RESUMO
Municipal water supply through truck-to-cistern systems is common in northern Canada. Household satisfaction and concerns about water services likely impact user preferences and practices. This case study explores household perspectives and challenges with regard to domestic access to water in a decentralized truck-to-cistern system. A case study was conducted in the Northern Village of Kangiqsualujjuaq, Nunavik (Quebec, Canada). A paper-based questionnaire was completed by 65 households (one quarter of the population). Many households (37%) reported not drinking tap water from the truck-to-cistern system. Chlorine taste was a frequently reported concern, with those households being significantly less likely to drink water directly from the tap (p = 0.002). Similarly, households that reported a water shortage in the previous week (i.e., no water from the tap at least once) (33%) were more likely to express dissatisfaction with delivered water quantity (rs = 0.395, p = 0.004). Interestingly, 77% of households preferred using alternative drinking water sources for drinking purposes, such as public tap at the water treatment plant, natural sources or bottled water. The study underscores the importance of considering household perspectives to mitigate the risks associated with service disruptions and the use of alternative sources for drinking purposes.
Assuntos
Água Potável , Abastecimento de Água , Água Potável/análise , Humanos , Quebeque , Características da Família , Inquéritos e Questionários , Feminino , Masculino , Veículos Automotores , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , AdultoRESUMO
The effects of temperature and pH on the water treatment performance of a point-of-use (POU) coagulant/disinfectant product were evaluated. Cold temperatures (â¼5°C) reduced the bactericidal efficiency of the product with regard to Escherichia coli and total coliform log(10) reductions.
Assuntos
Defesa Civil/métodos , Desinfecção/métodos , Água Potável/microbiologia , Purificação da Água/métodos , Carga Bacteriana , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , TemperaturaRESUMO
Arsenic presence in the water has become one of the most concerning environmental problems. Electrocoagulation is a technology that offers several advantages over conventional treatments such as chemical coagulation. In the present work, an electrocoagulation system was optimized for arsenic removal at initial concentrations of 100â µg/L using response surface methodology. The effects of studied parameters were determined by a 23 factorial design, whereas treatment time had a positive effect and current intensity had a negative effect on arsenic removal efficiency. With a p-value of 0.1629 and a confidence of level 99%, the type of electrode material did not have a significant effect on arsenic removal. Efficiency over 90% was reached at optimal operating conditions of 0.2â A of current intensity, and 7â min of treatment time using iron as the electrode material. However, the time necessary to accomplish with OMS arsenic guideline of 10â µg/L increased from 7 to 30â min when real arsenic-contaminated groundwater with an initial concentration of 80.2 ± 3.24â µg/L was used. The design of a pilot-scale electrocoagulation reactor was determined with the capacity to meet the water requirement of a 6417 population community in Sonora, Mexico. To provide the 1.0â L/s required, an electrocoagulation reactor with a working volume of 1.79â m3, a total electrode effective surface of 701â m2, operating at a current intensity of 180â A and an operating cost of 0.0208â US$/day was proposed. Based on these results, electrocoagulation can be considered an efficient technology to treat arsenic-contaminated water and meet the drinking water quality standards.