First Intrashot Observation of Runaway-Electron-Driven Instabilities at the Lower-Hybrid Frequency Range under ITER-Relevant Plasma-Wave Dispersion Conditions.

Kinetic instabilities driven by runaway electrons (REs) have recently received attention in the fusion community as a means to control and diagnose REs in a tokamak. Experiments aimed at studying such kinetic instabilities have been performed at the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU), where different families of waves have been identified, from wide-band bursting emissions to quasi-monochromatic waves and sharp lines, in the presence of REs with energies from a few to tens of MeV. A specific family of waves with intense kinetic drive was directly observed for the first time, during both the early Ohmic plasma start-up and the current ramp-up. A clear wave frequency scaling with respect to the electron density was demonstrated. This scaling, with the complementary analysis of signals observed at different magnetic fields, allowed the identification of these instabilities as lower-hybrid waves. The relevant analysis shown in this Letter is based on a continuous intrashot detection of the RE-driven wave, which is reported for the first time for this kind of instability. We demonstrated that unstable waves are excited already at the very beginning of a tokamak discharge, opening the way to new possible research on the exploitation of this kind of measurement for monitoring seed REs formation at the early plasma stage, while most diagnostics still have limited capabilities. The conditions for plasma wave dispersion at the early phase of the FTU discharge are very similar to the ones expected during the ITER start-up, when analogous instabilities might, hence, come to light, in case of formation of suprathermal populations.

Vaginal lactoferrin in asymptomatic patients at low risk for pre-term labour for shortened cervix: cervical length and interleukin-6 changes.

A total of 3,324 singleton pregnant women were screened for pre-term delivery and 128 women were finally randomised and analysed for outcome showing borderline cervical length (25-29 mm) and elevated cervico-vaginal interleukin 6 levels. To verify if vaginal administration of lactoferrin might have an influence on these variables, two groups of 64 patients were formed. Study cases were submitted to lactoferrin for 21 days; controls received no treatment. An inverse relation was found between interleukin 6 levels and cervical length. On day 30 from the beginning of the treatment, study cases showed a decrease in interleukin 6 levels and an increase in cervical length. A greater number of women with regular uterine contractions and reduced cervical consistency before the 37th week of gestation were found in the controls. Our data show that lactoferrin could play a role in reducing the number of women at risk for pre-term birth for shortened cervical length and elevated interleukin 6 levels.

Measurement of electromagnetic waves from runaway electrons.

Electromagnetic waves emitted during a tokamak discharge can be partially ascribed to coupling with plasma waves. In particular, in the presence of runaway electrons, the electromagnetic waves deliver information, otherwise inaccessible, about kinetic instabilities excited by the fast particles. Experiments aimed at studying radio frequency emissions from runaway electron scenarios during different stages of plasma discharge have been carried out at the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade. Frequencies in the range of lower hybrid and whistler waves have been explored, in the presence of relativistic electrons with different energies, ranging from a few to tens of MeV. A pronounced sensitivity of the radio frequency measurements in detecting driven instabilities is observed, providing the possibility to exploit this kind of technique as a monitor of the instability processes and for studies of the fast electron activity. In particular, in this work, we propose a simplified analysis of the frequency scaling of a specific family of kinetic instabilities arising at the lower hybrid frequency range during the current ramp-up stage. The study is performed with respect to the density profile and the wave vector coupling conditions and is aimed at obtaining a rough estimate of the most likely radial location of the interaction between the runaway electron beam and plasma waves at the emission times of the observed signals.

Radio-frequency current drive for thermonuclear fusion reactors.

Principal research on energy from thermonuclear fusion uses Deuterium-Tritium plasmas magnetically trapped in toroidal devices. As major scientific problem for an economic (i.e., really feasible) reactor, we must understand how to lead strongly heated plasmas to sustain a high fusion gain while large fraction of current is self-produced via the presence of strong pressure gradient. To suppress turbulent eddies that impair thermal insulation and pressure tight of the plasma, current drive (CD) is necessary. However, tools envisaged so far in ITER (International Thermonuclear Experiment Rector) are unable accomplishing this task that requires efficiently and flexibly matching the natural current profiles of plasma. Consequently, viability of a thermonuclear reactor should be problematic. Multi-megawatt radio-frequency (RF) power coupled to plasma would produce the necessary CD, but modelling results based on previous understanding found difficult the extrapolation of this CD concept to reactor conditions of high temperature plasma, and greater flexibility of method would also be required. Here we present new model results based on standard quasilinear (QL) theory that allow establish conditions to drive efficiently and flexibly the RF-driven current at large radii of the plasma column, as necessary for the goal of a reactor.

In vitro cultured progenitors and precursors of cardiac cell lineages from human normal and post-ischemic hearts.

The demonstration of the presence of dividing primitive cells in damaged hearts has sparked increased interest about myocardium regenerative processes. We examined the rate and the differentiation of in vitro cultured resident cardiac primitive cells obtained from pathological and normal human hearts in order to evaluate the activation of progenitors and precursors of cardiac cell lineages in post-ischemic human hearts. The precursors and progenitors of cardiomyocyte, smooth muscle and endothelial lineage were identified by immunocytochemistry and the expression of characteristic markers was studied by western blot and RT-PCR. The amount of proteins characteristic for cardiac cells (alpha-SA and MHC, VEGFR-2 and FVIII, SMA for the precursors of cardiomyocytes, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, respectively) inclines toward an increase in both alpha-SA and MHC. The increased levels of FVIII and VEGFR2 are statistically significant, suggesting an important re-activation of neoangiogenesis. At the same time, the augmented expression of mRNA for Nkx 2.5, the trascriptional factor for cardiomyocyte differentiation, confirms the persistence of differentiative processes in terminally injured hearts. Our study would appear to confirm the activation of human heart regeneration potential in pathological conditions and the ability of its primitive cells to maintain their proliferative capability in vitro. The cardiac cell isolation method we used could be useful in the future for studying modifications to the microenvironment that positively influence cardiac primitive cell differentiation or inhibit, or retard, the pathological remodeling and functional degradation of the heart.

Advances in the FTU collective Thomson scattering system.

The new collective Thomson scattering diagnostic installed on the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade device started its first operations in 2014. The ongoing experiments investigate the presence of signals synchronous with rotating tearing mode islands, possibly due to parametric decay processes, and phenomena affecting electron cyclotron beam absorption or scattering measurements. The radiometric system, diagnostic layout, and data acquisition system were improved accordingly. The present status and near-term developments of the diagnostic are presented.

Basal lamina structural alterations in human asymmetric aneurismatic aorta.

Basal lamina (BL) is a crucial mechanical and functional component of blood vessels, constituting a sensor of extracellular microenvironment for endothelial cells and pericytes. Recently, an abnormality in the process of matrix microfibrillar component remodeling has been advocated as a mechanism involved in the development of aortic dilation. We focused our attention on BL composition and organization and studied some of the main components of the Extracellular Matrix such as Tenascin, Laminins, Fibronectin, type I, III and IV Collagens. We used surgical fragments from 27 patients, submitted to operation because of aortic root aneurysm and 5 normal aortic wall specimens from heart donors without any evidence for aneurysmal or atherosclerotic diseases of the aorta. Two samples of aortic wall were harvested from each patient, proximal to the sinotubular junction at the aortic convexity and concavity. Each specimen was processed both for immunohistochemical examination and molecular biology study. We compared the convexity of each aortic sample with the concavity of the same vessel, and both of them with the control samples. The synthesis of mRNA and the levels of each protein were assessed, respectively, by RT-PCR and Western Blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry elucidated the organization of BL, whose composition was revealed by molecular biology. All pathological samples showed a wall thinner than normal ones. Basal lamina of the aortic wall evidentiated important changes in the tridimensional arrangement of its major components which lost their regular arrangement in pathological specimens. Collagen I, Laminin alpha2 chain and Fibronectin amounts decreased in pathological samples, while type IV Collagen and Tenascin synthesis increased. Consistently with the common macroscopic observation that ascending aorta dilations tend to expand asymmetrically, with prevalent involvement of the vessel convexity and relative sparing of the concavity, Collagen type IV is more evident in the concavity and Tenascin in the convexity.

Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) biological actions on human dermal fibroblasts.

Fibroblasts are involved in all pathologies characterized by increased ExtraCellularMatrix synthesis, from wound healing to fibrosis. Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine isolated as an hemopoietic growth factor but recently indicated as a differentiative agent on endothelial cells. In this work we demonstrated the expression of the receptor for GM-CSF (GM-CSFR) on human normal skin fibroblasts from healthy subjects (NFPC) and on a human normal fibroblast cell line (NHDF) and we try to investigate the biological effects of this cytokine. Human normal fibroblasts were cultured with different doses of GM-CSF to study the effects of this factor on GM-CSFR expression, on cell proliferation and adhesion structures. In addition we studied the production of some Extra-Cellular Matrix (ECM) components such as Fibronectin, Tenascin and Collagen I. The growth rate of fibroblasts from healthy donors (NFPC) is not augmented by GM-CSF stimulation in spite of increased expression of the GM-CSFR. On the contrary, the proliferation of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cell line seems more influenced by high concentration of GM-CSF in the culture medium. The adhesion structures and the ECM components appear variously influenced by GM-CSF treatment as compared to fibroblasts cultured in basal condition, but newly only NHDF cells are really induced to increase their synthesis activity. We suggest that the in vitro treatment with GM-CSF can shift human normal fibroblasts towards a more differentiated state, due or accompanied by an increased expression of GM-CSFR and that such "differentiation" is an important event induced by such cytokine.

Effect of human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor on differentiation and apoptosis of the human osteosarcoma cell line SaOS-2.

We investigated the effects of human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on the relation between differentiation and apoptosis in SaOS-2 cells, an osteoblast-like cell line. To determine the relationship between these cellular processes, SaOS-2 cells were treated in vitro for 1, 7 and 14 days with 200 ng/mL GM-CSF and compared with untreated cells. Five nM insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and 30 nM okadaic acid were used as negative and positive controls of apoptosis, respectively. Effects on cell differentiation were determined by ECM (extracellular matrix) mineralization, morphology of some typical mature osteoblast differentiation markers, such as osteopontin and sialoprotein II (BSP-II), and production of bone ECM components such as collagen I. The results showed that treatment with GM-CSF caused cell differentiation accompanied by increased production of osteopontin and BSP-II, together with increased ECM deposition and mineralization. Flow cytometric analysis of annexin V and propidium iodide incorporation showed that GM-CSF up-regulated apoptotic cell death of SaOS-2 cells after 14 days of culture in contrast to okadaic acid, which stimulated SaOS-2 apoptosis only during the early period of culture. Endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA, detected by "Aúladdering analysis"Aù, confirmed these data. The results suggest that GM-CSF induces osteoblastic differentiation and long-term apoptotic cell death of the SaOS-2 human osteosarcoma cell line, which in turn suggests a possible in vivo physiological role for GM-CSF on human osteoblast cells.

Standing-up test in young borderline hypertensives.

Seventeen normals (mean age, 34 +/- 4.31 years) and thirteen borderline hypertensives (BH) (mean age, 33 +/- 4.6), immune from any other pathology, were tested (standing-up test) in order to assess possible parasympathetic dysfunctions in young BH, not preselected as hyperkinetic subjects. Curves of heart rate (HR) variations were monitored by electrocardiogram during the test with an exhaustive analysis carried out to obtain indexes showing the whole trend as well as the 30 degrees/15 degrees ratio. No significant difference emerges between the two groups when mean values of such parameters are compared. It is concluded that parasympathetic dysfunctions do not occur in BH patients.

CXCR4 Antagonists: A Screening Strategy for Identification of Functionally Selective Ligands.

The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a widely expressed G protein-coupled receptor implicated in several diseases. In cancer, an increased number of surface CXCR4 receptors, in parallel with aberrant signaling, have been reported to influence several aspects of malignancy progression. CXCR4 activation by the specific ligand C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) induces several intracellular signaling pathways that have been selectively related to malignancy depending on the tissue or cell type. We developed a panel of CXCR4 screening assays investigating Gα(i)-mediated cyclic adenosine monophosphate modulation, ß-arrestin recruitment, and receptor internalization. All of the assays were set up in recombinant cells and were used to test four reported CXCR4 antagonists. Consequently, a set of hit compounds, deriving from a screening campaign of a 30,000-small-molecule internal library, was profiled with the different assays. We identified several compounds showing a pathway-selective activity: antagonists on a Gα(i)-dependent pathway; antagonists on both the ß-arrestin and Gα(i)-dependent pathways, some of which induce receptor internalization; and compounds with an antagonist behavior in all of the readouts. The identified biased antagonists induce different functional states on CXCR4 and preferentially affect specific downstream responses from the activated receptor, thus providing an improved therapeutic profile for correction of CXCR4 abnormal signaling.

Note: Simultaneous electrical and optical detection of expanding dense partially ionized vapour clouds.

The scheme and construction of an electro-optical probe able to collect charge and detect optical emission from expanding dense partially ionized vapour clouds are reported. The instrument can be applied to phenomena such as dust impact ionization and solid target laser ablation. First, results of measurements of expanding plasma cloud formed upon ablating W target are presented. Use of the instrument in different experimental facilities, including tokamak, is discussed.

Current drive at plasma densities required for thermonuclear reactors.

Progress in thermonuclear fusion energy research based on deuterium plasmas magnetically confined in toroidal tokamak devices requires the development of efficient current drive methods. Previous experiments have shown that plasma current can be driven effectively by externally launched radio frequency power coupled to lower hybrid plasma waves. However, at the high plasma densities required for fusion power plants, the coupled radio frequency power does not penetrate into the plasma core, possibly because of strong wave interactions with the plasma edge. Here we show experiments performed on FTU (Frascati Tokamak Upgrade) based on theoretical predictions that nonlinear interactions diminish when the peripheral plasma electron temperature is high, allowing significant wave penetration at high density. The results show that the coupled radio frequency power can penetrate into high-density plasmas due to weaker plasma edge effects, thus extending the effective range of lower hybrid current drive towards the domain relevant for fusion reactors.

Screening and attraction of dust particles in plasmas.

The potential around a dust particle in a plasma is found using the collisional hydrodynamic equations of dusty plasmas, taking into account ion-dust and ion-neutral collisions and considering the plasma source proportional to the dust density. The linear screening is strongly influenced by the collisions and can substantially differ from Debye screening. Attraction of negatively charged dust particles can occur due to overscreening by the ion fluxes in the presence of friction forces.

[An analysis of the circadian frequency in the onset of acute myocardial infarct]. / Analisi della frequenza oraria dell'insorgenza dell'infarto miocardico acuto.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate if the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) follows a regular pattern during the day and, if so, to assess any difference according to sex and patients' age. To determine 24-hour trend of AMI onset, clinical recordings of patients admitted to the CCU for AMI over a period of 8 years were reviewed: 427 patients (310 men and 117 women, aged 24-95 years), with a first AMI and in whom the time of onset of cardiac pain due to MI could be accurately established by history, were selected. Analysis of hourly distribution of the event was performed using a mathematical model based on Whittaker's method for periodic phenomena. It showed the occurrence is cyclic with 2 waves with periods of 6 and 12 hours in all age groups in men an women. No statistical differences were found between observed figures of periods and values calculated by Fourier analysis. The overall occurrence of MI showed a regular pattern with 4 peaks at 4.00 am, 10.00 am, 4.00 am and 10.00 pm. This periodic behaviour is nearly the same both in men and in women. The occurrence of MI is maximal in the morning (34.2% in men, and 35.9% in women); the minimum was recorded during the evening in male patients over 70 years and during the night in the other age groups; it was recorded during the afternoon and the night in women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and dermoid cyst of the mesentery. A case report.

An autoimmune hemolytic anemia has been detected in a patient suffering from a dermoid cyst of the mesentery. Early recognition of the teratoma is important, since only removal of the tumor is consistently curative. Investigations showing immunocompetent cells within the cyst's wall lend further support to the contention that the tumor tissue itself produces, for reasons yet unknown, antitumor autoantibodies that could cross-react with the patient's erythrocytes. The role of computerized tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of abdominal teratoma is emphasized, since CT has permitted visualization of the cystic structure of the tumor before the surgical removal of the mass.

Extra cellular matrix features in human meninges.

We collected human fetal and adult normal meninges to relate the age of the tissue with the presence of collagenous and non-collagenous components of Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM). Immunohistochemistry led us to observe some differences in the amount and in the distribution of these proteins between the two sets of specimens. In particular, laminin and tenascin seem to be expressed more intensely in fetal meninges when compared to adult ones. In order to investigate whether the morphofunctional characteristics of fetal meninges may be represented in pathological conditions we also studied meningeal specimens from human meningiomas. Our attention was particularly focused on the expression of those non-collagenous proteins involved in nervous cell migration and neuronal morphogenesis as laminin and tenascin, which were present in lesser amount in normal adult specimens. Microscopical evidences led us to hipothesize that these proteins which are synthesized in a good amount during the fetal development of meninges can be newly produced in tumors. On the contrary, the role of tenascin and laminin in adult meninges is probably only interesting for their biophysical characteristics.