Assessment of the performance of the plasma separation card for HIV-1 viral load monitoring in South Africa.

Scaling up of newer innovations that address the limitations of the dried blood spot and the logistics of plasma monitoring is needed. We employed a multi-site, cross-sectional assessment of the plasma separation card (PSC) on blood specimens collected from all consenting adults, assenting young and pediatric patients living with HIV from 10 primary healthcare clinics in South Africa. Venous blood for EDTA-plasma samples was collected and analyzed according to the standard of care assay, while collected capillary blood for the PSC samples was analyzed using the Roche COBAS AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan (CAP/CTM) HIV-1 Test at the National Reference laboratories. McNemar tests assessed the differences in concordance between the centrifuged plasma and dried plasma spots. The usability of PSC by blood spotting, PSC preparation, and pre-analytical work was assessed by collecting seven-point Likert-scale data from healthcare and laboratory workers. We enrolled 538 patients, mostly adults [n = 515, 95.7% (95% CI: 93.7%-97.1%)] and females [n = 322, 64.2% (95% CI: 60.0%-68.1%)]. Overall, 536 paired samples were collected using both PSC- and EDTA-plasma diagnostics, and 502 paired PSC- and EDTA-plasma samples assessed. Concordance between the paired samples was obtained for 446 samples. Analysis of these 446 paired samples at 1,000 copies per milliliter threshold yielded an overall sensitivity of 87.5% [95% CI: 73.2%-95.8%] and specificity of 99.3% [95% CI: 97.9%-99.8%]. Laboratory staff reported technical difficulties in most tasks. The usability of the PSC by healthcare workers was favorable. For policymakers to consider PSC scale-up for viral load monitoring, technical challenges around using PSC at the clinic and laboratory level need to be addressed. IMPORTANCE: Findings from this manuscript emphasize the reliability of the plasma separation card (PSC), a novel diagnostic method that can be implemented in healthcare facilities in resource-constrained settings. The agreement of the PSC with the standard of care EDTA plasma for viral load monitoring is high. Since the findings showed that these tests were highly specific, we recommend a scale-up of PSC in South Africa for diagnosis of treatment failure.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Accuracy of a Graded Gait and Truncal Instability Rating in Acutely Dizzy and Ataxic Patients.

BACKGROUND: In patients presenting with acute prolonged vertigo and/or gait imbalance, the HINTS [Head-Impulse, Nystagmus, Test-of-Skew] are very valuable. However, their application may be limited by lack of training and absence of vertigo/nystagmus. Alternatively, a graded gait/truncal-instability (GTI, grade 0-3) rating may be applied. METHODS: We performed a systematic search (MEDLINE/Embase) to identify studies reporting on the diagnostic accuracy of bedside examinations in adults with acute vestibular syndrome. Diagnostic test properties were calculated for findings using a random-effects model. Results were stratified by GTI-rating used. RESULTS: We identified 6515 articles and included 18 studies (n = 1025 patients). Ischemic strokes (n = 665) and acute unilateral vestibulopathy (n = 306) were most frequent. Grade 2/3 GTI had moderate sensitivity (70.8% [95% confidence-interval (CI) = 59.3-82.3%]) and specificity (82.7 [71.6-93.8%]) for predicting a central cause, whereas grade 3 GTI had a lower sensitivity (44.0% [34.3-53.7%] and higher specificity (99.1% [98.0-100.0%]). In comparison, diagnostic accuracy of HINTS (sensitivity = 96.8% [94.8-98.8%]; specificity = 97.6% [95.3-99.9%]) was higher. When combining central nystagmus-patterns and grade 2/3 GTI, sensitivity was increased to 76.4% [71.3-81.6%] and specificity to 90.3% [84.3-96.3%], however, no random effects model could be used. Sensitivity was higher in studies using the GTI rating (grade 2/3) by Lee (2006) compared to the approach by Moon (2009) (73.8% [69.0-78.0%] vs. 57.4% [49.5-64.9%], p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In comparison to HINTS, the diagnostic accuracy of GTI is inferior. When combined with central nystagmus-patterns, diagnostic accuracy could be improved based on preliminary findings. GTI can be readily applied in the ED-setting and also in patients with acute imbalance syndrome.

Evaluating the incidence of complications among people with diabetes according to age of onset: Findings from the UK Biobank.

AIMS: To examine the impact of current age, age at diagnosis, and duration of diabetes on the incidence rate of complications among people with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Baseline data from 19,327 individuals with type 2 diabetes in the UK Biobank were analysed. Poisson regression was used to model incidence rates by current age, age at diagnosis, and duration of diabetes for the following outcomes: myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), stroke, end-stage kidney diseases (ESKD), chronic kidney diseases (CKD), liver diseases, depression, and anxiety. RESULTS: The mean age at baseline was 60.2 years, and median follow-up was 13.9 years. Diabetes duration was significantly longer among those with younger-onset type 2 diabetes (diagnosed at <40 years) compared to later-onset type 2 diabetes (diagnosed at ≥40 years), 16.2 and 5.3 years, respectively. Incidence rates of MI, HF, stroke, and CKD had strong positive associations with age and duration of diabetes, whereas incidence rates of ESKD liver diseases, and anxiety mainly depended on duration of diabetes. The incidence rates of depression showed minor variation by age and duration of diabetes and were highest among those diagnosed at earlier ages. No clear evidence of an effect of age of onset of diabetes on risk of complications was apparent after accounting for current age and duration of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates age at diagnosis of diabetes does not significantly impact the incidence of complications, independently of the duration of diabetes. Instead, complications are primarily influenced by current age and diabetes duration.

Clinical accuracy of instrument-based SARS-CoV-2 antigen diagnostic tests: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, antigen diagnostic tests were frequently used for screening, triage, and diagnosis. Novel instrument-based antigen tests (iAg tests) hold the promise of outperforming their instrument-free, visually-read counterparts. Here, we provide a systematic review and meta-analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 iAg tests' clinical accuracy. METHODS: We systematically searched MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, medRxiv, and bioRxiv for articles published before November 7th, 2022, evaluating the accuracy of iAg tests for SARS-CoV-2 detection. We performed a random effects meta-analysis to estimate sensitivity and specificity and used the QUADAS-2 tool to assess study quality and risk of bias. Sub-group analysis was conducted based on Ct value range, IFU-conformity, age, symptom presence and duration, and the variant of concern. RESULTS: We screened the titles and abstracts of 20,431 articles and included 114 publications that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Additionally, we incorporated three articles sourced from the FIND website, totaling 117 studies encompassing 95,181 individuals, which evaluated the clinical accuracy of 24 commercial COVID-19 iAg tests. The studies varied in risk of bias but showed high applicability. Of 24 iAg tests from 99 studies assessed in the meta-analysis, the pooled sensitivity and specificity compared to molecular testing of a paired NP swab sample were 76.7% (95% CI 73.5 to 79.7) and 98.4% (95% CI 98.0 to 98.7), respectively. Higher sensitivity was noted in individuals with high viral load (99.6% [95% CI 96.8 to 100] at Ct-level ≤ 20) and within the first week of symptom onset (84.6% [95% CI 78.2 to 89.3]), but did not differ between tests conducted as per manufacturer's instructions and those conducted differently, or between point-of-care and lab-based testing. CONCLUSION: Overall, iAg tests have a high pooled specificity but a moderate pooled sensitivity, according to our analysis. The pooled sensitivity increases with lower Ct-values (a proxy for viral load), or within the first week of symptom onset, enabling reliable identification of most COVID-19 cases and highlighting the importance of context in test selection. The study underscores the need for careful evaluation considering performance variations and operational features of iAg tests.

The Efficacy of Intratissue Percutaneous Electrolysis (EPI®) and Nutritional Factors for the Treatment of Induced Tendinopathy in Wistar Rats: Hepatic Intermediary Metabolism Effects.

Achilles tendinopathy (TP) is characterized as the third most common disease of the musculoskeletal system, and occurs in three phases. There is currently no evidence of effective treatment for this medical condition. In this study, the modulatory effects of the minimally invasive technique intratissue percutaneous electrolysis (EPI) and combinations of EPI with four nutritional factors included in the diet, hydroxytyrosol (HT), maslinic acid (MA), glycine, and aspartate (AA), on hepatic intermediary metabolism was examined in Wistar rats with induced tendinopathy at various stages of TP. Results obtained showed that induced tendinopathy produced alterations in the liver intermediary metabolisms of the rats. Regarding carbohydrate metabolism, a reduction in the activity of pro-inflammatory enzymes in the later stages of TP was observed following treatment with EPI alone. Among the combined treatments using nutritional factors with EPI, HT+EPI and AA+EPI had the greatest effect on reducing inflammation in the late stages of TP. In terms of lipid metabolism, the HT+EPI and AA+EPI groups showed a decrease in lipogenesis. In protein metabolism, the HT+EPI group more effectively reduced the inflammatory effects of induced TP. Treatment with EPI combined with nutritional factors might help regulate intermediary metabolism in TP disease and reduce the inflammation process.

Effect of Nutraceutical Factors on Hepatic Intermediary Metabolism in Wistar Rats with Induced Tendinopathy.

Tendinopathy (TP) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by local inflammation, pain in the affected area, and loss of performance, preceded by tendon injury. The disease develops in three phases: Inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, and remodeling phase. There are currently no proven treatments for early reversal of this type of injury. However, the metabolic pathways of the transition metabolism, which are necessary for the proper functioning of the organism, are known. These metabolic pathways can be modified by a number of external factors, such as nutritional supplements. In this study, the modulatory effect of four dietary supplements, maslinic acid (MA), hydroxytyrosol (HT), glycine, and aspartate (AA), on hepatic intermediary metabolism was observed in Wistar rats with induced tendinopathy at different stages of the disease. Induced tendinopathy in rats produces alterations in the liver intermediary metabolism. Nutraceutical treatments modify the intermediary metabolism in the different phases of tendinopathy, so AA treatment produced a decrease in carbohydrate metabolism. In lipid metabolism, MA and AA caused a decrease in lipogenesis at the tendinopathy and increased fatty acid oxidation. In protein metabolism, MA treatment increased GDH and AST activity; HT decreased ALT activity; and the AA treatment does not cause any alteration. Use of nutritional supplements of diet could help to regulate the intermediary metabolism in the TP.

Estimates of hospitalisations and deaths in patients with COVID-19 associated with undiagnosed diabetes during the first phase of the pandemic in eight low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study.

Background: Patients with COVID-19 that had diagnosed chronic diseases - including diabetes - may experience higher rates of hospitalisation and mortality relative to the general population. However, the burden of undiagnosed co-morbidities during the pandemic has not been adequately studied. Methods: We developed a model to estimate the hospitalisation and mortality burden of patients with COVID-19 that had undiagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes (UD). The retrospective analytical modelling framework was informed by country-level demographic, epidemiological and COVID-19 data and parameters. Eight low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) were studied: Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, and South Africa. The modelling period consisted of the first phase of the pandemic - starting from the date when a country identified its first COVID case to the date when the country reached 1% coverage with one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. The end date ranged from Jan 20, 2021 for China to June 2, 2021 for Nigeria. Additionally, we estimated the change in burden under a scenario in which all individuals with UD had been diagnosed prior to the pandemic. Findings: Based on our modelling estimates, across the eight countries, 6.7 (95% uncertainty interval: 3.4-11.3) million COVID-19 hospitalised patients had UD of which 1.9 (0.9-3.4) million died. These represented 21.1% (13.4%-30.1%) of all COVID-19 hospitalisations and 30.5% (14.3%-55.5%) of all COVID-19 deaths in these countries. Based on modelling estimates, if these populations had been diagnosed for diabetes prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, 1.7% (-3.0% to 5.9%) of COVID-19 hospitalisations and 5.0% (-0.9% to 14.1%) of COVID-19 deaths could have been prevented, and 1.8 (-0.3 to 5.0) million quality-adjusted life years gained. Interpretation: Our findings suggest that undiagnosed diabetes contributed substantially to COVID-19 hospitalisations and deaths in many LMICs. Funding: This work was supported, in part, by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [INV-029062] and FIND.

Vestibular Drop Attack: An Analysis of the Therapeutic Response.

The present study evaluates the response to betahistine in patients who presented vestibular drops attacks in the context of Ménière's disease (MD) and the factors that can predict an unfavorable response to it. A total of 43 patients were analyzed, out of which 33 were diagnosed with MD. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection. Data as regards age, accompanying symptoms, etiological diagnosis and response to MD treatment were collected. A statistical analysis was carried out, and we found that the disease evolution time and specific alterations in the vestibulospinal and oculomotor physical examination present an unfavorable response to betahistine. Failures for betahistine were treated with intratympanic gentamicin, with which symptomatic control was achieved in all cases.

Impacto del implante coclear en la función vestibular periférica / Impact of cochlear implantation in peripheral vestibular function / Impacto do implante coclear na função vestibular periferica

Introducción: el implante coclear (IC) se ha convertido en el tratamiento más efectivo para la hipoacusia neurosensorial severa-profunda. En los últimos años se han ampliado sus indicaciones, especialmente los casos bilaterales. Es por ello que en la comunidad otológica surge el interrogante de cómo puede afectar a la función vestibular la inserción de un array de electrodos intracocleares. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo, de tipo longitudinal, entre diciembre de 2013 y julio de 2016. Se realizó una revisión de 92 historias clínicas de pacientes que se sometieron a implante coclear en el mismo centro por el mismo equipo y cumplían criterios de inclusión. Resultados: De los 92 pacientes evaluados en el preoperatorio se observaron: Normofunción vestibular bilateral: 56 pacientes (60,8%), Hipofunción vestibular bilateral: 13 pacientes (14,1%), Hipofunción vestibular unilateral: 21 pacientes (22,8%). De los 46 oídos evaluados pre y post IC, un 14,8% (7 pacientes) presentaron hipofunción vestibular post IC, con normofunción previa. Solo 2 pacientes del total de la muestra presentaron sintomatología vestibular severa, con hipovalencias objetivadas en el post operatorio. Conclusiones: Se recomienda evaluar la función vestibular periférica en todos los pacientes candidatos a implante coclear, ya que de no existir otras consideraciones podría ser de utilidad a la hora de definir el lado a implantar.

Introduction: cochlear implant (IC) has become the most effective treatment for severe-deep neurosensory hearing loss. In recent years, indications have been extended, especially bilateral cases. This is why in the otological community the question arises as to how insertion of an array of intracochlear electrodes can affect the vestibular function. Material and method: A descriptive longitudinal study between december 2013 and july 2016. A review of 92 clinical records of patients who underwent cochlear implantation at the same center by the same team and met inclusion criteria were performed. Results: Of the 92 patients evaluated in the preoperative period, bilateral vestibular normobility: 56 patients (60.8%), bilateral vestibular hypofunction: 13 patients (14.1%), unilateral vestibular hypofunction: 21 patients (22.8%). Of the 46 ears assessed pre- and post-IC, 14.8% (7 patients) presented vestibular hypofunction post-IC, with previous normofunction. Only 2 patients from the total sample had severe vestibular symptoms, with postoperative hypovalences. Conclusions: It is recommended to evaluate the peripheral vestibular function in all patients candidates for cochlear implants since, if there were no other considerations, it might be useful to define the side to be implanted.

Introdução: el implante coclear (IC) se ha transformado no tratamento mais efectivo para a hipoacusia neurosensorial severa-profunda. Os últimos juros se han ampliado sus indicaciones, especialmente os casos bilaterais. É por isso que na comunidade otológica surge o interrogante de como pode afetar a função vestibular a inserção de uma matriz de eletrodos intracocleares. Material e método: Estudo descritivo, de tipo longitudinal, entre dezembro de 2013 e julho de 2016. Se realizou uma revisão de 92 historias clínicas de pacientes que se tornaram mais importantes um implante coclear em si mesmo por meio do mesmo e consideramos critérios de inclusão. Resultados: De los 92 pacientes avaliados no pré- operatório observado: Normofunção vestibular bilateral: 56 pacientes (60,8%), Hipofunção vestibular bilateral: 13 pacientes (14,1%), Hipofunção vestibular unilateral: 21 pacientes (22,8%). De los 46 oídos avaliados e pós IC, un 14,8% (7 pacientes) apresentaram hipofunção vestibular post IC, con normofunción previa. Solo 2 pacientes do total da amostra apresentaram sintomatologia vestibular severa, com hipovalencias objetivadas no pós-operatório. Conclusões: verificar a função vestibular periférica em todos os pacientes candidatos a implante coclear ya que não existe de outras formas consideradas poder ser de utilidade à hora de definir o lado a implantar.

Guía para el diagnóstico, seguimiento y tratamiento de la enfermedad de Fabry / Guidelines for diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of Fabry disease

La enfermedad de Fabry es un trastorno de almacenamiento lisosomal hereditario ligado al cromosoma X, ocasionado por el déficit de la enzima alfa galactosidasa A. El conocimiento sobre esta patología, y en particular su manejo médico, ha progresado notablemente en la última década, incluyendo el desarrollo de su tratamiento específico. La presente guía fue desarrollada por profesionales médicos de diversas especialidades involucrados en la atención de pacientes con enfermedad de Fabry. La discusión y análisis de las evidencias científicas disponibles, sumado a la experiencia de cada uno de los participantes, ha permitido desarrollar los conceptos vertidos en esta guía con el objetivo de brindar una herramienta útil para todos los profesionales que asisten a pacientes con enfermedad de Fabry.

Fabry disease is an X-linked hereditary lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A. Knowledge about this disease, and its medical management, has made remarkable progress in the last decade, including the development of its specific treatment. This guide was developed by medical professionals from various specialties involved in the care of patients with Fabry disease. The discussion and analysis of the available scientific evidence, coupled with the experience of each of the participants, has allowed us to develop the concepts included in this guide in order to provide a useful tool for all professionals who care for patients with Fabry disease.

Propuesta de índices de gestión de servicios médico-quirúrgicos hospitalarios mediante técnicas estadísticas multivariantes / A proposal of new indices for hospital management

Background: Diagnosis related groups (DRGs) are the most reliable patient classification system in hospital management. When this information is unavailable, other reliable classification system must be used. Aim: To obtain useful indices for hospital management, based on descriptive multivariate techniques. Material and Methods: Data on admissions to a University Hospital during 2003 were analyzed. Number of discharges, lethality rate, re-admission rate, number of outpatient consultations, length of hospital stay and surgical complexity index were analyzed, using information obtained by the Operations Management Department. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) technique was applied and the R correlation matrix was used. Results: A total of 24,345 discharges were analyzed. The first two principal components were selected, accounting cumulatively for 76percent of data variability (47percent for the first and 29percent for the second). Conclusions: The first component may be assimilated to a new index representing the difficulty of the attended cases, which we have termed Case Complexity. The second principal component would explain the number of attended persons, which we have termed Case Load. These two indices allow us to classify hospital services.

Función latencia-intensidad de potenciales evocados auditivos de tronco y diagnóstico de hipoacusia / Brain stem auditory evoked potentials intensity-latency function and diagnosis of deafness

Objetivo. Estudiar la evolución madurativa de la función latencia-intensidad a la onda V, evaluar su valor en el diagnóstico diferencial objetivo de la hipoacusia, y determinar su comportamiento en pacientes normales y con hipoacusia, obteniendo mas conocimiento sobre los potenciales evocados auditivos de tronco cerebral (P.E.A.T.C.). Material y método. Las variables consideradas son evolución madurativa de la función latencia-intensidad a la onda V y su valor en el diagnóstico diferencial objetivo de las hipoacusias. Se trabaja con una muestra constituida por 377 casos (oídos) con audición normal, hipoacusia de conducción, coclear y retro coclear. El tipo de estudio es descriptivo. longitudinal y retrospectivo. Se utilizó la técnica de regresión lineal, calculando el coeficiente de determinación y de correlación, la prueba de hipótesis para Beta y el análisis de variancia para mostrar si ambas variables están relacionadas linealmente. Conclusiones. La función latencia-intensidad estimada muestra los cambios madurativos: los valores de latencia van disminuyendo desde el nacimiento hasta alcanzar los valores de latencia adultos. Estos se obtienen a la edad comprendida entre mayores de un año y hasta dos años. La función latencia-intensidad presenta un desplazamiento gradual y su comportamiento no se altera, siendo similar en todas las edades. El valor de la función latencia-intensidad estimada permite utilizarla en el diagnóstico diferencial objetivo de las hipoacusias con un nivel de confianza del 95 por ciento.

Mortalidad atribuible al hábito de fumar en un área de salud / Mortality due to smoking habit in a health area

Con el objetivo de conocer la mortalidad atribuible al hábito de fumar en la población de 35 años y más del Policlínico Ignacio Agramante del municipio Camagüey, se realizó un estudio de casos y controles durante 1997. Se aplicó una encuesta modificada del estudio cubano sobre grupo familiar, a un familiar allegado de cada uno de los 119 fallecidos, que constituyeron el universo de estudio. Los datos se procesaron automatizadamente. La tasa de mortalidad general fue de 15,6 x1000 habitantes de 35 años y más, mientras que la atribuible al tabaquismo de 3,8 x1000. El 40% de los fallecidos tenían riesgo de morir por fumar, con predominio de los hombres y una esperanza de vida de seis años menos, más del 50% falleció por causas atribuibles al tabaquismo, predominantemente por tumores malignos relacionados con el hábito de fumar, la arteriosclerosis y la bronquitis crónica, a pesar de que morir por fumar no se comportó como factor de riesgo.

A study of cases and contols was performed with the aim of knowing mortality due to smoking habit in a population of 35 years and older at "Ignacio Agramonte"Polyclinic of Camagüey municipality during 1997. A modified survey of the cuban study about family groups was applied to a close family members of each of the 119 deceased who were the study universe. Data processed in a computer. The general mortality rate was 15,6x1000 in habitants of 35 years and older , while that of smoking was 3,8x1000. The 40% of deceased had death risk for smoking, prevailing men and a life expepectancy discounting 6 years. More than 50% died due to smoking causes, arerioclerosis, and chronic bronchitis, eventhough smoking mortality was not a risk factor.

Maduración de la función latencia-Intensidad de los potenciales evocados auditivos en el diagnóstico de hipoacusias / Maturing of latency-Intensity function of evoked auditory potentials in the diagnosis of hearing impairment

Objetivo: Estudiar la evolución madurativa de la función latencia-intensidad a la onda V, evaluar su valor en el diagnóstico diferencial objetivo de las hipoacusias y determinar su comportamiento en pacientes normales y con hipoacusia.Material y método: Se trabaja con una muestra constituida por 377 casos (oídos) con audición normal o con hipoacusias de conducción, coclear o retrococlear. El tipo de estudio fue descriptivo, longitudinal y ex-post-facto. Se utilizó la técnica de regresión lineal, calculando el coeficiente de determinación y de correlación, la prueba de hipótesis para Beta y el análisis de variancia para probar si ambas variables están relacionadas linealmente. Resultados: La función latencia-intensidad estimada muestra cambios madurativos. Los valores de latencia van disminuyendo desde el nacimiento hasta alcanzar valores adultos, a la edad comprendida entre un año y dos años. La función latencia-intensidad presenta un desplazamiento en forma gradual y el comportamiento no se encuentra alterado, siendo similar en todas las edades. Conclusiones: El valor de la función latencia-intensidad estimada puede utilizarse en el diagnóstico diferencial objetivo de las hipoacusias con un nivel de confianza del 95 por ciento.

La prueba de sensibilidad de contraste y el campo visual central en el diagnóstico de retinopatía por cloroquina / The contrast sensitivity testing and central visual field in the diagnosis of chloroquine retinopathy

Objetivo. Determinar la respuesta de la prueba de sensibilidad de contraste Vistech en pacientes que reciben cloroquina y comparar esta prueba visual con la campimetría central mira roja, con el estudio de fondo de ojo y con la agudeza visual. Método. Se trata de un estudio observacional, transversal y prospectivo que se realizó en el Servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital General de México. Incluyó pacientes ambulatorios tratados con cloroquina por un año o más tiempo, debido a enfermedades del tejido conectivo. Practicamos exploración oftalmológica completa, además de fluorangiografía en casos de alteración retiniana. Se realizó campo visual con Humphrey mira roja III en los 10 grados centrales, considerado anormal la disminución de sensibilidad mayor de cinco decibeles en uno o más puntos. La prueba de sensibilidad de contraste se hizo en ambos ojos con agudeza visual corregida de 20/20, 20/25 y 20/30; comparando el resultado con una curva normal realizada con la misma visión. Resultados: Fueron estudiados 47 pacientes (46 mujeres y un hombre) con edad promedio de 39.2 años, cuyos diagnósticos de base fueron: artritis reumatoide, lupus eritematoso y dermatitis solar. La prueba de sensibilidad de contraste fueron más frecuentes que el daño retiniano (25.5 por ciento). La baja de agudeza visual no se relacionó con la dosis del medicamento. Conclusiones. Encontramos alta prevalencia de pruebas anormales con sensibilidad de contraste y en el campo visual central con mira roja. La prueba de sensibilidad de contraste es una poderosa herramienta que determina la capacidad del sistema visual para procesar información espacial y temporal sobre los objetos que cada día vemos; de acuerdo con los resultados de este estudio, es recomendable para evaluar la toxicidad por cloroquina

Manejo etiopatogénico del ectropión involutivo / Etiopathological treatment of involutional ectropion

Objetivo. Observar y evaluar los resultados posoperatorios del abordaje etiopatogénico del ectropión involutivo. Método. Se incluyeron 39 expedientes de pacientes sometidos a cirugía por ectropión involutivo entre enero de 1994 y diciembre de 1995, excluyéndose aquellos cuyos datos estuvieron incompletos. Se recopilaron 40 párpados operados a los que se les realizó reinserción de los retractores, fijación cantal externa o ambas dependiendo de la presencia de desinserción de los retractores y/o laxitud de los ligamentos cantales. Resultados. Con un seguimiento promedio de 5.2 meses se presentó ectropión residual en 4 de 21 párpados sometidos a reinserción de retractores y fijación cantal externa, además se presentó un entropión consecutivo, todos estos fueron de grado leve. Se logró un buen resultado postoperatorio en 32 (80 por ciento) de las cirugías realizadas. Conclusión. El abordaje etipatogénico del ectropión involutivos es una forma lógica de manejo de este problema que provee un alto porcentaje de éxito