Correction to: Characterization of polymorphic loci for two cicada species: Cryptotympana atrata and Hyalessa fuscata (Hemiptera: Cicadidae).

Unfortunately the title of the original publication contains a typo. Instead of (Hemiptera: Cicadoidae) it should be (Hemiptera: Cicadidae).

Characterization of polymorphic loci for two cicada species: Cryptotympana atrata and Hyalessa fuscata (Hemiptera: Cicadoidae).

The cicada species Cryptotympana atrata and Hyalessa fuscata are abundant in metropolitan Seoul where their population densities are positively correlated with local urban heat island intensities. Here, we characterized two panels of polymorphic markers for both species. A set of 21 microsatellite markers previously developed for a Chinese population of C. atrata were tested for the Korean population. Fifteen of the tested loci were found to be polymorphic in the target population. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 12, with observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.2 to 1 and 0.06667 to 0.92644, respectively. Four of the tested loci were moderately polymorphic, and the rest were highly polymorphic. For H. fuscata, a novel panel of microsatellite markers was generated using a next-generation sequencing technique and 18 polymorphic loci were identified in the target population. The number of alleles per locus was between 3 and 16, with observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.02222 to 0.97778 and 0.16804 to 0.86181, respectively. Polymorphism level was low in one locus, moderate in five loci, and high in the remaining loci. The microsatellite markers described in this study will be useful for identifying genetic structure and genetic differentiation among populations of C. atrata and H. fuscata in metropolitan Seoul.

Comparison of shear test methods for evaluating the bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the sensitivity of three shear test methods for measuring the shear bond strength (SBS) of resin cement to zirconia ceramic and evaluated the effects of surface treatment methods on the bonding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Polished zirconia ceramic (Cercon base, DeguDent) discs were randomly divided into four surface treatment groups: no treatment (C), airborne-particle abrasion (A), conditioning with Alloy primer (Kuraray Medical Co.) (P) and conditioning with Alloy primer after airborne-particle abrasion (AP). The bond strengths of the resin cement (Multilink N, Ivoclar Vivadent) to the zirconia specimens of each surface treatment group were determined by three SBS test methods: the conventional SBS test with direct filling of the mold (Ø 4 mm × 3 mm) with resin cement (Method 1), the conventional SBS test with cementation of composite cylinders (Ø 4 mm × 3 mm) using resin cement (Method 2) and the microshear bond strength (µSBS) test with cementation of composite cylinders (Ø 0.8 mm × 1 mm) using resin cement (Method 3). RESULTS: Both the test method and the surface treatment significantly influenced the SBS values. In Method 3, as the SBS values increased, the coefficients of variation decreased and the Weibull parameters increased. The AP groups showed the highest SBS in all of the test methods. Only in Method 3 did the P group show a higher SBS than the A group. CONCLUSIONS: The µSBS test was more sensitive to differentiating the effects of surface treatment methods than the conventional SBS tests. Primer conditioning was a stronger contributing factor for the resin bond to zirconia ceramic than was airborne-particle abrasion.

Continuous Flow Synthesis of 1,4-Benzothiazines Using Ambivalent Reactivity of (E)-ß-Chlorovinyl Ketones: A Point of Reaction Control Enabled by Flow Chemistry.

A continuous flow system to 1,4-benzothiazines was developed using the point of reaction control, where the ambivalent (E)-ß-chlorovinyl ketones and 2,2'-dithiodianilines were confined in a diffusion controlled flow setting. The successful segregation of reactive chemical species in a flow setting allowed more defined reaction pathways that are not feasible in traditional batch reaction conditions. The point of reaction control in flow systems helps to execute the reactions often plagued with the concurrent generation of multiple chemical species.

One-Pot Synthesis of N-Hydroxypyrroles via Soft α-Vinyl Enolization of (E)-ß-Chlorovinyl Ketones: A Traceless Arylsulfinate Mediator Strategy.

A traceless arylsulfinate mediator strategy has been developed to switch the reaction course of ß-chlorovinyl ketones with N-hydroxyamine. The soft α-vinyl enolization of (E)-ß-chlorovinyl ketones was conducted in the presence of sodium arylsulfinate to give transient alkenyl sulfones that in turn reacted with NH2OH to give novel access to N-hydroxypyrroles. The mechanistic studies revealed the initial formation of oxazine intermediates that rearranged to thermodynamically stable aromatic products, N-hydroxypyrroles, under microwave-assisted heating conditions.

Not all cicadas increase thermal tolerance in response to a temperature gradient in metropolitan Seoul.

Rapid anthropogenic alterations caused by urbanization are increasing temperatures in urban cores, a phenomenon known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Two cicada species, Cryptotympana atrata and Hyalessa fuscata (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), are abundant in metropolitan Seoul where their population densities correlate strongly with UHI intensities. Such a positive correlation between cicada density and UHI intensity may be possible if cicada abundance is linked to a certain thermal tolerance. We tested this hypothesis by investigating variation in morphology and thermal responses of two cicada species along a thermal gradient in Seoul and surrounding areas. The morphological responses were measured by metrics such as length, thorax width and depth, and mass. The thermal responses were measured in terms of minimum flight temperature, maximum voluntary temperature and heat torpor temperature. First, we observed a species-specific variation in thermal responses, in which C. atrata displayed a higher thermal threshold for maximum voluntary and heat torpor temperatures than H. fuscata. Second, a positive association between temperature conditions and body sizes were displayed in females H. fuscata, but not in either conspecific males or C. atrata individuals. Third, C. atrata exhibited similar thermal responses regardless of habitat temperature, while H. fuscata in warmer areas showed an increase in heat tolerance. In addition, H. fuscata individuals with bigger thorax sizes were more heat-tolerant than those with smaller thoraxes. Overall, our research is the first to detect a variation in thermal responses and body size of H. fuscata individuals at a local scale. More investigations would be needed to better understand the adaptation mechanisms of insects linked to UHI effects.

Performance of a novel polishing rubber wheel in improving surface roughness of feldspathic porcelain.

Replacing glazing with polishing is still controversial in terms of the surface roughness of dental porcelains. This study investigated the polishing performance of a ceramic-polishing rubber wheel (CP-RW), which contains large uniform and rounded silicon carbide particles and small diamond particles, in improving the surface roughness of two feldspathic porcelains for sintering and CAD/CAM milling. Using a confocal laser scanning microscopy, the changes in the surface roughness parameters were evaluated before and after polishing or glazing for three surface treatment groups: SofLex polishing, CP-RW polishing, and Glazing. Regardless of the parameters, all treatments reduced roughness values (repeated measures ANOVA, p<0.05). The roughness values obtained after CP-RW polishing were lower than those obtained after SofLex polishing and glazing (2-way ANOVA, p<0.05). Polishing both ceramics with CP-RW made the surfaces smooth with the lowest roughness values in all parameters. The effect was dependent on the materials used.