DNA Methylation and Chromatin Accessibility Impact Subgenome Expression Dominance in the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio).

DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility play important roles in gene expression, but their function in subgenome expression dominance remains largely unknown. We conducted comprehensive analyses of the transcriptome, DNA methylation, and chromatin accessibility in liver and muscle tissues of allotetraploid common carp, aiming to reveal the function of epigenetic modifications in subgenome expression dominance. A noteworthy overlap in differential expressed genes (DEGs) as well as their functions was observed across the two subgenomes. In the promoter and gene body, the DNA methylation level of the B subgenome was significantly different than that of the A subgenome. Nevertheless, differences in DNA methylation did not align with changes in homoeologous biased expression across liver and muscle tissues. Moreover, the B subgenome exhibited a higher prevalence of open chromatin regions and greater chromatin accessibility, in comparison to the A subgenome. The expression levels of genes located proximally to open chromatin regions were significantly higher than others. Genes with higher chromatin accessibility in the B subgenome exhibited significantly elevated expression levels compared to the A subgenome. Contrastingly, genes without accessibility exhibited similar expression levels in both subgenomes. This study contributes to understanding the regulation of subgenome expression dominance in allotetraploid common carp.

Study on Design, Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of Novel 6-Indazolyl-2-picolinic Acids.

Thirty-eight new 4-amino-3,5-dicholo-6-(1H-indazolyl)-2-picolinic acids and 4-amino-3,5-dicholo-6-(2H-indazolyl)-2-picolinic acids were designed by scaffold hopping and synthesized to discover potential herbicidal molecules. All the new compounds were tested to determine their inhibitory activities against Arabidopsis thaliana and the root growth of five weeds. In general, the synthesized compounds exhibited excellent inhibition properties and showed good inhibitory effects on weed root growth. In particular, compound 5a showed significantly greater root inhibitory activity than picloram in Brassica napus and Abutilon theophrasti Medicus at the concentration of 10 µM. The majority of compounds exhibited a 100% post-emergence herbicidal effect at 250 g/ha against Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album. We also found that 6-indazolyl-2-picolinic acids could induce the up-regulation of auxin genes ACS7 and NCED3, while auxin influx, efflux and auxin response factor were down-regulated, indicating that 6-indazolyl-2-picolinic acids promoted ethylene release and ABA production to cause plant death in a short period, which is different in mode from other picolinic acids.

The Efficacy and Safety of Surufatinib Combined with Anti PD-1 Antibody Toripalimab in Neoadjuvant Treatment of Locally Advanced Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Phase II Study.

BACKGROUND: Surgery is the primary treatment for locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, some locally advanced patients are not candidates for R0/1 resection. There is limited evidence of neoadjuvant treatment in locally advanced DTC. Surufatinib targets multiple kinases, which is efficient, tolerable, and safe in patients with radioiodine-refractory DTC. In addition, surufatinib plus toripalimab (an anti-PD-1 antibody) showed encouraging antitumor activity in advanced solid tumors. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of surufatinib plus toripalimab in locally advanced DTC in the neoadjuvant setting. METHODS: In this single-arm, phase II study, patients with pathologically confirmed unresectable or borderline resectable DTC were eligible and received a combination of 250 mg of surufatinib (orally daily) with 240 mg of toripalimab (intravenous, every 3 weeks). Treatment continued until satisfied for curative surgery, disease progression, withdrawal of consent, unacceptable toxicity, or investigator decision. Primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). Secondary endpoints included R0/1 resection rate, adverse events (AEs), etc. RESULTS: Ten patients were enrolled and received at least 4 cycles of treatment. The ORR was 60%. Nine patients received R0/1 resections after neoadjuvant treatment. The median best percentage change in the sum of the target lesion diameter was 32%. Most adverse events (AEs) were grade 1 or 2. CONCLUSIONS: Surufatinib in combination with toripalimab as neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced DTC was feasible, and the majority of patients achieved R0/1 resection. It represents a new option for locally advanced DTC and needs further investigation.

Using a CT-based scale to evaluate disease extension and the resectability of locally advanced thyroid cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To establish a computed tomography (CT)-based scale to evaluate the resectability of locally advanced thyroid cancer. METHODS: This twin-centre retrospective study included 95 locally advanced thyroid cancer patients from the 1st centre as the training cohort and 31 patients from the 2nd centre as the testing cohort, who were categorised into the resectable and unresectable groups. Three radiologists scored the CT scans of each patient by evaluating the extension to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), trachea, oesophagus, artery, vein, soft tissue, and larynx. A 14-score scale (including all comprised structures) and a 12-score scale (excluding larynx) were developed. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the performance of the scales. Stratified fivefold cross-validation and external verification were used to validate the scale. RESULTS: In the training cohort, compromised RLN (p < 0.001), trachea (p = 0.001), oesophagus (p = 0.002), artery (p < 0.001), vein (p = 0.005), and soft tissue (p < 0.001) were predictors for unresectability, while compromised larynx (p = 0.283) was not. The 12-score scale (AUC = 0.882, 95%CI: 0.812-0.952) was not inferior to the 14-score scale (AUC = 0.891, 95%CI: 0.823-0.960). In subgroup analysis, the AUCs of the 12-score scale were 0.826 for treatment-naïve patients and 0.976 for patients with prior surgery. The 12-score scale was further validated with a fivefold cross-validation analysis, with an overall accuracy of 78.9-89.4%. Finally, external validation using the testing cohort showed an AUC of 0.875. CONCLUSIONS: The researchers built a CT-based 12-score scale to evaluate the resectability of locally advanced thyroid cancer. Validation with a larger sample size is required to confirm the efficacy of the scale. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: This 12-score CT scale would help clinicians evaluate the resectability of locally advanced thyroid cancer. KEY POINTS: • The researchers built a 12-score CT scale (including recurrent laryngeal nerve, trachea, oesophagus, artery, vein, and soft tissue) to evaluate the resectability of locally advanced thyroid cancer. • This scale has the potential to help clinicians make treatment plans for locally advanced thyroid cancer.

Design, Synthesis, Fungicidal and Insecticidal Activities of Novel Diamide Compounds Combining Pyrazolyl and Polyfluoro-Substituted Phenyl into Alanine or 2-Aminobutyric Acid Skeletons.

Thirty novel diamide compounds combining pyrazolyl and polyfluoro-substituted phenyl groups into alanine or 2-aminobutyric acid skeletons were designed and synthesized with pyflubumide as the lead compound to develop potent and environmentally friendly pesticides. The preliminary bioassay results indicated that the new compounds containing the para-hexa/heptafluoroisopropylphenyl moiety exhibit fungicidal, insecticidal, and acaricidal activities. This is the first time that the para-hexa/heptafluoroisopropylphenyl group is a key fragment of the fungicidal activity of new N-phenyl amide compounds. Most of the target compounds exhibited moderate to good insecticidal activity against Aphis craccivora at a concentration of 400 µg/mL, and some showed moderate activity at a concentration of 200 µg/mL; in particular, compounds I-4, II-a-10, and III-26 displayed higher than 78% lethal rates at 200 µg/mL. Compound II-a-14 exhibited a 61.1% inhibition at 200 µg/mL for Tetranychus cinnabarinus. In addition, some of the target compounds exhibited good insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella at a concentration of 200 µg/mL; the mortalities of compounds I-1, and II-a-15 were 76.7% and 70.0%, respectively. Preliminary analysis of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) indicated that the insecticidal and acaricidal activities varied significantly depending on the type of substituent and substitution pattern. The fungicidal activity results showed that compounds I-1, II-a-10, II-a-17, and III-26 exhibited good antifungal effects. Enzymatic activity experiments and in vivo efficacy of compound II-a-10 were conducted and discussed.

Design, Synthesis, Herbicidal Activity, and Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Novel 6-(5-Aryl-Substituted-1-Pyrazolyl)-2-Picolinic Acid as Potential Herbicides.

Picolinic acid and picolinate compounds are a remarkable class of synthetic auxin herbicides. In recent years, two new picolinate compounds, halauxifen-methyl (ArylexTM active) and florpyrauxifen-benzyl (RinskorTM active), have been launched as novel herbicides. Using their structural skeleton as a template, 33 4-amino-3,5-dicholor-6-(5-aryl-substituted-1-pytazolyl)-2-picolinic acid compounds were designed and synthesized for the discovery of compounds with potent herbicidal activity. The compounds were tested for inhibitory activity against the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana roots, and the results demonstrated that the IC50 value of compound V-7 was 45 times lower than that of the halauxifen-methyl commercial herbicide. Molecular docking analyses revealed that compound V-7 docked with the receptor auxin-signaling F-box protein 5 (AFB5) more intensively than picloram. An adaptive three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship model was constructed from these IC50 values to guide the next step of the synthetic strategy. Herbicidal tests of the new compounds indicated that compound V-8 exhibited better post-emergence herbicidal activity than picloram at a dosage of 300 gha-1, and it was also safe for corn, wheat, and sorghum at this dosage. These results demonstrated that 6-(5-aryl-substituted-1-pyrazolyl)-2-picolinic acid compounds could be used as potential lead structures in the discovery of novel synthetic auxin herbicides.

Synthesis of Enantioenriched Bromohydrins via Divergent Reactions of Racemic Intermediates from Anchimeric Oxygen Borrowing.

We report a chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed bromocyclization/regiodivergent reaction of racemic intermediates sequence, which is enabled by anchimeric oxygen borrowing. Different types of alkenes are applicable, and both enantiomers of the bromohydrin products were obtained in generally excellent yields and enantioselectivities. In addition, an example of enantioconvergent synthesis from the two isomeric products is presented.

Risk Factors for Central Compartment Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The surgical management of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), especially regarding the necessity of central lymph node dissection (CLND), remains controversial. This meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the clinicopathologic factors predictive of central compartment lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in patients diagnosed with PTMC. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched from their inception to September 2013. Published studies that explored the association between clinicopathologic factors and CLNM in PTMC patients were included. From the identified studies, we extracted the number of individuals with or without each risk factor to calculate the CLNM-positive proportions and used fixed/random-effects models for the meta-analyses of overall relative risk (RR). The pooling analysis on the association between CLNM or the different CLNDs and prognosis was also conducted. RESULTS: A total of 19 eligible studies that included 8345 patients were identified. Three studies did therapeutic CLND, while the other 16 studies performed prophylactic CLND in PTMC patients. Meta-analyses revealed that CLNM was associated with male gender (RR = 1.36; 95 % CI 1.22-1.52, p = 0.001), younger age (<45 years; RR = 1.15; 95 % CI 1.04-1.27, p = 0.006), larger tumor size (>5 mm; RR = 1.51 95 % CI 1.32-1.65, p = 0.001), multifocality (RR = 1.40; 95 % CI 1.27-1.54, p = 0.001), and extrathyroidal extension (RR = 1.81; 95 % CI 1.34-2.43, p = 0.001). Meta-regression analysis indicated that a disparity in the proportion of PTMC patients with CLNM in each study was the main factor resulting in heterogeneity among the 19 studies. In addition, the pooling analyses suggested that CLNM did not significantly predict neck recurrences [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.95, 95 % CI 0.67-1.22, p = 0.054], and the prophylactic CLND group did not improve local control significantly compared to the therapeutic group (RR = 0.96, 95 % CI 0.46-2.01, p = 0.544). CONCLUSION: Prophylactic CLND may be performed in PTMC patients with clinically uninvolved central lymph nodes but with high risk factors; multicenter studies with long-term follow-up are recommended to better understand the risk factors and surgical management for central nodes in PTMC.

[Measurement of Foxp3 and NFAT1 in children with aplastic anemia].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of Foxp3 and NFAT1 protein in peripheral blood (PB) in children with aplastic anemia (AA) and their roles in the pathogenesis of AA. METHODS: The expression levels of Foxp3 and NFAT1 protein of mononuclear cells in PB were measured by Western blot in 68 children with AA before and after treatment and in 60 normal children (control group). The correlation between Foxp3 and NFAT1 protein expression and the correlation of the Foxp3 and NFAT1 protein expression with blood Hb, WBC and platelet levels were analyzed. RESULTS: The expression levels of Foxp3 and NFAT1 protein in PB in the acute phase in the AA group were significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment (recovery phase) the expression levels of Foxp3 and NFAT1 protein increased obviously compared with those in the acute phase (P<0.05). The Foxp3 protein level was positively correlated with the NFAT1 protein level (r=0.812, P<0.05). Both the Foxp3 and NFAT1 protein levels were positively correlated with blood Hb, WBC and platelet levels in children with AA in the recovery phase (r=0.537, 0.579, 0.655 respectively; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The Foxp3 and NFAT1 protein levels in PB are reduced in children with AA, suggesting that they are involved in the pathogenesis of AA. The measurement of Foxp3 and NFAT1 protein levels may be useful in the severity evaluation of AA.

Catalytic asymmetric 1,2-addition of α-isothiocyanato phosphonates: synthesis of chiral ß-hydroxy- or ß-amino-substituted α-amino phosphonic acid derivatives.

α-Amino phosphonic acid derivatives are considered to be the most important structural analogues of α-amino acids and have a very wide range of applications. However, approaches for the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of such useful compounds are very limited. In this work, simple, efficient, and versatile organocatalytic asymmetric 1,2-addition reactions of α-isothiocyanato phosphonate were developed. Through these processes, derivatives of ß-hydroxy-α-amino phosphonic acid and α,ß-diamino phosphonic acid, as well as highly functionalized phosphonate-substituted spirooxindole, can be efficiently constructed (up to 99 % yield, d.r. >20:1, and >99 % ee). This novel method provides a new route for the enantioselective functionalization of α-phosphonic acid derivatives.

Investigation into the Synthesis, Bioactivity, and Mechanism of Action of the Novel 6-Pyrazolyl-2-picolinic Acid as a Herbicide.

A series of new 4-amino-3,5-dicholo-6-(5-aryl-substituted-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-picolinic acid compounds were designed and prepared to discover herbicidal molecules. The inhibitory activities of all new compounds against the root growth ofArabidopsis thaliana were assayed. On the whole, the new synthesized compounds displayed good inhibition effects and had excellent herbicidal activities on root growth of weed at 500 µM. Importantly, a selection of compounds demonstrated comparable herbicidal properties to picloram. At the dosage of 250 g/ha, most of the compounds showed a 100% postemergence herbicidal activity to control Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus. Using compound V-2, the mechanism of action was investigated based on a phenotype study using AFB5-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana. It was found that the novel 6-pyrazolyl-2-picolinic acids were auxinic compounds. In addition, it was proposed that V-2 may be an immune activator due to its upregulation of defense genes and the increased content of jasmonic acid.

Generation of transgenic fish cell line with α-lactalbumin nanocarriers co-delivering Tol2 transposase mRNA and plasmids.

Fish cells, such as grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) kidney (CIK) cells, are harder to transfect than mammalian cells. There is a need for an efficient gene delivery system for fish cells. Here, we used CIK cell line as a model to develop a strategy to enhance RNA and plasmid DNA transfection efficiency using a nanocarrier generated from α-lactalbumin (α-NC). α-NC absorbed nucleic acid cargo efficiently and exhibited low cytotoxicity. Plasmid transfection was more efficient with α-NC than with liposomal transfection reagents. We used α-NC to co-transfect Tol2 transposase mRNA and a plasmid containing Cas9 and GFP, generating a stable transgenic CIK cell line. Genome and RNA sequencing revealed that the Cas9 and GFP fragments were successfully inserted into the genome of CIK cells and efficiently transcribed. In this study, we established an efficient transfection system for fish cells using α-NC, simplifying the process of generating stable transgenic fish cell lines.

Parallel kinetic resolution of aziridines via chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed apparent hydrolytic ring-opening.

We report a chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed apparent hydrolytic ring-opening reaction of racemic aziridines in a regiodivergent parallel kinetic resolution manner. Harnessing the acyloxy-assisted strategy, the highly stereocontrolled nucleophilic ring-opening of aziridines with water is achieved. Different kinds of aziridines are applicable in the process, giving a variety of enantioenriched aromatic or aliphatic amino alcohols with up to 99% yields and up to >99.5 : 0.5 enantiomeric ratio. Preliminary mechanistic study as well as product elaborations were inducted as well.

Rapid and Non-Invasive Assessment of Texture Profile Analysis of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Using Hyperspectral Imaging and Machine Learning.

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has been applied to assess the texture profile analysis (TPA) of processed meat. However, whether the texture profiles of live fish muscle could be assessed using HSI has not been determined. In this study, we evaluated the texture profile of four muscle regions of live common carp by scanning the corresponding skin regions using HSI. We collected skin hyperspectral information from four regions of 387 scaled and live common carp. Eight texture indicators of the muscle corresponding to each skin region were measured. With the skin HSI of live common carp, six machine learning (ML) models were used to predict the muscle texture indicators. Backpropagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN), partial least-square regression (PLSR), and least-square support vector machine (LS-SVM) were identified as the optimal models for predicting the texture parameters of the dorsal (coefficients of determination for prediction (rp) ranged from 0.9191 to 0.9847, and the root-mean-square error for prediction ranged from 0.1070 to 0.3165), pectoral (rp ranged from 0.9033 to 0.9574, and RMSEP ranged from 0.2285 to 0.3930), abdominal (rp ranged from 0.9070 to 0.9776, and RMSEP ranged from 0.1649 to 0.3601), and gluteal (rp ranged from 0.8726 to 0.9768, and RMSEP ranged from 0.1804 to 0.3938) regions. The optimal ML models and skin HSI data were employed to generate visual prediction maps of TPA values in common carp muscles. These results demonstrated that skin HSI and the optimal models can be used to rapidly and accurately determine the texture qualities of different muscle regions in common carp.

[Detection and significance of CD4+ CD25int/high CD127low regulatory T cells in pediatric aplastic anemia].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of CD4+ CD25int/high CD127low regulatory T cells in peripheral blood (PB) and its relation to the quantity of Hb, WBC and platelet (Plt) in children with aplastic anemia (AA). METHODS: Expression of CD4+ CD25int/high CD127low in PB was detected by flow cytometry in 22 children with AA before and after treatment and in 15 healthy controls. The relationships between CD4+CD25highCD127low and the quantity of Hb, WBC and Plt were evaluated. RESULTS: Compared to controls, the percentages of CD4+ CD25+/CD4+, CD4+CD25high/CD4+, CD4+ CD25+ CD127low/CD4+ and CD4+CD25highCD127low/CD4+ in PB of AA patients decreased markedly at the active phase (P﹤0.05). By the recovery phase, the percentages of CD4+CD25+/CD4+, CD4+CD25high/CD4+, CD4+ CD25+ CD127low/CD4+ and CD4+CD25highCD127low/CD4+ increased significantly to the levels similar to the controls. There were significant positive relationships between the expression of CD4+CD25highCD127low cells and the quantity of Hb, WBC and Plt (r=0.499, 0.526, 0.540 respectively; P﹤0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The decrease of the percentage of CD4+CD25int/highCD127low regulatory T cells might be associated with the development of pediatric AA. The CD4+CD25int/highCD127low regulatory T cells can serve as a marker for the evaluation of disease severity as well as a target of further study on immune treatment of AA.

[Effect of cyclosporine on regulatory T cells and Foxp3 in the peripheral blood of children with chronic aplastic anemia].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression diversification of CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low) regulatory T (Treg) cells and Foxp3 mRNA in the peripheral blood of children with aplastic anemia after the treatment with cyclosporine. METHODS: Fifty children with chronic aplastic anemia were enrolled, among whom 30 received cyclosporine treatment (cyclosporine group) and 20 were treated with conventional methods (conventional group). Twenty healthy children were enrolled as the control group. The expression of CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low) Treg cells was detected by flow cytometry. The expression of Foxp3 mRNA was detected by real-time Q-PCR. RESULTS: The expressions of Foxp3 mRNA and CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low)Treg cells showed no significant difference between the cyclosporine and the control groups 6 months after treatment. On the contrary, there were significantly lower expressions of both in the conventional group than in the control group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the cyclosporine group had significantly higher expressions of Foxp3 mRNA and CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low) Treg cells than the conventional group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The expressions of CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low) Treg cells and Foxp3 mRNA in children with aplastic anemia increase after cyclosporine treatment.

Prognostic and clinical significance of HOXC9 and HOXD10 in papillary thyroid cancer.

BACKGROUND: The homebox superfamily play an important role in tumorigenesis. HOXC9 and HOXD10 were reported playing critical roles in tumor progression in many malignant tumors. This study aimed to research the expression of HOXC9 and HOXD10 in papillary thyroid cancer, and to verify the prognostic and clinical significance of HOXC9 and HOXD10. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of HOXC9 and HOXD10 in 98 pairs of papillary thyroid cancer and paracancer tissues. Clinicopathologic data were collected and analyzed to verify the prognostic and clinical significance of HOXC9 and HOXD10. RESULTS: The expression of HOXC9 and HOXD10 decreased in papillary thyroid cancer. The low expression of HOXC9 was associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). The low expression of HOXD10 was associated with extrathyroidal extension and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). The co-expression rates of HOXC9 and HOXD10 was 44.90%. The low expression of both HOXC9 and HOXD10 was associated with lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The expression of HOXC9 and HOXD10 was downregulated in papillary thyroid cancer. Low expression of HOXC9 and HOXD10 might be related to the malignancy of papillary thyroid cancer. HOXC9 and HOXD10 may be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in the future.

Prognostic evaluation model for papillary thyroid cancer: a retrospective study of 660 cases.

BACKGROUND: Prognostic evaluation model for papillary thyroid cancer is very important for guiding the personalized treatment and follow-up strategy. There are imperfections in the system existed, and there is no suitable prognostic model for Chinese population. METHODS: This study was based on the clinic and follow-up data of 660 patients received surgical treatments in the Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center from 2000 to 2005. Cox univariate/multivariate analysis was used to explore the influence factors of prognosis, and nomogram model was performed to establish a prognostic prediction system. RESULTS: Totally, 660 patients for initial treatment were included in our analysis with a median follow-up of 113.5 months. Five-, 10- and 15-year disease-free survival rate was 95.5%, 90.2% and 89.2%. Five-, 10- and 15-year overall survival rate was 99.7%, 99.2% and 99.1%. Residual tumor was associated with overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) 20.9, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.3-187.6, P<0.05]. Age of onset (HR 2.00, 95% CI: 1.17-3.42, P<0.05) and the dimension of lymph nodes involved (0.2-3 cm: HR 3.67, 95% CI: 1.13-11.87, P<0.05; >3 cm: HR 5.20, 95% CI: 1.31-20.65, P<0.05) were independent influence factors of disease-free survival. The nomogram model for predicting prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer was established with a moderate predictive value (c-index 0.71, 95% CI: 0.57-0.84). CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer is very good after appropriate treatment. Age and the dimension of lymph nodes involved were independent influence factors of disease-free survival for papillary thyroid cancer. A prognostic prediction model for Chinese population was established with moderate predictive value. A study with larger samples and including more factors of prognosis is necessary to increase the predictive value of model.

SNHG9, a Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cell Exosome-Enriched lncRNA, Inhibits Cell Autophagy and Promotes Cell Apoptosis of Normal Thyroid Epithelial Cell Nthy-ori-3 Through YBOX3/P21 Pathway.

Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine malignancy. Although the general prognosis is good, the treatment of advanced disease is still challenging. Exosomes are vesicle units containing specific components that transmit information between cells. In order to explore its role in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), our study screened exosome enriched lncRNA SNHG9 by lncRNA chip and explored its biological function. We used lncRNA chips combined with bioinformatics analysis to screen lncRNA SNHG9 enriched in exosomes. GO analysis suggested its relationship with autophagy and apoptosis. Quantitative PCR showed SNHG9 was highly expressed in PTC cells and exosomes and its correlation with PTC tumor size was analyzed by clinical characteristics. SNHG9 could inhibit the protective cell autophagy induced by starvation of human normal thyroid epithelial cell line Nthy-ori-3 and promote its apoptosis through PTC cell exosomes. RNA-pull down combined with protein spectrum showed that SNHG9 could interact with YBOX3. Western blot and RNA immunoprecipitation further confirmed their interaction. Western blot showed that SNHG9 could induce degradation of YBOX3, thus interfering with the stability of P21 mRNA and inducing cell apoptosis. In conclusion, our study identified SNHG9 as a PTC cell exosome-enriched lncRNA. SNHG9 could inhibit cell autophagy and promote apoptosis of Nthy-ori-3 cell through YBOX3/P21 pathway.

Multiple lectin assays in detecting glycol-alteration status of serum NRG1 in papillary thyroid cancer.

BACKGROUND: Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is a membrane glycoprotein mediating cell-to-cell signaling and has a crucial role in the growth and development of various organ systems. Our study explored its diagnostic value in distinguishing BRAF V600E mutant status in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients by analyzing multiple glycan patterns of serum NRG1 through lectin assays. METHODS: We first extracted serum from PTC patients and tested BRAF V600E mutation by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Then we applied antibody overlay lectin microarray and lectin blot to detect glycol-alterations of NRG1. Then Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL) ELISA was performed according to ELISA index to test the protein fucosylation level of NRG1 (Fuc-NRG1). RESULTS: We got glycan profiles of 14 lectins, including GNL, GSL2, AAL, BPL, ECL, CAL, NML, HHL, PHA-L, RCA-I, ConA, DBA, PWA and LEL. Six of them, namely, GSL2, BPL, NML, HHL, PHA-L and LEL, had significantly increased binding affinity capacity in BRAF(+) PTC compared with BRAF(-) PTC controls. LEL, BPL and NML tended to bind to NRG1 in BRAF(+) PTC group. Both AAL ELISA and protein ELISA assays showed that the fucosylated structures of NRG1 had a remarkable increase in BRAF V600E mutant PTC patients compared with BRAF wild type PTC controls. CONCLUSIONS: This study sheds a new light on the role of NRG1 glycosylation in PTC. NRG1 could serve as a supplementary glycobiomarker for BRAF indicator in discrimination of PTC patients with BRAF wild type negative fine needle aspiration results.