[Hospital-based multicenter study in Spain, Mexico and Cuba on attitudes to living liver donation]. / Estudio multicéntrico hospitalario en España, México y Cuba de actitud hacia la donación de vivo hepática.

INTRODUCTION: Given the lack of a sufficient number of livers available for transplantation, living liver donation (LLD) is being developed in the Spanish-speaking world. To do this, it is essential that health workers in hospitals are in favor of such donation, given that they are a key component in this treatment and that their attitudes influence public opinion. OBJECTIVE: To analyze attitude toward LLD among hospital personnel from healthcare centers in Spain and Latin America. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Ten hospitals were selected from the «International Donor Collaborative Project¼: 3 from Spain, 5 from Mexico and 2 from Cuba. Random sampling stratified by type of service and job category was used. Attitudes to LLD were evaluated through a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects. The questionnaire was anonymous and self-administered. Statistical tests consisted of Student's T test, the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 2,618 employees surveyed, 85% (n=2,231) were in favor of related LLD; of these, 31% (n=804) were in favor of unrelated LLD. No association was found between the country of the interviewed, personal-social variables or work-related variables. The following factors were associated with a favorable attitude toward related LLD donation: having had personal experience of donation and transplantation (P<.001); being in favor of deceased donation (P<.001); believing that one might need a possible transplant (P<.001); being in favor of living kidney donation (P<.001); being willing to accept a liver from a living donor (P<.001); having discussed the matter of donation and transplantation within the family (P<.001) and with one's partner (P<.001); carrying out pro-social type activities (P<.001); being Catholic (P=.040); believing that one's religion is in favor of donation and transplantation (P<.001); and not being concerned about the possible mutilation of the body after donation (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Hospital personnel from Spain and Latin America had a favorable attitude toward LLD, which was associated with factors directly and indirectly related to donation and transplantation, family and religious factors, and attitudes toward the body.

Spanish-Latin American multicenter study of attitudes toward organ donation among personnel from hospital healthcare centers.

INTRODUCTION: Hospital personnel are a group which has an influence on the opinion of the rest of the population about healthcare matters. Any unfavorable attitude of this group would be an obstacle to an increase in organ donation. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the attitude of hospital workers toward the donation of one's own organs in Spanish and Latin American hospitals and to determine the factors affecting this attitude. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Eleven hospitals from the "International Collaborative Donor Project" were selected, 3 in Spain, 5 in Mexico, 2 in Cuba and one in Costa Rica. A random sample was stratified by the type of service and job category. Attitude toward donation and transplantation was assessed using a validated survey. The questionnaire was completed anonymously and was self-administered. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Student's t-test, the χ2 test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 2,785 workers surveyed, 822 were from Spain, 1,595 from Mexico, 202 from Cuba and 166 from Costa Rica and 79% (n=2,191) were in favor of deceased organ donation. According to country, 94% (n=189) of Cubans were in favor, compared to 82% (n=1,313) of the Mexicans, 73% (n=121) of the Costa Ricans and 69% (n=568) of the Spanish (P<.001). In the multivariate analysis, the following variables had the most specific weight: 1) originating from Cuba (odds ratio=8.196; P<.001); 2) being a physician (OR= 2.544; P<.001); 3) performing a job related to transplantation (OR = 1.610; P=.005); 4) having discussed the subject of donation and transplantation within the family (OR= 3.690; P<.001); 5) having a partner with a favorable attitude toward donation and transplantation (OR= 3.289; P<.001); 6) a respondent's belief that his or her religion is in favor of donation and transplantation (OR= 3.021; P=.001); 7) not being concerned about the possible mutilation of the body after donation (OR= 2.994; P<.001); 8) the preference for other options apart from burial for treating the body after death (OR= 2.770; P<.001); and 9) acceptance of carrying out an autopsy if one were needed (OR= 2.808; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Hospital personnel in Spanish and Latin American healthcare centers had a favorable attitude toward donation, although 21% of respondents were not in favor of donating. This attitude was more favorable among Latin American workers and was very much conditioned by job-related and psychosocial factors.

Hyperthermophile diversity microbes in the Calientes geothermal field, Tacna, Peru.

Hyperthermophile microorganisms have been discovered worldwide, and several studies regarding biodiversity and the potential biotechnological applications have been reported. In this work, we describe for the first time the diversity of hyperthermophile communities in the Calientes Geothermal Field (CGF) located 4400 m above sea level in Tacna Region, Perú. Three hot springs were monitored and showed a temperature around 84 to 88 °C, for the microbiome analyzed was taken by sampling of sediment and water (pH 7.3-7.6). The hyperthermophile diversity was determined by PCR, DGGE, and DNA sequencing. The sediments analyzed showed a greater diversity than water samples. Sediments showed a more abundant population of bacteria than archaea, with the presence of at least 9 and 5 phylotypes, respectively. Most interestingly, in some taxa of bacteria (Bacillus) and archaea (Haloarcula and Halalkalicoccus), any of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) have not been observed before in hyperthermophile environments. Our results provide insight in the hyperthermophile diversity and reveal the possibility to develop new biotechnological applications based on the kind of environments.

Nanocrystalline Flash Annealed Nickel Oxide for Large Area Perovskite Solar Cells.

The industrialization of perovskite solar cells requires adequate materials and processes to make them economically viable and environmentally sustainable. Despite promising results in terms of power conversion efficiency and operational stability, several hole-transport layers currently in use still need to prove their industrial feasibility. This work demonstrates the use of nanocrystalline nickel oxide produced through flash infrared annealing (FIRA), considerably reducing the materials cost, production time, energy, and the amount of solvents required for the hole transport layer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals a better conversion to nickel oxide and a higher oxygen-to-nickel ratio for the FIRA films as compared to control annealing methods, resulting in higher device efficiency and operational stability. Planar inverted solar cells produced with triple cation perovskite absorber result in 16.7% power conversion efficiency for 1 cm2 devices, and 15.9% averaged over an area of 17 cm2 .

[Attitudes among Spanish and Latin American non-medical health professionals to living donor liver transplantation]. / Actitud de los profesionales hospitalarios no sanitarios españoles y latinoamericanos hacia la donación de hígado de vivo.

INTRODUCTION: Hospital professionals are an opinion group that influences the general population. OBJECTIVE: To analyze attitudes to living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) among non-medical professionals working in Spanish and Latin American hospitals and to determine the variables that influence these attitudes. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A random sample, stratified by department, was selected from non-medical staff in the "International Donor Collaborative Project": there were three hospitals in Spain, five in Mexico and two in Cuba. Attitudes were evaluated through a validated, anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: There were 951 non-medical professionals: 277 from Spain, 632 from Mexico and 42 from Cuba. A total of 86% (n = 818) were in favor of related living donation and 31% (n = 299) were in favor of unrelated living donation. This attitude was associated with the following: country (Mexico 88%, Cuba 83%, Spain 81%) (p =0.016), female sex (p =0.026), having experience of donation and transplantation (p =0.001), having a favorable attitude to donation (P <0.001), considering the possibility of needing a transplant (P <0.001), being in favor of living kidney donation (P <0.001), being willing to accept a transplant from a living donor if necessary (P <0.001), discussing donation and transplantation with the family and partner (P <0.001), carrying out pro-social activities (P <0.001), believing that one's religion was in favor of donation and transplantation (P<0.001), and not worrying about bodily mutilation after donation (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Attitudes toward related LDLT among non-medical staff in various Spanish, Mexican and Cuban hospitals are favorable. In 86% of those surveyed, this attitude was not influenced by classical psychosocial factors.

[Trends in oral cancer mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, 1980-2002]. / Tendências de mortalidade por câncer de boca e orofaringe no Município de São Paulo, Brasil, 1980/2002.

The current study assessed trends in oral cancer mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1980 to 2002. The official mortality information system supplied data on deaths whose underlying cause was classified as oral cancer, stratified by sex, age, and anatomic site. Death rates were estimated and adjusted by the direct method, using population data supplied by national censuses from 1980, 1991, and 2000 and a population count performed in 1996. There was an upward trend in overall cancer mortality, at a yearly rate of 0.72%. Accounting for more than one third of these deaths, tongue cancer was the main mortality category. Labial, gengival, and retromolar cancer showed a downward trend, while oropharyngeal cancer and cancer in unspecified parts of the mouth and oropharynx showed increasing mortality. Monitoring the magnitude and trends in cancer mortality can assist the planning of health initiatives aimed at reducing the disease burden from oral cancer in Brazil.

Miocarditis como forma de presentación de dengue: Informe de un caso / Myocarditis as a presentation form of dengue: A case report

RESUMEN El dengue es una enfermedad viral febril aguda produci da por el virus del dengue, trasmitido, principalmente, por la picadura de mosquitos del género Aedes. Puede cursar con o sin síntomas, hasta ocasionar cuadros clínicos graves. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 47 años de edad, que ingresó por fiebre de tres días de evolución, erupción cutánea (rash), náuseas, tos seca y lipotimias. Dos días después empeoró la erupción y apareció bradicardia extrema. El ecocardiograma demostró disfunción del ventrículo izquierdo, con fracción de eyección de 38%. El paciente fue egresado a 14 días con el diagnóstico de dengue complicado con miocarditis. Es evidente que fue una miocarditis viral desde el comienzo de los síntomas, descrita como inusual en la literatura; la tos y las lipotimias fueron la expresión del bajo gasto cardíaco, que unidas a la bradicardia y las alteraciones electro y ecocardiográficas, ayudaron a establecer el diagnóstico.

ABSTRACT Dengue is an acute febrile viral disease produced by the dengue virus, mainly transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. It can take place with or without symptoms and it can cause serious clinical conditions. The case of a 47-year-old man is presented, who was admitted due to fever of three days of evolution, skin rash, nauseas, dry cough and lipothymias. Two days later, the rash worsened and extreme bradycardia appeared. The echocardiogram showed left ventricular dysfunction, with an ejection fraction of 38%. The patient was discharged after 14 days with the diagnosis of dengue complicated by myocarditis. It is evident that it was a viral myocarditis from the beginning of symptoms, which is described as unusual in the bibliography; cough and lipothymias were the expression of the low cardiac output, that together with the bradycardia, and the electro- and echocardiographic alterations, helped to establish the diagnosis.

[Malocclusion prevalence in the deciduous and permanent dentition of schoolchildren in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, 1996]. / Prevalência de oclusopatia na dentição decídua e permanente de crianças na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, 1996.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of malocclusion in deciduous and permanent dentition of schoolchildren enrolled in public and private schools in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 1996. Occlusal conditions were classified as normal, mild, and moderate/severe according to World Health Organization criteria. The results refer to 985 schoolchildren ages five and 12 years. Prevalence of malocclusion was high, increasing from 48.97 +/- 4.53% in the deciduous dentition to 71.31 +/- 3.95% in the permanent dentition. The proportion of moderate/severe malocclusion was nearly twice as great in the second dentition (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.43-2.45; p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed according to gender or public vs. private school. Statistically significant differences were associated with ethnicity, indicating the complexity and diversity of occlusion in the population and suggesting the need for longitudinal studies.

Are severe occlusal problems more frequent in permanent than deciduous dentition?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and severity of occlusal problems in populations at the ages of deciduous and permanent dentition and to carry out a meta-analysis to estimate the weighted odds ratio for occlusal problems comparing both groups. METHODS: Data of a probabilistic sample (n=985) of schoolchildren aged 5 and 12 from an epidemiological study in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed using univariate logistic regression (MLR). Results of cross-sectional study data published in the last 70 years were examined in the meta-analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of occlusal problems increased from 49.0% (95% CI =47.4%-50.6%) in the deciduous dentition to 71.3% (95% CI =70.3%-72.3%) in the permanent dentition (p<0.001). Dentition was the only variable significantly associated to the severity of malocclusion (OR=1.87; 95% CI =1.43-2.45; p<0.001). The variables sex, type of school and ethnic group were not significant. The meta-analysis showed that a weighted OR of 1.95 (1.91; 1.98) when compared the second dentition period with deciduous and mixed dentition. CONCLUSIONS: In planning oral health services, some activities are indicated to reduce the proportion of moderate/severe malocclusion to levels that are socially more acceptable and economically sustainable.

[Dental caries in 12- and 15-year-old schoolchildren from public and private schools in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in 2001]. / Cárie dentária em escolares de 12 e 15 anos de escolas públicas e privadas de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, em 2001.

The aim of this paper was to assess the caries experience of 12- and 15-year-old schoolchildren from public and private schools in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, and to identify the access of children to dental services and the coverage of such services, which might be related to differences between the groups. Cross-sectional data were obtained from 3,313 clinical exams, which followed the WHO (1997) criteria for the diagnosis of dental caries. The analysis was carried out by means of the Student's t test, the chi-square test and analysis of covariance. There were no differences regarding DMFT and frequency of caries-free individuals between public and private schools. However, while F (filled teeth) was the most prevalent component of the index in subjects from private schools, M (missing teeth) was the most common in those from public schools. The access to dental services in the last year was the only variable associated to the differences between both groups. Thus, the importance of access to dental services and social benefits must be pointed out in order to guarantee equity in oral health.

Caracterización clínico epidemiológica de pacientes con ébola en un centro de tratamiento de Sierra Leona / Clinical-epidemiological characterization of Ebola disease in patients at a treatment center in Sierra Leone

Introducción: La enfermedad del ébola se dio a conocer por primera vez en 1976, con una letalidad muy elevada en todos los brotes detectados. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente a los pacientes portadores de la enfermedad por el virus del Ébola. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en 424 pacientes ingresados en un centro de tratamiento de ébola en la República de Sierra Leona, África occidental, con el diagnóstico confirmado mediante la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para virus Ébola, durante el período de noviembre de 2014 hasta marzo de 2015. Resultados: Se muestra que el grupo etario más afectado fue el de 25 a 34 con un 25,9 por ciento. La mayor letalidad se presentó en los pacientes con más de 65 años de edad con un 44,4 por ciento. El síntoma que prevaleció fue la fiebre para un 61,8 por ciento, y el hipo se presentó en el 88,8 por ciento de los fallecidos. Conclusión: Se concluye que la enfermedad no tuvo distinción significativa con el sexo. La mayor letalidad se presentó en las edades geriátricas. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron la fiebre, diarrea y el decaimiento. El hipo fue el signo que más se presentó en los pacientes que fallecieron(AU)

Introduction: Ebola disease was first reported in 1976 with a very high lethality in all outbreaks. Objective: To clinically and epidemiologically characterize the patients carriers of Ebola virus disease. Methods: we conducted an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study in 424 patients admitted to an Ebola Treatment Center in the Republic of Sierra Leone, West Africa from November 2014 to March 2015. The polymerase chain reaction technique for Ebola virus confirmed the diagnosis. Medical records provided all data. Results: The age group most affected was 25 to 34 (25.9 percent). The highest lethality occurred in those over 65 years of age (44.4 percent ). Fever was the prevailing symptom (61.8 percent) and hiccups occurred in 88.8 percent of the deceased. Conclusion: Clinical manifestations were variable, although fever was the main symptom. Hiccup was a sign of poor prognosis when associated with a higher percentage of mortality. Lethality was high(AU)

Guía para la enseñanza del apoyo vital socorrista. Consenso para el proyecto de formación e investigación en apoyo vital. Cienfuegos, 2018 / Guideline for teaching life support. Agreement for the project of training and research in life support. Cienfuegos, 2018

Fundamento: la parada cardiaca primaria es un problema de salud mundial y una de sus soluciones es disponer, tanto la población como los profesionales de la salud, de conocimientos en reanimación cardiopulmocerebral. El proyecto para la formación e investigación en apoyo vital en emergencias y desastres puede ser un marco académico para lograrlo. Objetivo: actualizar, para el proyecto, las guías y estrategia docente para la enseñanza del socorrismo. Métodos: taller nacional realizado en julio del 2018 en Cienfuegos, con 13 expertos y cuatro informantes clave. Se utilizaron la técnica de tormenta de ideas y de grupo nominal, cuestionario semiestructurado y revisión documental previa. Resultados: se proponen para la enseñanza del socorrismo tanto en el pregrado como el posgrado: los objetivos, aspectos didácticos, estrategia docente, contenidos, alcance, habilidades a desarrollar, futuras investigaciones y áreas para la colaboración interinstitucional. Se definió la estructura de un curso prototipo para la enseñanza del tema y las principales consideraciones para su ejecución. Conclusiones: las propuestas académicas para el curso "Apoyo vital socorrista" permiten el abordaje de la enseñanza de los primeros auxilios tanto a la población como a grupos especializados de socorristas.

Foundation: Primary cardiac failure is a worldwide Health problem and one of its solutions is to count on health professionals and the population in general with knowledge in cardio-pulmonary-cerebral resuscitation. The project for the training and research in life support in emergencies and disasters may be an academic framework to achieve it. Objective: to update, for the project, the teaching guides and strategy for first aids. Methods: national workshop developed in July 2018 in Cienfuegos, with 13 experts and four key informers. The techniques of brain storming, and nominal group, semi-structured questionnaire and documentary review were used. Results: it is proposed for teaching first aids to undergraduate students and postgradutes as well: the objectives, specific aspects, teaching strategy, contents, scope, skills to develop, future research, and areas for inter-institutional collaboration. Conclusion: academic proposals for the course "Life Support" allows approaching treaching first aids to the population and specialized groups as well.

Attitudes of non-medical staff in hospitals in Spain, Mexico, Cuba and Costa Rica towards organ donation.

INTRODUCTION: Non-medical staff members in hospitals are highly credible at population level, and are a source of opinion even though they do not have sufficient medical training. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the attitudes of non-medical professionals of Spanish and Latin American hospitals towards organ donation and identify the factors that influence these attitudes. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Through the "Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante" (International Collaborative Donor Project), a stratified random sample was selected from non-medical services of eleven hospitals: 3 Spanish (n=277), 5 Mexican (n=632), 2 Cuban (n=42) and 1 Costa Rican (n=101). RESULTS: Of the 1052 professionals surveyed, 72% (n=754) were in favour of donating an organ after death. By country, 98% of Cubans, 80% of Mexicans, 66% of Costa Ricans and 52% of Spanish were in favour (P<.001). The most influential variables were: 1) country, with results being more positive in Mexico (odds ratio [OR]=2.197), 2) believing in the possibility that they will require a transplant (OR=2.202), 3) having discussed the issue with their family (OR=3.23), 4) the positive attitude of their partner towards donation (OR=3.322), 5) not being concerned about possible mutilation of their body after donation (OR=3.378), 6) preferring options other than burial (OR=2.525), 7) accepting an autopsy (OR=2.958). CONCLUSIONS: The attitude of non-medical staff members of hospitals towards the donation of their own organs varies greatly depending on the country of the respondent. Psychosocial factors that influence these attitudes are similar to those described at the population level.

Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in an intensive care unit.

INTRODUCTION: Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration, generally used in patients with acute renal failure, enables elimination of humoral mediators of systemic inflammatory response and sepsis from blood. This effect should improve treatment results in patients with multiple organ dysfunction, but evidence of improved survival is insufficient. OBJECTIVES: Describe the effect of continuous venovenous hemodiaflitration on patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in terms of systemic and brain hemodynamics, oxygenation, metabolism and status on ICU separation. METHODS: An observational case series was done of 18 patients (11 men and 7 women) aged 24-78 years with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome treated with continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration in the Medical-Surgical Research Center's ICU in Havana. General, systemic and brain hemodynamic, oxygenation and metabolic variables were assessed immediately before and 12 hours after starting the procedure; vital status on separation from intensive care was recorded. For analysis, patients were grouped by whether cause of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome was septic or nonseptic. Variable means before and after treatment were compared using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test. Standardized mortality ratios were calculated for both groups, with survival efficacy defined by a ratio of <0.9. RESULTS: After 12 hours continuous venovenous hemodiafitration, the septic group showed clinical improvement, with statistically significant improvement in all variables except mean arterial pressure and brain hemodynamics. Survival to discharge from ICU was 64%, with a standardized mortality ratio of 0.66. In the nonseptic group, survival was 0% and ratio was 2.13; temperature was the only variable found to improve significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous venovenous hemodiafltration improved clinical parameters and survival in patients with multiple organ dysfunction of septic origin. Further studies are needed with larger numbers of patients to corroborate these results.

Level of awareness of personnel in hospital services related to the donation process: A Spanish and Latin American multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Services related to the donation and transplantation process are fundamental for developing solid organ transplantation and procuring organs from deceased donors. This study was conducted to analyze the attitude toward deceased organ donation among hospital personnel working in donation- and transplantation-related services in hospitals in Spain and Latin America. METHODS: Nine hospital centers within the "International Donor Collaborative Project" were selected (Spain, Mexico, Cuba, and Costa Rica). A random employee sample was taken and stratified according to the type of service and job category in transplant-related hospital services. RESULTS: Of the 925 employees surveyed, 78% were in favor of donation. By job category, attitude was more favorable among physicians (89%; p < 0.001). By type of service, attitude was more positive among personnel in transplant patient follow-up units (87%; p = 0.018). By country, the Cubans were most in favor (91%), followed by the Mexicans (81%), the Costa Ricans (77%), and the Spanish (70%; p < 0.001). Other factors were age (p < 0.001), sex (p = 0.005), considering the possibility of needing a transplant (p = 0.002), understanding the concept of brain death (p < 0.001), being in favor of living donation (p < 0.001), having discussed the subject of donation and transplantation within the family and the partner (p < 0.001), carrying out pro-social activities (p = 0.002), and concern about mutilation after donation (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Transplant-related personnel had a favorable attitude toward deceased donation, although it was not as positive as we would expect, especially among non-physicians. This attitude needs to be improved because of the negative effect that can result in organ donation. There were pronounced differences between countries, and the discordance between attitude and actual deceased donation rates in each country is notable.

Comportamiento de los pacientes ventilados en el servicio de terapia intensiva del Hospital Militar Docente Mario Muñoz Monroy, de Matanzas: 2009-2010 / Behavior of the patients ventilated in the service of intensive therapy of the Teaching Military Hospital Mario Muñoz Monroy, of Matanzas: 2009-2010

Para identificar el comportamiento de los pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Polivalente del Hospital Militar Mario Muñoz, de Matanzas, que necesitaron ventilación mecánica, se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional desde enero de 2009 hasta diciembre de 2010. El universo estuvo conformado por 51 pacientes sometidos a soporte ventilatorio en este período. Se detectó una supremacía del sexo masculino y una mayor afectación a partir de los 50 años de edad para ambos sexos. Se realizó análisis de la mortalidad según el tiempo de ventilación, dividiendo los pacientes en dos grupos: uno de menos de cinco días, y un segundo de cinco días o más; observándose el mayor número de fallecidos en el primer grupo, con un 75,7 por ciento, mientras que en el segundo grupo la mortalidad fue de 24,2 por ciento. La sepsis, asociada o no a la ventilación, se detectó en 22 pacientes (43,1 por ciento); de ellas el 59,1 por ciento (13 pacientes) fueron extrahospitalarias y el 40,9 por ciento (9 pacientes) intrahospitalarias o asociadas a la ventilación. Las principales causas que motivaron la ventilación fueron: los post quirúrgicos complicados (39,2 por ciento), enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica complicada (17,6 por ciento), el schok cardiogénico (11,8 por ciento), enfermedad vascular encefálica de tipo hemorrágica (11,8 por ciento), schok séptico (9,8 por ciento) y otras causas (9,8 por ciento). La mortalidad en los pacientes ventilados fue de 64,7 por ciento, con un predominio de los pacientes quirúrgicos. Las causas directas de muerte se correspondieron con las entidades que motivaron la ventilación, siendo las más detectadas: falla múltiple de órganos, schok séptico, schok cardiogénico y bronconeumonias. Existió correlación clínico patológica en el 93,1 por ciento de los fallecidos.

From january 2009 to december 2010, we carried out a descriptive observational study to identify the behavior of the patients of the Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit of the Teaching Military Hospital Mario Muñoz of Matanzas who needed mechanical ventilation. The universe was formed by 51 patients submitted to ventilatory support in this period. There it was detected the supremacy of the male sex and a major affectation among patients aged 50 and more years for both genres. The mortality was analyzed according to the ventilation time, dividing the patients in two groups: one of less than five days, and a second of five days or more; the biggest number of deceased was observed in the first group, with 75,7 percent, while in the second group the mortality was 24,2 percent. The sepsis associated or not with the ventilation, was detected in 22 patients (43,1 percent); of them, 59,1 percent (13 patients) was not hospital-acquired and 40,9 percent (9 patients) was hospital-acquired or associated with the ventilation. The main causes that motivated the ventilation were: the post-surgical complications (39,2 percent), the complicated chronic obstructive pulmonary illness (17,6 percent), the cardiogenic shock (11,8 percent), the hemorrhagic-type encephalo-vascular illness (11,8 percent, the septic shock (9,8 percent) and other causes (9,8 percent). The mortality in the ventilated patients was 64,7 percent, with a predominance of the surgical patients. The direct causes of decease were in correspondence with the entities that motivated the ventilation, being the most detected: the multi organic failure, the septic shock, the cardiogenic shock and the bronchopneumonia. There it was a clinic-pathologic interrelation in 93,1 percent of the deceased.

Dental injury among Brazilian schoolchildren in the state of São Paulo.

To describe the distribution of dental trauma in Brazilian schoolchildren and its association with demographic, environmental and clinical factors. A random sample of 73 243 schoolchildren's oral examination records from private and public units, selected from 131 cities within the state of São Paulo, Brazil, was analysed. Trauma was assessed based on international methodological standards prescribed by the World Health Organization for Oral Health Surveys (1997). Proportions obtained were compared between urban and rural schools, as well as between private and public units. Oral health status indices were estimated based on the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index - the average number of decayed, missing and filled teeth; the proportion of caries-free 5-year-old schoolchildren and anterior maxillary overjet among 12-year-old schoolchildren. The prevalence of dental trauma in anterior dentition was of 2.4, enrolling average 1.2 teeth per child. A rate of 2.4 impaired anterior teeth per thousand was obtained, upper central incisors being those that were most affected - 7.7 in every 10. Among 8- to 11-year-old children, the rates grew regularly. The proportion of dental trauma was significantly higher in boys than in girls (P < 0.01), and gender prevalence ratio was of 1.58 for boys. The results showed positive associations between dental trauma and caries-free 5-year-old schoolchildren (P = 0.003), anterior maxillary overjet > or =3 mm (P < 0.001), and private school as a socio-economic proxy indicator (P = 0.048).

Complicaciones en la evolución precoz del infarto agudo del miocardio en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Complications in the precocious evolution of the aute myocardial infarct at the Intensive Care Unit

Se realizó un estudio en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Militar Dr Mario Muñoz Monroy de Matanzas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de Infarto Agudo del Miocardio no tormbolizados que en algún momento de su evolución hospitalaria presentaron complicaciones, durante el período comprendido desde julio del 2003 hasta junio del 2006. Nuestro universo estuvo dado por 113 pacientes que fueron caracterizados a través de un modelaje confeccionado al respecto y representando nuestros resultados en tablas estadísticas utilizándose como método el porcentaje, la prueba de Chi cuadrado y el intervalo confidencial cuando se requirió. En los resultados se determinó que las complicaciones eléctricas fueron las más frecuentes y las clínicas las más letales presentándose generalmente en las primeras 24 horas, el shock cardiogénico y el Infarto Agudo del Miocardio anterior extenso fueron los índices de mal pronóstico más frecuentes. La mortalidad general del estudio fue del 25.7 por ciento.

At the Intensive Care Unit of the Military Hospital Dr Mario Muñoz Monroy of Matanzas, we performed a study of the patients with diagnostic of Acute Myocardial Infarct that were not treated with thrombolysis presenting complications at some moment of their hospital evolution, during the period from July 2003 to June 2006. Our universe was composed by 113 patients that were characterized through forms designed for that; our results were represented in statistical tables using the percentage as a method, the Chi-square test and the confidential interval when it was required. In the results we determined that electrical complications were the most frequent, and the clinical ones the most lethal, generally presented during the first 24 hours; cardiogenic shock and extensive anterior Acute Myocardial Infarct were the most frequent indexes of bad prognosis. General mortality of the study was 25.7 per cent.

Complicaciones en la evolución precoz del infarto del miocardio agudo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Complications of the precocious evolution of the acute miocardial infart in the intensive care unit

Se realizó un estudio en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Militar Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy de Matanzas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de Infarto del Miocardio Agudo no trombolizados que en algún momento de su evolución hospitalaria presentaron complicaciones, durante el período comprendido desde julio del 2003 hasta junio del 2006. Nuestro universo estuvo dado por 113 pacientes que fueron caracterizados mediante un modelaje confeccionado al respecto y representando nuestros resultados en tablas estadísticas utilizándose como método el porcentaje, la prueba de Chi cuadrado y el intervalo confidencial cuando se requirió. En los resultados se determinó que las complicaciones eléctricas fueron las más frecuentes y las clínicas las más letales presentándose generalmente en las primeras 24 horas. El shock cardiogénico y el IMA anterior extenso fueron los índices de mal pronóstico más frecuentes. La mortalidad general del estudio fue del 25.7 por ciento.

We studied the patients diagnosed with non-trombolized Acute Miocardial Infart that at any moment of their hospital staying presented complications at the Intensive Care Unit of the Military Hospital Mario Muñoz Monroy of Matanzas, in the period from July 2003 to June 2006. Our universe was composed by 113 patients, characterized according to the forms designed with that purpose. We present our results in statistical charts, using the percentage method, the Chi 2 test and confidential intervale when it was required. As a result we determined that electric complications were the most frequent, and the clinical ones the most lethal, generally presented during the first 24 hours. The cardiogenic shock and the extense anterior Acute Miocardial Infart were the most frequent indexes of bad prognosis. General mortality of the study was 25, 7 percent.

Morbilidad de la insuficiencia multiorgánica en áreas de atención al grave / Morbidity of multiorgan insufficiency in grave patients attention areas

Se realizó un estudio sobre la Disfunción Múltiple de Órganos (DMO) en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Militar Mario Muñoz Monroy de Matanzas, durante el período comprendido desde enero del 2002 a diciembre del 2006, mediante la revisión de historias clínicas de los pacientes egresados del servicio. El universo de nuestro estudio estuvo constituido por 82 pacientes que al ingreso en la unidad o durante su evolución se les diagnosticó DMO representando el 9.7 por ciento de los pacientes atendidos en la unidad. El estudio se realizó para conocer la magnitud del problema en la unidad, así como identificar su comportamiento. Hubo mayor incidencia en el sexo masculino, encontrándose como antecedente patológico más frecuente la Diabetes Mellitus, aunque se vio gran relación con el postoperatorio. La elevada letalidad de este proceso y el número de órganos afectados fue directamente proporcional.

We carried out a study about the Multiple Dysfunction of Organs in the Intensive Care Unit of the Military Hospital Mario Muñoz Monroy of Matanzas, from January 2002 to December 2006, reviewing the Medical Records of the patients entering the service. The universe of our study was formed by 82 patients diagnosed with multiple dysfunctions of the organs when entered the unit or during their evolution, representing 97 percent of the patients attended in the unit. The study was made to determine the magnitude of the problem in the unit, and also to identify its behavior. There was a higher evidence in male sex, finding the Diabetes Mellitus as the most frequent pathologic antecedent though there was seen a great relation with post surgery period. The high lethality of this process and the number of affected organs were proportional.