turnover model. Using CBFSEM, it estimates the BFS of historic urban dwelling stock, the demolished and newly built dwelling from 2000 to 2015. It then estimates the corresponding energy consumption and intensity based on the obtained urban residential BFS data. Results showed that total URBEC in China increased dramatically from 217.1 Mtce in 2000 to 417.2 Mtce in 2015 with an average annual growth rate of 4.45%. China's total dwelling stock almost doubled, from 10.6 billion m2 in 2000 to 27.4 billion m2 in 2015 with an annual growth rate of 6.56%. The operational energy consumption accounted for approximately 70% of total URBEC and the building material production energy intensity was the highest in total URBEC, >60 kgce/m2. A comparison with the China Population Census showed that the deviations were well below 8%, which indicated the reliability of the CBFSEM and the estimated results. In general, this study fills the gap in available data and addresses the shortage of estimation methods for BFS and energy intensity. It also provides the government with technical support and scientific evidence to promote building energy efficiency.

Dilution effect of the building area on energy intensity in urban residential buildings.

Urban residential buildings make large contributions to energy consumption. Energy consumption per square meter is most widely used to measure energy efficiency in urban residential buildings. This study aims to explore whether it is an appropriate indicator. An extended STIRPAT model was used based on the survey data from 867 households. Here we present that building area per household has a dilution effect on energy consumption per square meter. Neglecting this dilution effect leads to a significant overestimation of the effectiveness of building energy savings standards. Further analysis suggests that the peak of energy consumption per square meter in China's urban residential buildings occurred in 2012 when accounting for the dilution effect, which is 11 years later than it would have occurred without considering the dilution effect. Overall, overlooking the dilution effect may lead to misleading judgments of crucial energy-saving policy tools, as well as the ongoing trend of residential energy consumption in China.

What drives the carbon mitigation in Chinese commercial building sector? Evidence from decomposing an extended Kaya identity.

Energy efficiency in the building sector is expected to contribute >50% to the nationwide carbon mitigation efforts for achieving China's carbon emission peak in 2030, and carbon mitigation in Chinese commercial buildings (CMCCB) is an indicator of this effort. However, the CMCCB assessment has faced the challenge of ineffective and inadequate approaches; therefore, we have followed a different approach. Using the China Database of Building Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions as our data source, our study is the first to employ the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) to decompose five driving forces from the Kaya identity of Chinese commercial building carbon emissions (CCBCE) to assess the CMCCB values in 2001-2015. The results of our study indicated that: (1) Only two driving forces (i.e., the reciprocal of GDP per capita of Tertiary Industry in China and the CCBCE intensity) contributed negatively remi to CCBCE during 2001-2015, and the quantified negative contributions denoted the CMCCB values. Specifically, the CMCCB values in 2001-2005, 2006-2010, and 2011-2015 were 123.96, 252.83, and 249.07 MtCO2, respectively. (2) The data quality control involving the CMCCB values proved the reliability of our CMCCB assessment model, and the universal applicability of this model was also confirmed. (3) The substantial achievements of the energy efficiency project in the Chinese commercial building sector were the root cause of the rapidly growing CMCCB. Overall, we believe that our model successfully bridges the research gap of the nationwide CMCCB assessment and that the proposed model is also suitable either at the provincial level or in different building climate zones in China. Meanwhile, a global-level assessment of the carbon mitigation in the commercial building sector is feasible through applying our model. Furthermore, we consider our contribution as constituting significant guidance for developing the building energy efficiency strategy in China in the upcoming phase.

Production of transgenic pigs mediated by pseudotyped lentivirus and sperm.

Sperm-mediated gene transfer can be a very efficient method to produce transgenic pigs, however, the results from different laboratories had not been widely repeated. Genomic integration of transgene by injection of pseudotyped lentivirus to the perivitelline space has been proved to be a reliable route to generate transgenic animals. To test whether transgene in the lentivirus can be delivered by sperm, we studied incubation of pseudotyped lentiviruses and sperm before insemination. After incubation with pig spermatozoa, 62±3 lentiviral particles were detected per 100 sperm cells using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The association of lentivirus with sperm was further confirmed by electron microscopy. The sperm incubated with lentiviral particles were artificially inseminated into pigs. Of the 59 piglets born from inseminated 5 sows, 6 piglets (10.17%) carried the transgene based on the PCR identification. Foreign gene and EGFP was successfully detected in ear tissue biopsies from two PCR-positive pigs, revealed via in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Offspring of one PCR-positive boar with normal sows showed PCR-positive. Two PCR-positive founders and offsprings of PCR-positive boar were further identified by Southern-blot analysis, out of which the two founders and two offsprings were positive in Southern blotting, strongly indicating integration of foreign gene into genome. The results indicate that incubation of sperm with pseudotyped lentiviruses can incorporated with sperm-mediated gene transfer to produce transgenic pigs with improved efficiency.