Transformation Characteristics of Hydrogen-Donor Solvent Tetralin in the Process of Direct Coal Liquefaction.

The aim of this study is to investigate the transformation of hydrogen-donor solvent tetralin in the direct liquefaction process of coal. Pure tetralin liquid as well as mixture of tetralin and Wucaiwan coal (WCW) were separately reacted under a liquefaction condition, and constituents of liquid product were analyzed by GC-MS. The results show that after the tetralin liquid reacts with high-pressure hydrogen, 90% of the reaction product is in liquid state, the gaseous products mainly include alkane gas and COx gas. When the reaction temperatures were set at 380 and 420°C, respectively, the corresponding transformation rates of tetralin can be 34.72 and 52.74%. At 380°C, the tetralin mainly plays a role of passing active hydrogen, while at 420°C, it mainly occurs dehydrogenation transformation to provide active hydrogen, as well as generate naphthalene, methyl indan, and substituted benzene, etc. Taking tetralin as the hydrogen-donor solvent, the WCW was performed liquefaction reaction, and the obtained results show that the transformation rates of tetralin are 69.76 and 83.86% at liquefaction temperatures of 380 and 420°C, respectively. Tetralin mainly occur to dehydrogenation transformation to generate naphthalene, followed by methyl indan, where contents order of main constituents of the liquefaction products were: naphthalene> tetralin > methyl indan.

[Interpretation of Diagnosis of Ascariasis (WS/565-2017)].

Ascariasis once was a common disease in rural areas of China. It is showed that the average infection rate of Ascaris lumbricoides in China was 1.36% according to the results of the national survey of important human parasitic diseases in 2015. Although the prevalence of ascariasis has been greatly reduced as compared with that at the beginning of this century, ascariasis is still widespread in China. The Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis (WS/565-2017) was promulgated and implemented by the former National Health and Family Planning Commission on August 1st, 2017. This Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis is composed of six chapters, including the Range of Application, Terms and Definitions, Diagnostic Basis, Diagnostic Principle, Diagnostic Standard, and Differential Diagnosis. Four informative appendixes (etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and differential diagnosis) and one normative appendix (laboratory examination) are appended. The criteria provide the technical reference for diagnosis of ascariasis in medical institutions and disease control institutions. Combined with the current epidemic situation of ascariasis in China, this paper interprets the main contents of the Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis (WS/565-2017), so as to promote its learning and implementation.

[Epidemiological analysis of new cases of cysticercosis in Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province from 2014 to 2017].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the basic information and epidemic characteristics of new cases of cysticercosis in Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control strategy of cysticercosis. METHODS: The data of inpatients in the Dali Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control Center from 2014 to 2017 were collected and the eligible data of new cases of cysticercosis were analyzed by the epidemiological method. RESULTS: There were 1 552 patients with cysticercosis, including 549 new cases of cysticercosis. Among the new cysticercosis patients, most were neurocysticer-cosis cases (484 / 549, 88.16%). The symptoms included epilepsy and headache (51.73%), headache (40.98%), and dizziness (18.76%). The new cysticercosis patients were mainly middle-aged male farmers of Bai nationality, and they were distributed in all counties (cities) of Dali Prefecture, especially in Eryuan County (26.78%), and Dali City (19.49%). The annual incidence rate was 4.423/105 in 2014, 3.837/105 in 2015, 3.765/105 in 2016, and 3.442/105 in 2017, and there was no significance among the different years'incidence ( χ2 = 4.595, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Dali Prefecture is still an endemic area of cysticercosis. Therefore, the monitoring, prevention and control of the disease should be strengthened.

[Status and working principals of soil-transmitted nematodiasis during new period in China].

The current status of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in China is analyzed. The achievements in prevention and control of soil-transmitted nematodiasis are illustrated. Moreover, the challenges in condition of the decline of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in China are demonstrated. Finally, the working principals for prevention and control of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in the new period are proposed, combining with the health poverty alleviation project, focusing on the goals of control plan for important parasitic diseases, establishing monitoring system for soil-transmitted nematodiasis, and implementing the principles of precise prevention and control.

[Micro-FTIR study on structure of macerals from Jurassic coals in Northwestern China].

Jurassic coal in Northwest China is rich in resources and it is a necessary premise to reveal the chemical structure characteristics of the coal macerals in this region before the coal is put into reasonable and efficient use. Micro-FTIR technique was used to investigate the chemical composition and structures of vitrinite semifusinite and fusinite from Jurassic coal in Northwestern China. The results show that vitrinite and semifusinite have more aliphatic hydrogen, but fusinite has more aromatic hydrogen and C=O structure. The aliphatic hydrogen in semifusinite is higher than that in fusinite and it is this structure characteristic of semifusinite that led to the richer inertinite but higher reactivity of the Northwestern China coal. Not only vitrinite but also semifusinite and fusinite with weaker reducibility have less aliphatic hydrogen and more C=O structures than those with stronger reducibility. The different intensity of oxidation in the process of coalification is one of the causes that led to different type of reducibility.

[Establishing evaluation system for health education products of parasitic diseases by Delphi method].

OBJECTIVE: To establish an evaluation system for health education products of parasitic diseases by using a Delphi method, so as to provide references for the evaluation of health education products. METHODS: An expert panel was established and evaluation indicators were determined by brainstorming and face-to-face discussion, then the weight of each evaluation indicator was determined through a two-round Delphi method and the evaluation system was established. RESULTS: The evaluation indicators for material products, graphic design products and audio-visual products were established respectively by expert panel. Four first indicators and 12 second indicators were included in each type of products. The consensus was achieved following the two rounds of expert consultation among 23 knowledgeable and experienced experts, who considered "scientificity" and "acceptability" to be the most important of all the first indicators, and "information accuracy" and "behavioral guidance" of all the second indicators. CONCLUSIONS: A scientific and rational evaluation system is established, and it can be used in comprehensive evaluation of health education products for parasitic diseases.

[Interpretation of Detection of Intestinal Helminthes-The Kato-Katz Method (WS/T 570-2017)].

The criteria for the Kato-Katz thick smear are compiled following the Management Measures for Health Criteria and GBT 1.1-2009 Standardization Working Guidelines. The criteria are composed of five chapters, including the range of application, terms and definitions, equipments, reagent materials, and testing procedures. Three informative appendices (identification of helminth eggs in human faeces, counting method of eggs in Kato-Katz thick smear, and other considerations) are appended. The criteria have been issued by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, it provides a technical reference for the detection of helminth eggs in human faeces in medical institutions and disease prevention and control institutions.

[Current status and research progress of cysticercosis].

Cysticercosis refers to a parasitic infection caused by the larvae of pork tapeworm Taenia solium. It is a parasitic zoonosis and listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the neglected tropical diseases. Cysticercosis is spreading all over the world through globalization and it mainly epidemic in developing countries. In the southwest and minority nationality areas of China, as a result of the low level of medical and health care, and the unchangeable diet custom, there are still many cases of cysticercosis, which is manifested as a local high prevalence. Neuroimaging is the preferred method for cysticercosis diagnosis, and by using CT and MRI scans it is possible to visualise the infecting cysticerci and assess their number and location within the central nervous system (CNS) . The immunological assay is also required in the diagnosis. At present, the prevention and control of cysticercosis is still relatively weak. In this paper, the current status and research progress of cysticercosis are reviewed, and further suggestions on the prevention and control of cysticercosis are put forward.

[Epidemiological survey on clonorchiasis and awareness of prevention and control knowledge in Xinfeng County of Jiangxi Province].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the epidemic status of clonorchiasis and awareness of prevention and control knowledge in Xinfeng County of Jiangxi Province, so as to provide the evidences for control measures. METHODS: The baseline survey was carried out with a clue in vestigation of raw-fish eating behavior in potential endemic areas in 2016.The residents were examined by stool tests. The metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in fish, the rediae and cercariae in freshwater mollusk were detected. The feces samples of cats, dogs and pigs were collected and examined by sedimentation technique. Meanwhile, the epidemic factors, health knowledge and behavior were also surveyed. RESULTS: The residents in 26 villages had the habit of eating raw freshwater fish, and 19.51% of the respondents had this habit. The average infection rates of the population, Parafossarulus striatulus, freshwater fishes and reservoir hosts were 21.56%, 0, 8.24% and 2.27%, respectively. The infection rate of the population increased with age. There was a significant positive correlation between the behavior and the infection rate of the population (r = 0.88, P < 0.01). Only 11.46% of the respondents knew that eating raw-fish might cause C. sinensis infection, and 5.28% of them knew that C. sinensis was harmful to health. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-six villages in five townships were endemic areas of clonorchiasis in Xinfeng County. The permanent solution of prevention and control of clonorchiasis is to strengthen the health education and change the habit of raw-fish eating gradually.

[Interpretation of Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis].

Clonorchis sinensis infection is carcinogenic to human, which results in cholangiocarcinoma, confirmed by the World Health Organization. An investigation in 2005 indicated that the standardized C. sinensis infection rate was 0.58%, with 12 490 000 infected people estimated in the clonorchiasis endemic areas in China. In the world, 80% of C. sinensis infected people were distributed in China. Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis (WS309-2009) was compiled by the ex-Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and it was issued and implemented in March 13, 2009. The Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis is composed of six chapters, including the Range of Application, Terms and Definitions, Diagnostic Basis, Diagnostic Principle, Diagnostic Standard, and Differential Diagnosis. Three informative appendices (etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; differential diagnosis) and one normative appendix (laboratory examination) are appended. The Criteria provides the technical reference for diagnosis of clonorchiasis in medical institutions and disease control institutions. Combined with the current epidemic situation of clonorchiasis in China, this paper interprets the main contents of the Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis (WS309-2009), so as to promote its learning and implementing.

[Effect of ancylostomiasis control in 6 demonstration plots of parasitic disease comprehensive control].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of ancylostomiasis control in 6 demonstration plots of parasitic disease comprehensive control, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control measures of ancylostomiasis in the future. METHODS: According to the drugs and deworming schemes, the 6 demonstration plots (counties) were divided into 4 groups, namely A1 (Tunchang in Hainan Province and Danling in Sichuan Province), A2 (Tongcheng in Anhui Province and Yueyang in Hunan Province), B (Guixi in Jiangxi Province), C (Rongxian in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) groups. The infection rates of hookworm before and after the comprehensive control in the 6 counties were compared, and the costs of reducing one infected case and 1% of infection rate were calculated. RESULTS: The infection rates of hookworm in Group A1, A2, B and C were reduced by 73.36%, 93.67%, 75.95% and 59.04%, respectively. The costs of reducing one infected person were 17.33, 30.06, 11.50, 73.34, 31.28 Yuan and 27.34 Yuan in Tunchang, Danling, Tongcheng, Guixi, Rongxian and Yueyang, respectively, while those of reducing 1% of the infection rate were 38 206.93, 28 577.55, 59 716.30, 295 074.91, 110 729.47 Yuan and 202 328.80 Yuan, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of comprehensive control of ancylostomiasis in demonstration plots is remarkable. Under the same control measure, the higher the infection rates are, the less the cost will be for reducing one infected person or infection rate by 1%, and when the infection rate is below 10%, the control cost is high.

[Analysis of influencing factors of Trichuris trichiura infection in demonstration plots of comprehensive control of parasitic diseases].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the main risk factors of Trichuris trichiura infection in plots carrying out the integrated control of parasitic diseases. METHODS: The simple and multiple unconditional logistic regression were applied to analyze related data from the database of baseline survey in demonstration plots carrying out the integrated control of parasitic diseases. RESULTS: The results of simple logistic regression analysis suggested that the effects of 7 factors to Trichuris trichiura infection were significant (all P values were less than 0.05), namely drinking water resources, toilet type, fertilization type of farmland, fertilization type of vegetable field, washing hands after defecation, eating raw vegetables, melons and fruits and taking anthelminthic before examination. Among the factors above, eating raw vegetables, melons and fruits was of high risk (OR = 2.302), washing hands after defecation and taking anthelminthic before examination were two protection factors (with OR of 0.904 and 0.664, respectively). Compared to feces of human and livestock, fertilizing chemical fertilizer and compound fertilizer in farmland and vegetable field showed more obvious protection effect (with OR of 0.864 and 0.854, respectively). Drinking well water and spring water were two protection factors (with OR of 0.843 and 0.567, respectively). Simple toilet indoor and biogas pool also showed protection effect (with OR of 0.576 and 0.687, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that four factors including eating raw vegetables, melons and fruits, fertilization type of farmland, fertilization type of vegetable field and taking anthelminthic before examination were determined to be the main influencing factors of Trichuris trichiura infection. CONCLUSIONS: The main influencing factors of Trichuris trichiura infection in demonstration plots for the integrated control of parasitic diseases include eating raw vegetables, melons and fruits and fertilization type of farmland and vegetable field. Besides those, taking anthelminthic could reduce Trichuris trichiura infection of the population, meanwhile, sanitary water supply and latrine improvement could also reduce the risk of infection.