Understanding the contribution of intellectual disabilities nurses. Paper 4 of 4 - Impacts of intellectual disability nursing interventions.

Internationally, there is a wide variety of roles and expectations for intellectual disabilities nurses, and the range of nursing interventions they undertake in this field has not been clearly identified. In this paper we report the impacts of intellectual nursing interventions from an online survey of intellectual disability nurses. An online survey, using voluntary response sampling was used to collect case study examples from 230 participants from seven countries. We identified 13 themes of the impacts, and 23 broad groups of case examples of intellectual disability nursing interventions with, pregnant women, children, adults, older adults, and people at the end of life. Awareness of the roles of intellectual disability nurses and their importance in addressing health inequalities and facilitating the use of mainstream services for people with intellectual disabilities will enable improved healthcare experience and healthcare outcomes for people with intellectual disabilities.

Understanding the contribution of intellectual disability nurses. Paper 2 of 4 - Survey.

The objective was to identify ID nursing interventions and their impact on the health and healthcare of people with IDs. Data was collected using an online survey questionnaire from a voluntary response and snowball sample of 230 participants. Thematic, descriptive statistical, and inferential statistical analyses were undertaken. We identified 878 interventions that could be undertaken by ID nurses from 7 countries. We categorised the interventions into five themes: effectuating nursing procedures, enhancing impact of ID services, enhancing impact of mainstream services, enhancing quality of life, and enhancing ID nursing practice. Findings demonstrate that ID nurses play important roles in improving the health and healthcare experiences of people with IDs.

Understanding the contribution of intellectual disabilities nurses: Paper 3 of 4 - evaluation.

The overall objective of this research was to identify intellectual disability nursing interventions and their impact on the health and healthcare of people with intellectual disability. This is part 3 of a 4-part series. In this paper we report the findings from quantitative questions from an online survey of intellectual disability nurses. The objective of this part of the study was to a evaluate intellectual disability nurses' confidence in their understanding of the interventions they undertook. Quantitative data was collected using an online survey questionnaire from a voluntary response and snowball sample of 230 participants from 7 countries. Thematic, descriptive statistical, and inferential statistical analyses were undertaken. The evaluation data suggest and demonstrate a lack of clarity among intellectual disability nurses of the interventions they can effectively undertake. There appears to be correlations between lack of role clarity and the types of employer organisations and countries. Further work need to be undertaken by nurse leaders ascertain and address this lack of clarity.

Understanding the contribution of intellectual disabilities nurses. Paper 1 of 4 -Scoping literature review.

The objective of this scoping review was to summarise evidence on the contribution of intellectual disabilities nurses to improve the health and well-being of children, adults and older people with intellectual disability, now and for the future. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (for Scoping Reviews) (PRISMA-ScR) process and Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidance was used. We included 54 publications. We identified 154 interventions undertaken by intellectual disability nurses. We categorised the intellectual disability nursing interventions into three themes: effectuating nursing procedures, enhancing impact of services, and enhancing quality of life.Findings point to high quality research being essential in determining the impact and effectiveness of intellectual disability nursing interventions across the lifespan. We recommend that a searchable online compendium of intellectual disability nurse interventions be established and regularly updated. This will provide opportunities to engage more effectively in evidence-based practice.

Severe Insect Pest Impacts on New Zealand Pasture: The Plight of an Ecological Outlier.

New Zealand's intensive pastures, comprised almost entirely introduced Lolium L. and Trifolium L. species, are arguably the most productive grazing-lands in the world. However, these areas are vulnerable to destructive invasive pest species. Of these, three of the most damaging pests are weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) that have relatively recently been controlled by three different introduced parasitoids, all belonging to the genus Microctonus Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Arguably that these introduced parasitoids have been highly effective is probably because they, like many of the exotic pest species, have benefited from enemy release. Parasitism has been so intense that, very unusually, one of the weevils has now evolved resistance to its parthenogenetic parasitoid. This review argues that New Zealand's high exotic pasture pest burden is attributable to a lack of pasture plant and natural enemy diversity that presents little biotic resistance to invasive species. There is a native natural enemy fauna in New Zealand that has evolved over millions of years of geographical isolation. However, these species remain in their indigenous ecosystems and, therefore, play a minimal role in creating biotic resistance in the country's exotic ecosystems. For clear ecological reasons relating to the nature of New Zealand pastures, importation biological control can work extremely well. Conversely, conservation biological control is less likely to be effective than elsewhere.

Acquired brain injury (ABI) survivors' experience of occupation and activity during their inpatient stay: a scoping review.

PURPOSE: This review aimed to characterise and map: (1) what type of evidence and what dominant study characteristics are available regarding acquired brain injury (ABI) survivors' experience of occupation and activity in hospital? (2) How are occupation and activity conceptualised in the literature? (3) How are ABI survivors experiencing occupation and activity while in hospital? (4) What factors create barriers or opportunities for engagement in occupations or activity in hospital? (5) Are there any knowledge gaps identified? MATERIALS AND METHODS: A scoping review was conducted examining literature published between 2017 and 2022. Relevant studies were systematically retrieved from electronic databases. RESULTS: Thirty-four publications were included. There were more quantitative studies (n = 18). Much of the research has been conducted outside of the UK. The populations studied were principally stroke (n = 22). The concept of activity rather than occupation predominates. Patients spend their time alone and inactive. Structural and contextual barriers for engaging in activity are identified. Qualitative study designs exclude ABI survivors with communication or cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: There is a paucity of research with ABI survivors in hospitals in the UK. Alternative methodological approaches such as ethnography would ensure those with communication or cognitive impairment are not excluded from research. Implications for rehabilitationRehabilitation professionals, especially occupational therapists, need to lead acquired brain injury (ABI) research in acute hospital settings in the UK.Conceptualisation of meaningful activity and occupation needs a clearer focus in ABI research.Qualitative studies frequently exclude participants with cognitive or communication impairments so methodologies that are more inclusive and representative of brain injury survivors are needed.

Underlying Thinking Pattern Profiles Predict Parent-Reported Distress Responses in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Appreciating autistic neurodiversity is important when supporting autistic people who experience distress. Specifically, use of a profiling model can reveal less visible autistic differences, including strengths and abilities. Binary logistic regressions showed that the likelihood of extreme distress responses could be interpreted based on parent-reported autistic thinking pattern profiles for 140 young people. Perspective-taking (specifically empathy), extreme demand avoidance, and over-sensory sensitivity each contributed to the combined regression models. From the clinical perspective of autism as a multi-dimensional and inter-connected construct, there may be implications for planning support and building positive self-understanding. Individually tailored adjustments and support strategies may be identified more easily after delineating variables found across four core aspects: sensory coherence, flexible thinking, perspective-taking, and regulation.

The montane trees of the Cameroon Highlands, West-Central Africa, with Deinbollia onanae sp. nov. (Sapindaceae), a new primate-dispersed, Endangered species.

We test the hypothesis that the tree species previously known as Deinbollia sp. 2. is a new species for science. We formally characterise and name this species as Deinbollia onanae (Sapindaceae-Litchi clade) and we discuss it in the context of the assemblage of montane tree species in the Cameroon Highlands of West-Central Africa. The new species is a shade-bearing, non-pioneer understorey forest tree species reaching 15 m high and a trunk diameter that can attain over 40 cm at 1.3 m above the ground. Seed dispersal has been recorded by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) and by putty-nose monkeys (Cercopithecus nictitans) and the species is used by chimpanzees for nesting. Cameroon has the highest species-diversity and species endemism known in this African-Western Indian Ocean genus of 42, mainly lowland species. Deinbollia onanae is an infrequent tree species known from six locations in surviving islands of montane (sometimes also upper submontane) forest along the line of the Cameroon Highlands, including one at Ngel Nyaki in Mambilla, Nigeria. Deinbollia onanae is here assessed as Endangered according to the IUCN 2012 standard, threatened by severe fragmentation of its mountain forest habitat due to extensive and ongoing clearance for agriculture. The majority of the 28 tree species of montane forest (above 2000 m alt.) in the Cameroon Highlands are also widespread in East African mountains (i.e. are Afromontane wide). Deinbollia onanae is one of only seven species known to be endemic (globally restricted to) these highlands. It is postulated that this new species is morphologically closest to Deinbollia oreophila, a frequent species at a lower (submontane) altitudinal band of the same range. Detailed ecological data on Deinbollia onanae from the Nigerian location, Ngel Nyaki, where it has been known under the name Deinbollia "pinnata", is reviewed.

Postdispersal removal and germination of seed dispersed by Cercopithecus nictitans in a West African Montane Forest.

Factors that determine the effectiveness of primates as seed dispersers include (i) the microsite into which they deposit seed, (ii) secondary removal of seed by other taxa and (iii) the effect of gut passage and/or spitting on subsequent seed germination. This contribution evaluated these factors in the little studied putty-nosed monkey, Cercopithecus nictitans, in a Nigerian montane forest. Field experiments showed that C. nictitans has greatly increased in its importance as a disperser of medium-sized seed (>5 mm) because other large primates have been hunted to near extinction. C. nictitans disperses seed across habitats by spitting and defaecation. Rates of secondary seed removal were high for all seed species irrespective of the presence or absence of C. nictitans faecal matter, size or microsite variables. Gut passage enhanced germination relative to hand-cleaned seed, while spitting had either no effect or decreased the germination rate.

Does a Species' Extinction-Proneness Predict Its Contribution to Nestedness? A Test Using a Sunbird-Tree Visitation Network.

Animal pollinators and the plants they pollinate depend on networks of mutualistic partnerships and more broadly on the stability of such networks. Based mainly on insect-plant visitation networks, theory predicts that species that are most prone to extinction contribute the most to nestedness, however empirical tests are rare. We used a sunbird-tree visitation network within which were both extinction prone vs non extinction prone sunbird species to test the idea. We predicted that the extinction prone species would contribute the most to nestedness. Using local abundance as a proxy for extinction risk we considered that locally rare sunbird species, by virtue of their small population size and associated demographic stochasticity to be more at risk of extinction than the common species. Our network was not strongly nested and all sunbird species made similar contributions to nestedness, so that in our empirical test, extinction proneness did not predict contribution to nestedness. The consequences of this finding remain unclear. It may be that network theory based on plant-insect mutualisms is not widely applicable and does not work for tree- sunbird mutualistic networks. Alternatively it may be that our network was too small to provide results with any statistical power. Without doubt our study highlights the problems faced when testing network theory in the field; a plethora of ecological considerations can variously impact on results.

Student nurses' views on respect towards service users - an interpretative phenomenological study.

AIM: To explore student nurses' understanding and behaviours of respect towards patients in order to inform educational strategies to optimise respectful care. BACKGROUND: There is a causal relationship between the perception of being treated with respect and patient satisfaction. Concerns over standards of care prompted a commissioned report into the quality of nurse education in the United Kingdom. DESIGN: A hermeneutic phenomenological interview study was used to identify and interpret student nurses' behaviours and understanding of respect towards patients. SETTING: University health and social care faculty in the north-west of England, United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS: Eight third-year student nurses (adult branch), on different university sites, with practice placements across different healthcare trusts. METHODS: Interviews about their understanding of respect and their behavioural intentions of respect towards patients were recorded and transcribed, then analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to produce themes from the data. FINDINGS: Three themes of relevance to nurse education were identified. Respect is a complex concept that is difficult to apply in practice. Students are not always aware of incongruence between their feelings of respect towards patients and their behaviours towards them. Role-modelling of respectful care is variable, and essential care is often learned from healthcare assistants. DISCUSSION: Awareness of emotional responses and their relationship to patient perceptions of respect should be facilitated in theory and practice. Rehearsal of the application of respect involving emotional labour, and reflection in and on the practice of respectful care, are needed to address student learning needs. The theory-practice gap in relation to respect, variation in professional practice and the under-recognised importance of healthcare assistants in student nurse education, are barriers to the learning of respect to patients. CONCLUSIONS: Interactive education experiences are important to develop self-awareness and insight into respectful care. Mentorship in practice should encourage reflection in and on the practice of respect towards patients.

Respect in final-year student nurse-patient encounters - an interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Very little is known regarding health-care professionals' understanding and experiences of respect towards patients. The study aimed to explore student nurses' understanding and experiences of respect in their encounters with patients. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight final-year student nurses with practice placements across different health-care trusts in the UK. Transcripts were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Three super-ordinate themes were identified: understanding of what it means to show respect, negotiating role expectations and personal attitudes in practice, and barriers related to the performance of the nursing role. The factors identified should be investigated further and addressed as they are likely to influence patients' experiences of feeling respected in nurse-patient interactions and subsequently their well-being and health-related behaviours.

Reproductive strategy and population variability in the facultative apomict Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae).

Molecular studies of apomictic plant species often detect more genotypic variation than predicted from their assumed reproductive mode. The two most commonly invoked mechanisms to explain these high levels of variation are recombination, via facultative sexuality, and mutation. The potential for sexual reproduction in the facultative apomict Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae) was determined at three field sites by artificially pollinating with the closely related, but morphologically distinct, H. aurantiacum. The level of genotypic variation at the three sites was recorded using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs). There was a significant, positive relationship between the measured potential for sexual reproduction and population genotypic variability, indicating that sex has played a role in the structuring of these populations; however, a causal relationship cannot be stated because of the use of regression. We also applied the recently developed method of compatibility analysis. Compatibility analysis can determine, using the occurrence of "character incompatibilities," whether patterns of variation observed in populations are most parsimoniously explained by mutation or recombination. Compatibility analysis also indicated that sexual reproduction had played a role in generating genotypic diversity in these populations. Combining these different types of data may give a greater understanding of the potential for the generation of genotypic diversity in facultative apomictic populations.

Chloroplast DNA diversity of Hieracium Pilosella (Asteraceae) introduced to New Zealand: reticulation, hybridization, and invasion.

The European hawkweed Hieracium pilosella is a successful invader and a troublesome weed in New Zealand. The systematics of the genus Hieracium is extremely complex and contentious, probably due to recent speciation, hybridization, polyploidy, and diverse reproductive strategies. In the first chloroplast DNA survey of the group, we sequenced 285 plants (including H. pilosella and 12 other species of subgenus Pilosella) from New Zealand and Europe for 900 bp of trnL-trnF. Eleven haplotypes were identified with much sharing among species. Three haplotypes (A, D, G) were found in seven, three, and four species, respectively, but two species (H. lactucella and H. auricula) had single, private haplotypes. Our cpDNA data for subgenus Pilosella are consistent with the group's having incomplete lineage sorting and/or recent reticulate evolution. Six haplotypes were identified in H. pilosella, four of these unique to this taxon in our sample. In New Zealand, haplotype A was common and occurred in plants of different ploidy (i.e., 4×, 5×, 6×), whereas haplotypes C, B, and M were restricted to 4×, 5×, and 6× plants, respectively. The distribution of haplotype variation suggests that some or all of the H. pilosella seeds accidentally introduced into New Zealand probably came from east Europe rather than the United Kingdom and that a minimum of four lineages were introduced. Within New Zealand, hybridization of H. pilosella with a related taxon (probably H. praealtum) has occurred at least three times, involving both obligate sexual tetraploids and facultative apomictic pentaploids of H. pilosella.