Design and synthesis of novel celastrol derivative and its antitumor activity in hepatoma cells and antiangiogenic activity in zebrafish.

Two series of celastrol derivatives were designed and synthesized by modifying carboxylic acid at the 28th position with amino acid, and their intermediates with isobutyrate at the third position. All compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferation activity by four human cancer cell lines (SCG7901, HGC27, HepG2, and Bel7402) and one normal cell LO2. The most promising compound, compound 8, showed superior bioactivity and lower toxicity than others including celastrol. Further underlying tests illustrated that compound 8 induced apoptosis and cell arrest at G2/M and inhibited proliferation and mobility of human hepatoma cells by suppressing the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 signaling pathway. Besides these, a highly accurate and reproducible high performance liquid chromatography protocol was established to determine celastrol and compound 8 absorption in zebrafish, and results demonstrated that their concentration increased rapidly within 4 hr in a time-dependent manner and the concentration of compound 8 was higher than that of celastrol. In addition, without detection at 12 hr, compound 8 was rapidly metabolized in vivo. These findings are very helpful for the structural modification of celastrol and other bioactive compounds to improve their bioactivity, toxicity, and absorption.

Discovery, synthesis, and evaluation of small-molecule signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inhibitors.

The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) oncogene is a promising molecular target and its inhibitors have great potential as anticancer drugs. To identify novel and STAT3-selective inhibitors, a virtual screening based on Specs and Maybridge databases was conducted and a 6,6'-bibenzoxazole type small molecule, compound 3a with a inhibition constant K(i) value of 494.32 nM to STAT3 was explored. Further, a novel series of derivatives originally derived from 3a was synthesized and evaluated through cell-based assays using human breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7 with or without constitutive expression of STAT3, respectively. In the series, 3a, 3c, 3d and 4e showed a better inhibitory activity with a good selectivity. Among them, 3a and 3c significantly inhibited STAT3 protein level and also displayed binding affinity for STAT3 that detected with flow injection analysis-quartz crystal microbalance (FIA-QCM) analysis system. The results provided a new lead for future design and development of potent STAT3 inhibitors.

Different Effects of Melatonin on X-Rays-Irradiated Cancer Cells in a Dose-Dependent Manner.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of melatonin on the radiosensitivity of HeLa cells. Concentration from 10 to 1000 µM of melatonin was used on HeLa cells before X-rays irradiation (IR). The cellular inactivation effect was analyzed by clonogenic assay, and cell growth was measured by MTT assay at various concentrations. Ten micrometer melatonin promoted the cell-killing effects of IR, while 1000-µM melatonin prevented IR-induced cellular inactivation. Further analysis revealed that 1000-µM melatonin protected the cells from IR-induced reactive oxygen species damage, as the oxidative stress measured by fluorescent microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting using 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining. This is further confirmed by melatonin receptor agonist, which has no antioxidant capacity. A 10-µM melatonin, on the contrary, enhanced the cell-killing effects of IR by activating c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase signaling activation was indicated by Western blot of phosphorylated JNK. We used JNK inhibitor to further confirm the involvement of JNK signaling in the cell-killing enhancement of 10-µM melatonin administration. Our results suggest the importance of dose-dependent effects in melatonin application for radiotherapy.

RTN4-C gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and its influence on SMMC7721 cell growth and apoptosis.

RTN4-C gene is a member of RTNs. To investigate its expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and study its function on SMMC7721 cells, RT-PCR was conducted to detect its expressions in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. RTN4-C-pcDNA3. 1 plasmid was reconstructed and stably transfected into SMMC7721 cells by Lipofect AMINE. Growth curve of SMMC7721 measured by MTT and apoptosis indentified with acridine orange staining were examined to demonstrate the effect of RTN4-C on SMMC7721. Immunocytochemical analysis for mutant p53, c-Fos, Hsp70 proteins were conducted. The results showed that the transfected SMMC7721 cells grew more slowly than control and the average inhibition rate at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd day were 33.8% +/- 0.026, 56.2% +/- 0. 094, 34.8% +/- 0.077 respectively. In transfected SMMC7721 cell line, the apoptosis was strengthened,mutant p53 protein tranferred from nucleus to cytoplasm and c-Fos, Hsp70 proteins were decreased. Our data indicated RTN4-C gene was expressed differently in hepatocellular carcinoma and its paracancerous tissues. By tranferring mutant p53 protein from nucleus to cytoplasm and decreasing c-Fos, Hsp70 protein expression, RTN4-C inhibited SMMC7721 cells growth and promoted its apoptosis.

[Phylogenetic relationship between tufted deer(Elaphodus cephalophus) and Muntiacus deer is revealed by the exon and intron of K+ channel gene].

In this study, partial fragments of potassium ion channel gene were amplified using the genomic DNA of muntjak, reevesi, crinifrons, and Elaphodus cephalophus. The PCR products were ligated to the plasmid of pMD18-T Vector by the method of direct T-A cloning. The positive clones were identified by colony PCR. The sequences of the recombinant clones were determined using M13-47/RV-M universal primers and aligned by the software CLUSTALW. The nucleotide divergences of exon were 0.90%-1.44% among three species of Muntiacus, 0.90%-1.26% between E. cephalophus and each of Muntiacus deer. In the nucleotide of intron there is 0%-1.22% difference among these muntjac deers, and the divergene reached about 1.83% between E. cephalophus and the three species of Muntiacus. Using the software of MEGA to analyse molecular phylogeny, Phylogenetic trees were constructed with neighbor-joining method and maximum parsimony method. The result showed Muntiacus, crinifrons is most closely related to muntjak, with reevesi as their sister species. E. cephalophus is in the other genus.

[High level secretion expression of PoIFNalpha in Pichia pastoris].

The porcine alpha interferon gene was inserted into the Pichia pastoris expression vector of pPICZalphaA which contains AOX I promoter and alpha-factor signal sequence. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into host cell E.coli JM109 and then was extracted for analysis of restriction enzymes. It was confirmed that heterogeneous gene spliced into vector pPICZalphaA was IFNalpha gene. The recombinant plasmid of pPICZalphaA-IFNalpha was linearnized by Sac I and transformed into KM71 by electroporation. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis showed that IFNalpha product was observed in the supernants with a little larger molecular weight size than the natural IFNalpha. The rIFN gene has the same antigenicity as natural one. The expressed rIFN accumulated up to about 0.45mg/mL. The cytokine activity of the supernantants was vertified by WISH/VSV system,which is about 2.1x10(4)IU/mL.

[Endophthalmitis after phacoemucification surgery].

OBJECTIVE: To study the infective endophthalmitis after phacoemulsification and to discuss the methods for prevention and treatment of this complication. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on phacoemulsification with implantation of artificial lens underwent in 10 MaiGe Ophthalmological Centers during past 10 years (from 1993 to 2003). RESULTS: Among 63,372 cases (84,497 eyes) underwent the phacoemulsification, 14 cases suffered infective endophthalmitis with the incidence of 0.02%. In these 14 cases, 11 cases occurred before 1999 (78.6%). There were 5 cases of ruptured posterior lens capsule in these 14 cases (35.7%). Microbiological examination was performed in 11 cases (aqueous or vitreous sample), 7 cases showed positive results (63.6%), including 3 cases of staphylococcus epidermidis (42.8%), 1 case of pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.7%), 1 case of bacilli (16.7%) and 2 cases (33.4%) of fungus (yeast and candida albicans). After the treatment, the vision of 5 patients was recovered to 2.0 or more, 4 cases recovered to hand movement and light perception, enucleation was performed in 3 cases and atrophy of eyeballs occurred in 2 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The attack rate of endophthalmitis after phacoemucification surgery is 0.02%. The main pathogen is staphylococcus epidermidis. Rupture of posterior lens capsule is one of the main risk factors of endophthalmitis. Observing the operative routine strictly pre-, during and post-operatively can reduce the occurrence of infective endophthalmitis.

Expression of TN4 gene and its role in human hepatocarcinogenesis from Qidong, a liver cancer risk area.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the expression and role of TN4 in the oncogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from Qidong which is a HCC risk area. METHODS: The expression of TN4 in HCC was observed using immunohistochemical staining (IHC). TN4 levels were manipulated in human liver cancer cell SMMC7721, using pcDNA3.1 eukaryotic expression constructs designed to express the complete TN4 cDNA. The biological changes of the cells were observed before and after transfection of TN4 and the change of gene expression was analysed by atlas cDNA expression array. RESULTS: Among 100 pairs of samples of HCC, TN4 down-regulation expression and up-regulation expression positive rate were 81% (81/100), 19% (19/100), respectively (P < 0.01). TN4 protein was mainly localized in cytoplasm and membrane. The positive rate of TN4 were 10% (3/30), 100% (70/70) in lymph node metastasis and no lymph node metastasis, respectively (P < 0.01). The growth rates of the derivative SMMC7721-TN4 cell lines were decreased in comparison with that of normal SMMC7721 cells and pcDNA-SMMC7721. Some gene expression was changed before and after transfection of TN4. At 30 days of post-implantation of SMMC7721-TN4, SMMC7721-pcDNA3, SMMC7721 group produced tumors of (301.9 +/- 143.4) mm(3), (2418.7 +/- 362.8) mm(3), (2317.4 +/- 587.8) mm(3), respectively, (P < 0.01). Tumor inhibiting rate was 82.4% in TN4 transfection group. Sections of tumors were observed for their degree of tissue necrosis and there was higher degree of necrosis in tumors of the TN4-SMMC7721 cell group than those of the SMMC7721, SMMC7721-pcDNA groups. CONCLUSIONS: TN4 may play an important role in the oncogenesis of human HCC, especially in Qidong, the HCC risk area and TN4 could be a candidate tumor suppressor gene for HCC.

[Association between apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and the patients with persistent vegetative state in the Chinese].

We studied the relationship between apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and persistent vegetative state (PVS) to explore the genetics background of PVS, and evaluated the effect of ApoE gene polymorphism on lipid levels in plasma. The ApoE genotype of fifty-six patients with PVS and fifty-three controls were determined by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Plasma lipid levels were measured by using routine methods. Results demonstrated that there were five genotypes in the two groups: E3/3, E3/4, E2/2, E2/3 and E2/4. The genotype frequencies of ApoE gene in PVS were 21(37.5%), 26(46.4%), 2 (3.6%), 5(8.9%), 2(3.6%) and that in control were 37(69.8%), 7(13.2%), 2(3.8%) 5(9.4%), 2(3.8%) respectively. We compared the genotype frequencies between the two groups and found there was a significantly increase in E3/4(chi 2 = 14.236, P < 0.001) and decrease in E3/3(chi 2 = 5.348, P < 0.05). epsilon 2, epsilon 3 and epsilon 4 allele frequencies of ApoE were 11(9.8%), 73(65.2%), 28(25%) in PVS and were 11 (10.4%), 86(81.1%), 9(8.5%) in control respectively. Allele frequencies, significantly increased in epsilon 4 (chi 2 = 10.533, P < 0.001) and decreased in epsilon 3 (chi 2 = 7.022, P < 0.01). We also found that E3/4, E2/4 genotype and epsilon 4 allele can largely increase total cholesterol (TC) and lower density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in plasma, and epsilon 2 alleles also can largely increase LDL-C levels inplasma. Our finding indicates that the ApoE gene polymorphism may be in association with the PVS, and may be a factor in the genetic susceptibility to PVS in Chinese; Genotype and alleles of ApoE in PVS can affect the lipid levels in plasma.

The relationship between metallothionein-1F (MT1F) gene and hepatocellular carcinoma.

To investigate the expression of MT1F gene in hepatocellular carcinoma tissue and the growth suppression effect of exogenous introduction of MT1F gene on liver cell line HepG2 and to explore the potential application of MT1F gene in gene therapy of tumor. Eukaryotic expression vector of pCMV-MT1F plasmid was introduced into HepG2 line which expressed no MT1F protein originally with lipofectamine transfection method. The cell growth curve, soft agar colony formation rate and tumorigenicity in SCID mice were examined to demonstrate the growth suppression effect of exogenous MT1F gene on HepG2 cell line. The MT1F mRNA and MT1F protein were also detected in 60 pairs of surgical specimens of hepatocellular carcinoma by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The transfected HepG2 cell line grew more slowly than control HepG2 as shown by cell growth curves, the soft agar colony formation rate (3.8 percent vs. 7.4 percent, p <.01) and the average growth rate of tumor in SCID mice (30.9 +/- 6.9 vs. 70.3 +/- 5.6, p <.01). The expression level of MT1F mRNA and protein significantly increased in paracancerous tissue, normal tissue than in cancer tissues (75 percent, 70 percent vs. 16.7 percent by ISH and 66.7 percent, 60 percent vs. 10 percent by IHC, p <.01). Exogenous MT1F gene shows the strong effect of growth inhibition on HepG2 cell line. In the liver cancer tissue, MT1F shows down-regulated expression that supports the inhibited function of MT1F in cancer growth and suggests MT1F may have an important role in gene therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.

[Ross procedure in treatment of aortic disease: clinical experience of 15 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the clinical experience of Ross procedure in treatment of aorta valve diseases. METHODS: The clinical data of 15 patients with aorta valve diseases, 12 men and 3 women, aged 30 +/- 14, including 13 cases of congenital aorta valve disease, 1 case of senile degenerative aortic valve disease, and 1 case of subacte bacterial endocarditis complicated by aortic stenosis (AS), with the heart function (NYHA) of class II in 11 cases and class III in 4 cases, underwent Ross procedure from October 1994 to September 2002 in Anzhen Hospital. Before operation, ultrasound cardiography showed moderate to severe AS and/or aortic insufficiency (AI) with an average aortic valve annulus diameter (AVD) of 2.4 +/- 0.4 cm and normal pulmonary valve. Operation was performed on all patients under cardiopulmonary bypass and moderate hypothermia. The operation procedure was as follows: (1) to take off the auto-pulmonary artery valve; (2) to remove the dysfunctional aortic valve and auto-transplant the pulmonary valve on the aortic root; and (3) to put a pulmonary homograft so as to re-establish on the right ventricular outflow tract. RESULTS: The perieoperative mortality is 0. After the operation, the mean pressure gradient of aortic valve was in the normal limitation (7.23 +/- 0.14 mm Hg), the left ventricular diastolic diameter decreased significantly (P < 0.001), the left ventricular ejection fraction was 0.48 +/- 0.22, and the heart function (NYHA) was at the classes I - II in all the patients. All cases received follow-up of 1 - 9 years, their heart function was all in Class I, and the function of their aortic and pulmonary valves remained well. CONCLUSION: Ross procedure is a kind of effective alterative operation in treating patients with aortic valve disease.

[Cloning of ZFY /ZFX gene of the tufted deer and identification of its sex].

According to the human sex differentiation related ZFY and ZFX genes, a pair of primers were designed , and fragments were amplified from the genomic DNA of male or female tufted deer. Subsequently the amplified fragments were cloned into the vector pMD18T and were sequenced. It is found that the sequences of ZFY gene and ZFX gene have 91% homology. Based on the different nucleotides, restriction site of Ava II was found to be specific to ZFX gene. The results show that the combination of PCR with Ava II digestion is a simple and sensitive way to identify the tufted deer sex.

High volume practice proved the safety of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery in left main coronary artery lesions: a two-year single center experience.

BACKGROUND: Left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis has been recognized as a risk factor for early death among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This study aimed to assess if LMCA lesions pose an additional risk of early or mid-term mortality and/or a major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event (MACCE) after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG), compared with non-left main coronary artery stenosis (non-mainstem disease). METHODS: From January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2010, 4869 patients had a primary isolated OPCABG procedure at Beijing Anzhen Hospital. According to the pathology of LMCA lesions, they were retrospectively classified as a non-mainstem disease group (n = 3933) or a LMCA group (n = 936). Propensity scores were used to match the two groups, patients from the non-mainstem disease group (n = 831) were also randomly selected to match patients from the LMCA group (n = 831). Freedom from MACCE in the two groups was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The difference in the mortality and the rate of MACCE during the first 30 days between the non-mainstem disease group and the LMCA group did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.429, P = 0.127 respectively). With a mean follow-up of (12.8 ± 7.5) months and a cumulative follow-up of 1769.6 patient-years, the difference in the freedom from MACCEs between the two groups, calculated through Kaplan-Meier method, did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.831). CONCLUSION: Analysis of a high volume of OPCABG procedures proved that LMCA lesions do not pose additional early and mid-term risk to OPCABG. Therefore, a LMCA lesion is as safe as non-mainstem disease lesion during the OPCABG procedure.

Antiangiogenesis gene armed tumor-targeting adenovirus yields multiple antitumor activities in human HCC xenografts in nude mice.

AIM: Gene therapy represents a promising therapeutic strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To improve the ratio of killing efficacy on tumor cells to side-effect on normal cells, we constructed an oncolytic adenovirus vector, AdSu-hE, expressing the human endostatin (hE) gene, in which the chimeric promoter of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 enhancer and human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter was used to control the adenoviral E1a gene. METHODS: Tumor-selective replication of adenovirus AdSu-hE and its concomitant expression of endostatin were measured by 50% tissue culture infective dose method, fluorescent protein expression, Western blot and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in cancer and normal cell lines. The antitumor efficacy was observed in nude mice bearing human HCCs. RESULTS: The oncolytic adenovirus AdSu-hE replicated restrictedly in telomerase-positive cancer cells and resulted in oncolysis, but did not replicate in normal cell lines. Along with virus replication, AdSu-hE mediated 5-fold increased expression of endostatin in tumor cells compared with that in normal cells. Moreover, AdSu-hE expressed more endostatin in cancer cells than the non-replicative adenovirus vector Ad-hE. In vivo administration of the oncolytic adenovirus AdSu-hE into HCC-bearing nude mice produced a significant tumor reduction by synergistic effects of virus oncolysis and endostatin antiangiogenesis. CONCLUSION: The oncolytic virus with antiangiogenesis gene driven by the chimeric promoter has an improved killing efficacy on tumor cells, and may be useful for cancer gene therapy.

Soluble multimer of recombinant endostatin expressed in E. coli has anti-angiogenesis activity.

The bioactivity, refolding, and multimer formation of endostatin, particularly of recombinant endostatin produced from bacteria, are proved challenging for clinical application. In order to determine the biological activity of recombinant endostatin multimer, first, we expressed endostatin in Escherichia coli and purified it with ion-exchange chromatography. The purified active protein could elicit multimer formation spontaneously, but still has comparable activity. Aim to determine the anti-angiogenic activity of multimer endostatin, by use of RP-HPLC, we then successfully separated endostatin monomer and multimer for subjecting to anti-angiogenesis assay. The results from CAM (chorioallantoic membrane) inhibition assay showed that both monomer and multimer suppressed CAM vascularization significantly. At the dosage of 0.8 microg, inhibition rates of multimeric and monomeric proteins were about 58% and 38%, respectively. Multimeric endostatin exerted a higher activity than monomeric endostatin (p < 0.05). However, when the protein dosage is less than 0.4 microg/ml, there is no significance between their inhibition rates (p > 0.05), although both of them show a high inhibition effect in contrast to control. The results from HUVEC proliferation assay also showed similar effects at dosages of 0.6 and 1.6 microg/ml, multimer exerted a higher activity on inhibition of HUVEC proliferation comparing with monomer (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that endostatin multimer has a comparable or higher bioactivity and multimerization will not affect its bioactivity, implying that endostatin activity is insensitive to structure conformation contributed by disulfide bonds.

[Site-directed mutation of PoIFN-alpha and its expression in Escherichia coli].

By using huge primer PCR Cys86 (TGC) of PoIFN-alpha was mutated to Tyr(TAC), and the first code TGT was simultaneously changed to TGC, which is a bias code of E. coli. The expression plasmid pGEX-IFN was constructed successfully. Recombinant porcine IFN alpha, which is expressed as inclusion bodies, was about 20% of the total proteins. The inclusion body was dissolved in 8 mol/L urea and subsequently renatured by dilution in refolding buffer. In order to obtain pure protein, the renatured IFN alpha was purified by FPLC, and the cytokine activity (5200 IU/mg) was verified by inhibiting the cytopathic effect.