MicroRNA-299-3p inhibits cell proliferation, motility, invasion and angiogenesis via VEGFA in upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare tumor with extraordinarily different features between Eastern and Western countries. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) was originally identified as a secreted signaling protein and regulator of vascular development and cancer progression. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of VEGFA by microRNA in UTUC. METHODS: VEGFA expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 140 human UTUC tissue samples. Next, we assessed the regulatory relationship between VEGFA and miR-299-3p by real-time PCR, western blotting, ELISA and dual-luciferase reporter assays using two UTUC cell lines. The role of miR-299-3p/VEGFA in cell proliferation, motility, invasion, and tube formation was analyzed in vitro. RESULTS: High VEGFA expression was significantly associated with tumor stage, grade, distant metastasis and cancer-related death and correlated with poor progression-free and cancer-specific survival. VEGFA knockdown repressed proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis in UTUC cell lines. miR-299-3p significantly reduced VEGFA protein expression and miR-299-3p overexpression inhibited VEGFA mRNA and protein expression by directly targeting its 3'-UTR. Functional studies indicated that VEGFA overexpression reversed the miR-299-3p-mediated suppression of tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. In addition, miR-299-3p/VEGFA suppressed cellular functions in UTUC by modulating the expression of P18 and cyclin E2. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that miR-299-3p possibly suppresses UTUC cell proliferation, motility, invasion and angiogenesis via VEGFA. VEGFA may act as a prognostic predictor, and both VEGFA and miR-299-3p could be potential therapeutic targets for UTUC.

Cilostazol Ameliorates Motor Dysfunction and Schwann Cell Impairment in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

This study investigated the effects of cilostazol on motor dysfunction, spinal motor neuron abnormalities, and schwannopathy in rats with diabetes. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced in rats via femoral intravenous streptozotocin (STZ) injection (60 mg/kg). After successful DM induction, cilostazol was administered on day 15 via oral gavage (100 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks until sacrifice. Behavioral assays, including motor function, were performed weekly. The sciatic nerve, L5 spinal cord, and spinal ventral root were collected to evaluate the expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), myelin protein zero (P0), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. DM rats displayed decreased running speeds, running distances, and toe spread but increased foot pressure. In addition, loss of non-myelinating Schwann cells and myelin sheaths was observed in the sciatic nerve and L5 spinal ventral root. Reduced numbers of motor neurons were also found in the L5 spinal ventral horn. Cilostazol administration significantly potentiated running speed and distance; increased hind paw toe spread; and decreased foot pressure. In the sciatic nerve and L5 spinal ventral root, cilostazol treatment significantly improved non-myelinated Schwann cells and increased myelin mass. ChAT expression in motor neurons in the spinal ventral horn was improved, but not significantly. Cilostazol administration may protect sensorimotor function in diabetic rats.

AAV-glycine receptor α3 alleviates CFA-induced inflammatory pain by downregulating ERK phosphorylation and proinflammatory cytokine expression in SD rats.

BACKGROUND: Glycine receptors (GlyRs) play key roles in the processing of inflammatory pain. The use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for gene therapy in human clinical trials has shown promise, as AAV generally causes a very mild immune response and long-term gene transfer, and there have been no reports of disease. Therefore, we used AAV for GlyRα1/3 gene transfer in F11 neuron cells and into Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to investigate the effects and roles of AAV-GlyRα1/3 on cell cytotoxicity and inflammatory response. METHODS: In vitro experiments were performed using plasmid adeno-associated virus (pAAV)-GlyRα1/3-transfected F11 neurons to investigate the effects of pAAV-GlyRα1/3 on cell cytotoxicity and the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-mediated inflammatory response. In vivo experiment, the association between GlyRα3 and inflammatory pain was analyzed in normal rats after AAV-GlyRα3 intrathecal injection and after complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) intraplantar administration. Intrathecal AAV-GlyRα3 delivery into SD rats was evaluated in terms of its potential for alleviating CFA-induced inflammatory pain. RESULTS: The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inflammatory signaling and neuronal injury marker activating transcription factor 3 (ATF-3) were evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence; the level of cytokine expression was measured by ELISA. The results showed that pAAV/pAAV-GlyRα1/3 transfection into F11 cells did not significantly reduce cell viability or induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation or ATF-3 activation. PGE2-induced ERK phosphorylation in F11 cells was repressed by the expression of pAAV-GlyRα3 and administration of an EP2 inhibitor, GlyRαs antagonist (strychnine), and a protein kinase C inhibitor. Additionally, intrathecal AAV-GlyRα3 administration to SD rats significantly decreased CFA-induced inflammatory pain and suppressed CFA-induced ERK phosphorylation, did not induce obvious histopathological injury but increased ATF-3 activation in dorsal root ganglion (DRGs). CONCLUSIONS: Antagonists of the prostaglandin EP2 receptor, PKC, and glycine receptor can inhibit PGE2-induced ERK phosphorylation. Intrathecal AAV-GlyRα3 administration to SD rats significantly decreased CFA-induced inflammatory pain and suppressed CFA-induced ERK phosphorylation, did not significantly induce gross histopathological injury but elicited ATF-3 activation. We suggest that PGE2-induced ERK phosphorylation can be modulated by GlyRα3, and AAV-GlyRα3 significantly downregulated CFA-induced cytokine activation.

Peripheral Nerve Denervation in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats Is Reduced by Cilostazol.

Background and Objective: Our previous study demonstrated that consistent treatment of oral cilostazol was effective in reducing levels of painful peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic rats. As diabetic neuropathy is characterized by hyperglycemia-induced nerve damage in the periphery, this study aims to examine the neuropathology as well as the effects of cilostazol treatments on the integrity of peripheral small nerve fibers in type I diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: A total of ninety adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following groups: (1) naïve (control) group; (2) diabetic rats (DM) group for 8 weeks; DM rats receiving either (3) 10 mg/kg oral cilostazol (Cilo10), (4) 30 mg/kg oral cilostazol (Cilo30), or (5) 100 mg/kg oral cilostazol (Cilo100) for 6 weeks. Pain tolerance thresholds of hind paws toward thermal and mechanical stimuli were assessed. Expressions of PGP9.5, P2X3, CGRP, and TRPV-1 targeting afferent nerve fibers in hind paw skin and glial cells in the spinal dorsal horn were examined via immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Results: Oral cilostazol ameliorated the symptoms of mechanical allodynia but not thermal analgesia in DM rats. Significant reductions in PGP9.5-, P2X3-, CGRP, and TRPV-1-labeled penetrating nerve fibers in the epidermal layer indicated denervation of sensory nerves in the hind paw epidermis of DM rats. Denervation significantly improved in groups that received Cilo30 and Cilo100 in a dose-dependent manner. Cilostazol administration also suppressed microglial hyperactivation and increased astrocyte expressions in spinal dorsal horns. Conclusions: Oral cilostazol ameliorated hyperglycemia-induced peripheral small nerve fiber damage in the periphery of diabetic rats and effectively mitigated diabetic neuropathic pain via a central sensitization mechanism. Our findings present cilostazol not only as an effective option for managing symptoms of neuropathy but also for deterring the development of diabetic neuropathy in the early phase of type I diabetes.

MicroRNA-145 suppresses cell migration and invasion in upper tract urothelial carcinoma by targeting ARF6.

ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is a well-studied protein that is involved in multiple biological functions including cell migration and invasion. The mechanism by which ARF6 regulates the migration and invasion of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is still unknown. MiR-145-5p is a tumor suppressor microRNA, which is downregulated in several cancer types. We aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of ARF6 by miR-145-5p in UTUC. ARF6 expression was observed to be higher in UTUC tissues than paired adjacent normal tissues. A reverse correlation between ARF6 and miR-145-5p was found in UTUC tissues. MiR-145-5p inhibited ARF6 expression by directly targeting its 3'-UTR. The functional studies indicated that ARF6 expression reversed the miR-145-5p-reduced tumor cell migration and invasion. Notably, miR-145-5p reduced MMP2, N-cadherin, FAK and MMP7, and elevated E-cadherin protein levels in vitro; however, the above effects were reversed by ARF6. Further, the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and cell invasion was suppressed by knocking down MMP7 in UTUC cells. These findings suggest that miR-145-5p may suppress UTUC cell motility and invasion by targeting ARF6/MMP7 through EMT.

High Transaldolase 1 expression predicts poor survival of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare tumor with an incidence that varies greatly between Eastern and Western countries. Transaldolase 1 (TALDO1) is a rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway. In humans, aberrant TALDO1 activity has been implicated in various autoimmune diseases and malignancies; however, the function of TALDO1 in UTUC has not been previously investigated. Here we evaluated the clinical significance of TALDO1 expression in 115 paraffin-embedded tumor samples from patients with UTUC using immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrated that there was an association between high TALDO1 expression and advanced stage (P = 0.011), tumor size (P = 0.005), tumor location (P = 0.047), distant metastases (P = 0.023), local recurrence (P = 0.002), and cancer death (P = 0.003). Using univariate and multivariate analyses, we found that chemotherapy was an independent factor for bladder recurrence-free survival. Late stage (III/IV) and high TALDO1 expression were independent prognostic factors for progression-free and cancer-specific survival. In summary, increased TALDO1 expression in UTUC was significantly correlated with late stage, tumor size, tumor location, distant metastases, local recurrence, and cancer death. Therefore, high TALDO1 expression could be a predictor of poor survival in patients with UTUC. Further studies are necessary to investigate the role of TALDO1 in UTUC development.

Glycine receptors expression in rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion in prostaglandin E2 intrathecal injection models.

BACKGROUND: Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are involved in the development of spinal pain sensitization. The GlyRα3 subunit has recently emerged as a key factor in inflammatory pain pathways in the spinal cord dorsal horn (DH). Our study is to identify the extent of location and cell types expressing different GlyR subunits in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRGs). To tease out the possible actions of GlyRs on pain transmission, we investigate the effects produced by GlyRs on acute inflammatory pain by behavioral testing using prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) intrathecal injection models. Furthermore, we investigate the changes of GlyR expression in DRGs and spinal cord in rats after the induction of acute inflammatory pain. RESULTS: Compared to the vehicle administration, the PGE2 intrathecal injection model produced significantly higher hyperalgesia, which started 3 h after PGE2 injection and lasted more than 5 h. PGE2 intrathecal injection significantly decreased GlyRα1 and GlyRα3 protein expressions in the L5 DH at 1 h and lasted to 5 h, and similar results were observed in the L5 DRG at 5 h. Confocal microscopic images showed the co-existence of punctate gephyrin and GlyRα3 immunoreactivity (IR) throughout the gray matter of the spinal cord, mainly in DH laminae I-III neurons and in ventral horn neurons. It also showed the co-existence of punctate gephyrin and GlyRα3 IR in DRG neurons. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, PGE2 intrathecal injection significantly decreased protein expression of gephyrin, GlyRα1 and GlyRα3 in spinal cord DH and DRG. The gephyrin and GlyRα3 were localized on neuron cells both in the DH and DRG.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology: Intrafascicular Local Anesthetic Injection Damages Peripheral Nerve-Induced Neuropathic Pain.

Peripheral nerve blockade (PNB) is advantageous for patients undergoing surgery to decrease the perioperative opioid consumptions and enhance recovery after surgery.Inadvertent local anesthetic (LA) administration into nerve fiber intrafascicularly easily results in unrecognized nerve injury. Using nerve block guidance either by ultrasound, electrical nerve stimulator, or using pressure devices does not prevent nerve damage, even though most of the nerve injury is transiently. The incidence of neurologic symptoms or neuropathy is in the range of 0.02-2.2%, and no significant difference of postoperative neurologic symptoms is found as compared with using ultrasound or guided nerve stimulator technique. However, intrafascicular lidocaine brought about macrophage migration into the damaged fascicle, Schwann cell proliferation, increased intensity of myelin basic protein, and shorten withdrawal time to mechanical stimuli. In dorsal root ganglion (DRG), intrafascicular LA injection increased the activated transcriptional factor 3 (ATF-3) and downregulated Nav1.8 (Nav1.8). In spinal dorsal horn (SDH), the microglia and astrocytes located in SDH were activated and proliferated after intrafascicular LA injection and returned to baseline gradually at the end of the month. This is a kind of neuropathic pain, so low injection pressure should be maintained, the correct needle bevel used, nerve stimulator or ultrasound guidance applied, and careful and deliberately slow injection employed as important parts of the injection technique to prevent intrafascicular LA administration-induced neuropathic pain.

Hypoxia-regulated MicroRNA-210 Overexpression is Associated with Tumor Development and Progression in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Hypoxia has been shown to facilitate tumor progression. Hypoxia-regulated microRNA-210 (miR-210) may play an important role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. In this study, we evaluated the clinical significance of miR-210 expression in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). METHODS: Eighty-three UTUC patients participated in this study. All of them provided cancer tissue samples and 50 of them provided non-cancerous urothelium samples. Clinicopathologic data were collected by reviewing medical records. The expression of miR-210 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The relationship between clinicopathologic variables and the expression of miR-210 and HIF-1α was analyzed statistically. RESULTS: MiR-210 is overexpressed in UTUC compared to non-cancerous urothelium (p < 0.001); it is also upregulated in high-stage and high-grade tumors (p = 0.020 and 0.049, respectively). HIF-1α is overexpressed in UTUC and correlates positively with miR-210 expression (r = 0.442, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Both miR-210 and HIF-1α are involved in promoting UTUC carcinogenesis. MiR-210 is also correlated with tumor progression. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanism.

Over-expression of Activated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Predicts Poor Prognosis in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

Background: Signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STATs) play important roles in gene regulation, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. We aimed to establish the relationship between phosphorylated STAT3 (p-Ser-STAT3) expression and the prognosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed 100 patients with pathologically confirmed UTUC at Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital. We quantified the expression of p-Ser-STAT3 in cancer cells by immunohistochemistry, and determined the clinicopathological significance of p-Ser-STAT3 expression and prognostic outcomes in patients with UTUC. Results: High p-Ser-STAT3 expression was detected in 52% of UTUC patients. High p-Ser-STAT3 expression was associated with poor recurrence-free survival (p = 0.018) and overall survival (p = 0.026). In advanced cancer samples (stage T3/T4), p-Ser-STAT3 expression is the only independent prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio = 5.91, p = 0.01) and cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio = 8.83, p = 0.039). Conclusions: The expression of p-Ser-STAT3 can be a potential prognostic marker for cancer recurrence and survival in UTUC, especially in advanced stage cases.

The Prognostic Significance of Inflammation-Associated Blood Cell Markers in Patients with Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation-related parameters based on blood cells, including white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet count, and red cell distribution width (RDW), have been shown to be associated with prognosis in many cancers. However, no previous study evaluated these inflammation-associated markers simultaneously in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). METHODS: A total of 195 patients with UTUC who received radical nephroureterectomy between 2005 and 2010 were included retrospectively as the derivation cohort to investigate the impact of inflammation markers on overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). In turn, another independent set of 225 patients were used for validation. Finally, we performed survival analysis in the combined cohort consisting of 420 UTUC patients. RESULTS: The predictive value of RDW and WBC count on outcome was replicable in different cohorts. Multivariate analysis showed high RDW was independently associated with poor OS (P < 0.001), and WBC count was a significant prognosticator for both OS and CSS (both P < 0.001). In subgroup analysis, we found the prognostic significance of RDW for OS was limited in organ-confined disease (≤pT2 without pN+). More importantly, a clear survival difference can be demonstrated by combining RDW and WBC count with other known prognostic factors in the risk stratification model. CONCLUSIONS: RDW and WBC count have the advantage of their common accessibility and are useful markers to predict outcome of UTUC in the preoperative setting. RDW and WBC count could provide additional prognostic value and help physicians identify patients at high risk for mortality and formulate individualized treatment strategy.

Overexpression of PTP4A3 is associated with metastasis and unfavorable prognosis in bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in urinary system. The prognosis of metastatic BC is poor, but there remains no reliable marker to early detect metastasis. Dysregulated prenylated protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are commonly associated with cancer metastasis. From a published BC transcriptome, we identified that PTP IVA3 (PTP4A3) was the most significantly upregulated gene implicated in tumor progression among genes related to prenylated PTPs. We therefore analyzed PTP4A3 expression in our well-characterized cohort of BC. METHODS: By immunohistochemistry, PTP4A3 expression was determined using H-score. PTP4A3 expression of 295 BCs was compared with clinicopathological parameters, and the effect of PTP4A3 on cancer-specific survival (CSS) and metastasis-free survival (MFS) was also examined. Two independent sets of BCs were used to assess PTP4A3 protein and transcript expression in normal urothelium and different stage tumors. RESULTS: PTP4A3 overexpression was significantly associated with higher pT stage (P < 0.001), nodal metastasis (P < 0.001), vascular invasion (P < 0.001), and perineural invasion (P = 0.021). In multivariate analysis, PTP4A3 overexpression was an independent predictor for CSS (P < 0.001) and MFS (P = 0.007). Notably, the difference in CSS and MFS between high and low PTP4A3-expressing tumors was also significant in muscle-invasive BCs. PTP4A3 protein expression showed significant and stepwise increments from normal urothelium to noninvasive BC, invasive BC, and metastatic foci (P < 0.001). PTP4A3 transcript was also obviously upregulated in high-stage BC (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PTP4A3 may play a role in BC oncogenesis and is a predictive marker of metastasis. PTP4A3 overexpression represents an independent prognosticator for BC, suggesting its potential theranostic value.

Matrix metalloproteinase-11 as a marker of metastasis and predictor of poor survival in urothelial carcinomas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Urothelial carcinomas (UC) of urinary bladder (UB) and upper urinary tract (UT) are heterogeneous diseases with high morbidity and mortality. We looked for genes with metalloendopeptidase activity in a published UBUC transcriptomic database (GSE31684):MMP-11 was the most significant, showing stepwise up-regulation. We analyzed MMP-11 expression and association with clinicopathologic factors and survival in our well-characterized cohort of UCs. METHODS: We determined MMP-11 expression in 295 UBUCs and 340 UTUCs with immunohistochemistry, evaluated by H-score. In a retrospective study, MMP-11 expression was correlated with clinicopathologic features and with disease-specific survival (DSS) and metastasis-free survival (MeFS). The statistical significance was evaluated with univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: High MMP-11 expression was significantly associated with advanced pT status, nodal metastasis, high histological grade, vascular and perineural invasion, and frequent mitoses. In multivariate Cox regression analyses, which adjusted for standard clinicopathologic characteristics, MMP-11 expression was independently associated with cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio [HR] in UTUC:3.027, P = 0.005; in UBUC: 2.631, P = 0.010) and with metastasis development (HR in UTUC:2.261, P = 0.018; in UBUC:1.801, P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: MMP-11 overexpression is associated with aggressive tumor phenotype and unfavorable clinical outcome in UTUC and UBUC, suggesting it may serve as a novel prognostic and therapeutic target. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:700-707. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Association of Human Q Fever with Animal Husbandry, Taiwan, 2004-2012.

In Taiwan, Q fever cases in humans began increasing in 2004 and peaked in 2007 but dramatically declined in 2008 and 2011. Cases were significantly correlated with the number of goats. The decline might be associated with the collateral effects of measures to control goat pox in 2008 and 2010.

PTP4A3 Independently Predicts Metastasis and Survival in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Treated with Radical Nephroureterectomy.

PURPOSE: Increasing evidence has shown that protein tyrosine phosphatases have dominant roles in setting the levels of tyrosine phosphorylation and promoting oncogenic processes. PTP4A3 has been implicated in cancer metastasis but to our knowledge the role of PTP4A3 in upper tract urothelial carcinoma is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of PTP4A3 with disease characteristics, distant metastasis and prognosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The importance of PTP4A3 was initially examined in paired normal urothelium, noninvasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma, invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma and nodal metastatic tissue. The PTP4A3 transcript level was assessed in another 20 upper tract urothelial carcinoma samples by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. PTP4A3 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry using the H-score in 340 upper tract urothelial carcinoma samples. It was further correlated with clinicopathological factors, and disease specific and metastasis-free survival. RESULTS: The expression of PTP4A3 significantly increased from normal urothelium, noninvasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma and invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma to nodal metastatic tissue (p <0.001). The PTP4A3 transcript level was also markedly up-regulated in higher stage upper tract urothelial carcinoma (p = 0.002). Over expression of PTP4A3 protein was significantly associated with advanced pT status, nodal metastasis, lymphovascular invasion and perineural invasion (each p <0.001) as well as with inferior disease specific and metastasis-free survival on multivariate analysis (each p <0.0001). In addition, it predicted metastasis in patients with pTa, pT1 and pT2 upper tract urothelial carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Results imply that PTP4A3 has a role in the carcinogenesis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. PTP4A3 over expression independently predicted the metastasis and outcome of upper tract urothelial carcinoma, which was even more important in organ confined disease.

The first imported human case of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O1 septicemia presents with acute appendicitis-like syndrome in Taiwan.

Human nonplague yersiniosis occurs more commonly in temperate regions than in tropical or subtropical regions. In Taiwan, which is located in a subtropical region of Southeast Asia, only environmental isolates and human infection of Yersinia enterocolitica were reported, but a human case of Y. pseudotuberculosis infection had not been identified. We report the first person with Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype O1 septicemia who presented with acute appendicitis-like syndrome and who was probably contracted the infection via ingestion of raw foods in a barbecue restaurant in Japan.

Application of quinidine on rat sciatic nerve decreases the amplitude and increases the latency of evoked responses.

PURPOSE: Multi-modality electrophysiological techniques were performed to assess the effects of quinidine on peripheral nerve conduction. METHODS: Twenty-seven rats were treated with 1, 3, and 5 µmol quinidine in 0.1 ml 5 % glucose. The mixed-nerve somato-sensory evoked potential (M-SSEP), dermatomal-SSEP (D-SSEP), and compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) were evoked and recorded. After positioning Gelfoam strips saturated with quinidine and 5 % glucose around the left and right sciatic nerves, potentials were measured at baseline, immediately after treatment, every 15 min for the 1st hour, and every 30 min for the next 3 h. After 2 weeks, the walking behaviors and potentials were again analyzed and myelinated fibers in the sciatic nerve were counted. RESULTS: Quinidine applied directly to sciatic nerves reduced the amplitude and prolonged the latency in SSEPs and CMAP, compared to baseline and the contralateral right limbs (controls). This persisted for at least 4 h. After 2 weeks, electrophysiological tests and walking behavior showed no significant difference between the controls and experimental limbs. There was also no difference in the number of myelinated fibers in the sciatic nerves. CONCLUSIONS: Quinidine decreases amplitude and prolongs latency in the sciatic nerve in a dose-related manner without local neural toxicity.

The impact of the fluconazole trailing effect on the persistence of Candida albicans bloodstream infection when treated with fluconazole.

OBJECTIVES: The trailing effect of Candida species is a phenomenon characterized by reduced but persistent growth at antifungal concentrations above the MIC. We assessed the impact of trailing growth on the persistence of Candida albicans candidemia in patients receiving fluconazole (FLC) therapy. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated candidemia isolates at three hospitals in southern Taiwan between 2013 and 2020. Patients treated with FLC for FLC-susceptible C. albicans candidemia were enrolled. The degree of trailing was determined as the average growth above the MIC divided by the measured growth at the lowest drug concentration using the EUCAST method and classified into four categories: residual (0.1-5%), slight (6-10%), moderate (11-15%), and heavy trailers (>15%). RESULTS: Among isolates from 190 patients, the proportions of heavy trailers at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours were 63.7% (121/190), 63.2% (120/190), and 74.7% (142/190), respectively. Persistent candidemia was observed in 17 (8.9 %) patients. The proportion of persistent C. albicans candidemia in heavy trailing isolates at 48 hours was higher than in isolates without heavy trailing (13.3% [16/120] vs. 1.4% [1/70], p = 0.007). A multivariate analysis showed that immunosuppression (OR = 7.92; 95% CI: 2.38-26.39, p = 0.001), hospitalization days after the index date of C. albicans identification (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.05, p = 0.011), and heavy trailing isolates at 48 hours (OR = 10.04; 95% CI: 1.27-79.88, p = 0.029) were independent factors for persistent candidemia. DISCUSSION: The current study revealed that heavy trailing in C. albicans isolates is associated with persistent candidemia in patients receiving FLC treatment.

Group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis in the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Group A Streptococcal (GAS) necrotizing fasciitis is a critical emergency. Patients with necrotizing fasciitis principally present to emergency departments (EDs), but most studies are focused on hospitalized patients. OBJECTIVE: An ED patient-based retrospective study was conducted to investigate the clinical characteristics, associated factors, and outcomes of GAS necrotizing fasciitis in the ED. METHODS: Patients visiting the ED from January 2005 through December 2011 with the diagnosis of GAS necrotizing fasciitis were enrolled. All patients with the diagnosis of noninvasive skin and soft-tissue infections caused by GAS were included as the control group. RESULTS: During the study period, 75 patients with GAS necrotizing fasciitis were identified. Males accounted for 84% of patients. The most prevalent underlying disease was diabetes mellitus (45.3%). Bullae were recognized in 37.3% of patients. One third of cases were complicated by bacteremia. Polymicrobial infections were found in 30.7% of patients. Overall mortality rate for GAS necrotizing fasciitis was 16%. Patients aged >60 years with diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis, and gout were considerably more likely to have GAS necrotizing fasciitis than noninvasive infections. Patients presenting with bacteremia, shock, duration of symptoms/signs <5 days, low white blood cell count, low platelet count, and prolonged prothrombin time were associated with increased mortality. Surgery is a significantly negative factor for mortality of patients with GAS necrotizing fasciitis (odds ratio = 0.16; 95% confidence interval 0.002-0.16; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of the associated factors and initiation of adequate treatments will allow for improved survival after GAS necrotizing fasciitis.

Pretreatment with intrathecal amitriptyline potentiates anti-hyperalgesic effects of post-injury intra-peritoneal amitriptyline following spinal nerve ligation.

BACKGROUND: Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant and potent use-dependent blocker of sodium channels, has been shown to attenuate acute and chronic pain in several preclinical modes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether intrathecal pretreatment with amitriptyline combined with post-injury intra-peritoneal amitriptyline is more effective than post-injury treatment alone on L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced neuropathic pain. METHODS: 96 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into 4 groups: group S, Sham; group L, L5 spinal nerve Ligation with vehicle treatment; group A, SNL and post-injury intra-peritoneal (Abdominal) amitriptyline twice daily × 3 days; group P, intrathecal Pretreatment with amitriptyline, SNL and intra-peritoneal amitriptyline twice daily × 3 days. Responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli, as well as sodium channel expression in injured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and activated glial cells in spinal dorsal horn (SDH) were measured pre-operatively and on post-operative day (POD) 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28. RESULTS: SNL-evoked hyper-sensitivity responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli, up-regulated Nav1.3 and down-regulated Nav1.8 expression in DRG, and activated microglia and astrocytes in SDH. In group A, intra-peritoneal amitriptyline alone alleviated thermal hypersensitivity on POD7, reversed Nav1.8 and reduced activated microglia on POD14. In group P, intrathecal pretreatment with amitriptyline not only potentiated the effect of intra-peritoneal amitriptyline on thermal hypersensitivity and Nav1.8, but attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity on POD7 and reduced up-regulated Nav1.3 on POD14. Furthermore, this treatment regimen reduced astrocyte activation on POD14. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant intrathecal pretreatment and post-injury intra-peritoneal amitriptyline was more effective than post-injury treatment alone on attenuation of behavioral hypersensitivity, decrease of activated microglia and astrocytes and dysregulated Nav1.3 and 1.8.