Targeted regulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid enhances flavonoids, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins accumulation in Vitis davidii callus.

BACKGROUND: Spine grape (Vitis davidii) is a promising source of high-quality anthocyanins, with vast potential for application in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. However, their availability is limited by resource constraints. Plant cell culture has emerged as a valuable approach for anthocyanin production and serves as an ideal model to investigate the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Elicitors are employed to achieve targeted enhancement of anthocyanin biosynthesis. The present study investigated the impact of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as an elicitor on the accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonoids during spine grape callus growth. Specifically, we examined the effects of ALA on anthocyanin and its component accumulation in callus, and biosynthetic anthocyanin gene expression. RESULTS: ALA at 25 µg/L increased the biomass of spine grape callus. ALA induction enhanced the levels of flavonoids, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in callus, with maximum values reaching 911.11 mg/100 g DW, 604.60 mg/100 g DW, and 5357.00 mg/100 g DW, respectively, after callus culture for 45 days. Notably, those levels were 1.47-, 1.93- and 1.83-fold higher than controls. ALA induction modulated the flavonoid profile, and among 97 differential flavonoid metabolites differing from controls, 77 were upregulated and 20 were downregulated. Six kinds of anthocyanins, namely cyanidin (8), delphinidin (6), peonidin (5), malvidin (4), petunidin (3) and pelargonidin (3), were detected in callus, with peonidin most abundant. Compared with controls, anthocyanin components were increased in ALA-treated callus. The key genes PAL1, PAL2, PAL4, CHI, CHS3, F3'H, F3H, FLS, DFR, UFGT, MYBA1, LDOX, OMT3, GT1 and ACT involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were upregulated following ALA treatment, resulting in anthocyanin accumulation. CONCLUSION: This study revealed a novel mode of ALA-mediated promotion of plant anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation at the cellular level, and a strategy for enhancing anthocyanin content in spine grape callus. The findings advance commercial-scale production of anthocyanins via spine grape callus culture. we also explored the accumulation patterns of flavonoids and anthocyanins under ALA treatment. Augmentation of anthocyanins coincided with elevated expression levels of most genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis within spine grape callus following ALA treatment.

Complete genome sequence analysis and Pks genes identification of Brevibacillus brevis FJAT-0809-GLX with a broad inhibitory spectrum against phytopathogens.

Brevibacillus brevis FJAT-0809-GLX has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Understanding the molecular basis of biocontrol ability of B. brevis will allow us to develop effective microbial agents for sustainable agriculture. In this study, we present the complete and annotated genome sequence of FJAT-0809-GLX. The complete genome size of B. brevis FJAT-0809-GLX was 6,137,019 bp, with 5688 predicted coding sequences (CDS). The average GC content of 47.38%, and there were 44 copies of the rRNAs operon (16S, 23S and 5S RNA), and 127 tRNA genes. A total of 11,162 genes were functionally annotated with the COG, GO, and KEGG databases, and 123 genes belonged to CAZymes. Genomic secondary metabolite analysis indicated 13 clusters encoding potential new antimicrobials. FJAT-0809-GLX was designated as B. brevis according to average nucleotide polymorphism (ANI) and phylogenetic analysis. The pangenome consisted of 7141 homologous genes, and 4469 homologous genes shared by B. brevis FJAT-0809-GLX, B. brevis NBRC100599, B. brevis DSM30, and B. brevis NCTC2611. The number of unique homologous genes of B. brevis FJAT-0809-GLX (419 genes) and B. brevis NBRC100599 (480 genes) were much more than those in B. brevis DSM30 (13 genes), and B. brevis NCTC2611 (6 genes). Nine gene clusters encoding for secondary metabolite biosynthesis were compared in the genome of B. brevis FJAT-0809-GLX with those of B. brevis NBRC100599, B. brevis DSM30 and B. brevis NCTC2611, and the gene clusters encoding for lantipeptide and transatpks-otherks only existed in genome of B. brevis FJAT-0809-GLX. The 11 BbPks genes were included in the B. brevis FJAT-0809-GLX genome, which contained the conserved PS-DH domain. The relative expression of BbPksL, BbPksM2, BbPksM3, BbPksN3, BbPksN4 and BbPksN5 reached a maximum at 120 h and then decreased at 144 h. Our results provided detailed genomic and Pks genes information for the FJAT-0809-GLX strain, and lid a foundation for studying its biocontrol mechanisms.

Neobacillus rhizophilus sp. nov. and Neobacillus citreus sp. nov., isolated from the citrus rhizosphere soil.

Two Gram-staining positive strains, FJAT-49825T and FJAT-50051T were isolated from a citrus rhizosphere soil sample. Strains FJAT-49825T and FJAT-50051T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strain of Neobacillus cucumis (98.4-98.5%). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strains FJAT-49825T and FJAT-50051T was 99.8%. Strain FJAT-49825T optimally grew at 35 °C, pH 6.0 in the absence of NaCl while strain FJAT-50051T grew at 40 °C, pH 7.0 and in presence of 2% NaCl (w/v). Both strains contained meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid as the cell-wall diamino acid. The respiratory quinone of strains FJAT-49825T and FJAT-50051T was MK-7. The polar lipids of strain FJAT-49825T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminolipid and unidentified lipid whereas strain FJAT-50051T polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified phospholipid and unidentified lipid. The major fatty acids (> 10%) in both strains were iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. The genomic DNA G + C content of strains FJAT-49825T and FJAT-50051T were 40.8 and 41.1%, respectively. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization value between strains FJAT-49825T and FJAT-50051T and with other members of the genus Neobacillus were lower than the cut-off value (95-96/70%) for interspecies identity. Based on the results, strains FJAT-49825T and FJAT-50051T represent two novel species of the genus Neobacillus, for which the names Neobacillus rhizophilus sp. nov. and Neobacillus citreus sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains are FJAT-49825T (= GDMCC 1.2592T = JCM 34834T) and FJAT-50051T (= GDMCC 1.2593T = JCM 34835T).

Evansella halocellulosilytica sp. nov., an alkali-halotolerant and cellulose-dissolving bacterium isolated from bauxite residue.

An alkali and salt-tolerating strain FJAT-44876T was isolated from the bauxite residue sample. The 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis suggest that strain FJAT-44876T was a member of the genus Evansella. It grew at 15-45 â„ƒ (optimum 20-25 â„ƒ) and pH 6.5-11.0 (optimum pH 8.0-9.0) with 0-20% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 6-8%). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0, iso-C17:0, and C16:0. The cell wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and MK-7 as the menaquinone. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol. The genomic DNA G+C content was 38.2%. The average nucleotide identity values between strain FJAT-44876T and closely related members were below the cutoff level for species delineation. Thus, based on the above results, strain FJAT-44876T represents a novel species of the genus Evansella, for which the name Evansella halocellulosilytica sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is FJAT-44876T (=CCTCC AB 2016264T = DSM 104633T).

Lederbergia citri sp. nov., and Lederbergia citrisecundus sp. nov., isolated from citrus rhizosphere.

Two Gram-positive, rod-shaped, motile, endospore-forming strains, FJAT-49780T and FJAT-49732T were isolated from a citrus rhizosphere soil sample. The optimal growth temperatures for strains FJAT-49780T and FJAT-49732T were 45 and 35-40 °C, respectively. The optimal growth pH for strains FJAT-49732T and FJAT-49780T were pH 8.0 and pH 6.0, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between FJAT-49780T and FJAT-49732T was 98.6%. Strains FJAT-49780T and FJAT-49732T shared 97.9-98.4% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the type strain of Lederbergia wuyishanensis. In phylogenetic trees (based on 16S rRNA gene sequence), strains FJAT-49732T and FJAT-49780T clade with Lederbergia members. Both strains contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in their cell-wall peptidoglycan and MK-7 was the only isoprenoid quinone detected. The major fatty acids of strains FJAT-49732T and FJAT-49780T were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C15:0. The polar lipids of strain FJAT-49780T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminophospholipid, unidentified phospholipid and unidentified lipids while strain FJAT-49732T contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid, unidentified aminolipid and unidentified phospholipid. The genomic DNA G+C content of strains FJAT-49780T and FJAT-49732T were 37.0 and 36.7%, respectively. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strains FJAT-49780T and FJAT-49732T and with other members of the genus Lederbergia were below the cut-off level for species delineation. Thus, based on the above results, strains FJAT-49780T and FJAT-49732T represent two novel species of the genus Lederbergia, for which the names Lederbergia citri sp. nov., and Lederbergia citrisecundus sp. nov., are proposed. The type strains are FJAT-49780T (= CCTCC AB 2019242T = LMG 31583T) and FJAT-49732T (= CCTCC AB 2019246T = LMG 31584T).

The Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Gene Whirly (Why1) with a Strong Pathogen-Induced Promoter from Vitis pseudoreticulata Enhances Resistance to Phytophthora capsici.

Vitis vinifera plants are disease-susceptible while Vitis pseudoreticulata plants are disease-resistant; however, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the single-stranded DNA- and RNA-binding protein gene Whirly (VvWhy1 and VpWhy1) were cloned from V. vinifera "Cabernet Sauvignon" and V. pseudoreticulata "HD1". VvWhy1 and VpWhy1 promoter sequences (pVv and pVp) were also isolated; however, the identity of the promoter sequences was far lower than that between the Why1 coding sequences (CDSs). Both Why1 gene sequences had seven exons and six introns, and they had a C-terminal Whirly conserved domain and N-terminal chloroplast transit peptide, which was then verified to be chloroplast localization. Transcriptional expression showed that VpWhy1 was strongly induced by Plasmopara viticola, while VvWhy1 showed a low expression level. Further, the GUS activity indicated pVp had high activity involved in response to Phytophthora capsici infection. In addition, Nicotiana benthamiana transiently expressing pVp::VvWhy1 and pVp::VpWhy1 enhanced the P. capsici resistance. Moreover, Why1, PR1 and PR10 were upregulated in pVp transgenic N. benthamiana leaves. This research presented a novel insight into disease resistance mechanism that pVp promoted the transcription of Why1, which subsequently regulated the expression of PR1 and PR10, further enhancing the resistance to P. capsici.

Neobacillus sedimentimangrovi sp. nov., a Thermophilic Bacterium Isolated from Mangrove Sediment.

Two Gram-stain positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming, aerobic, thermophilic strains, designated FJAT-2464T and FJAT-52740, were isolated from the sediment collected from Zhangjiang Estuary Mangrove National Nature Reserve in Fujian Province, China. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strains FJAT-2464T and FJAT-52740 was 100%. The result suggests that strains FJAT-2464T and FJAT-52740 belong to the same genome species, hence only FJAT-2464T was considered for further analysis. Strain FJAT-2464T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the type strains of Neobacillus thermocopriae SgZ-7T (99.9%), Neobacillus cucumis AP-6T (97.6%) and Neobacillus drentensis LMG 21831T (97.5%). Growth was observed at 25-65 °C (optimum 60 °C), pH 7.0-8.0 (optimum 8.0) with NaCl tolerance up to 1.0% (w/v) (optimum without NaCl %). The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and MK-7 was the only respiratory quinone. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminophospholipid and unidentified lipids. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain FJAT-2464T and the most closely related strain N. thermocopriae SgZ-7T was below the threshold value for species delineation. Based on the above results, strain FJAT-2464T represents a novel species of the genus Neobacillus, for which the name Neobacillus sedimentimangrovi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FJAT-2464T (= MCCC 1K04406T = KCTC 43264T).

Reclassification of Brevibacterium frigoritolerans DSM 8801T as Bacillus frigoritolerans comb. nov. Based on Genome Analysis.

16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the type strain Brevibacterium frigoritolerans DSM 8801T had the highest similarity (99.7%) with the reference strain Bacillus simplex NBRC 15720T, followed by Bacillus muralis DSM 16288T (99.6%), Bacillus butanolivorans DSM 18926T (99.5%), and Bacillus loiseleuriae FJAT-27997T (97.9%). This relationship is confirmed by the phylogenetic analysis indicating that Bre. frigoritolerans DSM 8801T fell in the genus Bacillus group and formed a clade with the closely related Bacillus species. Average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (isDDH) values between strain DSM 8801T and the most closed reference strain Bac. simplex NBRC 15720T were both much lower than species definition threshold values of 95% and 70%, respectively, which indicated strain DSM 8801T should not be affiliated to one of the validly named Bacillus species. The percentage of conserved protein (POCP) values between the strain DSM 8801T and the type strains of the above species were 80.7%, 69.2%, 72.2%, 53.6%, and 50.0%, respectively, higher than the genus definition threshold value of 50%. The main isoprenoid quinone of strain DSM 8801T was MK-7, the main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C15:0. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genomic characteristics, Bre. frigoritolerans DSM 8801T should belong to the genus Bacillus, and be proposed to reclassify as Bacillus frigoritolerans comb. nov., with the type strain DSM 8801T (=ATCC 25097T  = CCUG 43489T  = CIP 67.20T  = JCM 11681T).

Bacillus xiapuensis sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment.

A rod-shaped, endospore-forming, aerobic bacterium, designated FJAT-46582T, was isolated from a sediment sample of the coastal region in Xiapu County, Fujian Province in China. Growth was observed at 10-30 °C (optimum, 25 °C), in 0-7.0 % NaCl (0 %) and at pH 6.0-11.0 (pH 8.0), respectively. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The main fatty acids were anteiso-C17 : 0 (26.5 %), anteiso-C15 : 0 (19.6 %), iso-C15 : 0 (14.4 %) and C16 : 0 (10.5 %). The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences affiliated strain FJAT-46582T with the genus Bacillus, and showed the highest sequence similarity to Bacillus thermotolerans SGZ-8T (97.6 %) and Bacillus ectoinformans (97.1 %). The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain FJAT-46582T and the most closely related species were 72.3 and 22.9 %, respectively, which were much lower than the thresholds commonly used to define species (96 and 70 %, respectively) indicating that it belonged to a different taxon. The DNA G+C content was 44.2 mol%. The phenotypic characters and taxono-genomics study revealed that strain FJAT-46582T represents a novel Bacillus species, for which the name Bacillus xiapuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FJAT-46582T (=JCM 33155=CCTCC AB 2017047T).

Genome-based reclassification of Bacillus okuhidensis as a later heterotypic synonym of Bacillus halodurans.

The present study was carried out to clarify the taxonomic relationship between two closely related Bacillus species, Bacillus okuhidensis Li et al. 2002 and Bacillus halodurans (ex Boyer 1973) Nielsen et al. 1995. The maximum-likelihood tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and the phylogenomic tree based on concatenation of 16 protein-marker genes showed that these species were similar. Average nucleotide identity (ANIm 99.25 %, ANIb 98.2 %) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values (93.5 %) between B. okuhidensis DSM 13666T and B. halodurans DSM 497T were greater than the threshold values for bacterial species delineation, indicating that they belong to the same species. Therefore, B. okuhidensis Li et al. 2002 should be reclassified as a later heterotypic synonym of B. halodurans (ex Boyer 1973) Nielsen et al. 1995.

Genome-based reclassification of Bacillus plakortidis Borchert et al. 2007 and Bacillus lehensis Ghosh et al. 2007 as a later heterotypic synonym of Bacillus oshimensis Yumoto et al. 2005; Bacillus rhizosphaerae Madhaiyan et al. 2011 as a later heterotypic synonym of Bacillus clausii Nielsen et al. 1995.

In the present study, phylogenetic and genome-based comparison was carried out to clarify the taxonomic positions of alkaliphilic Bacillus species, Bacillus plakortidis, Bacillus lehensis, Bacillus oshimensis, Bacillus rhizosphaerae and Bacillus clausii. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and concatenated protein marker genes were constructed. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) values were calculated to compare genetic relatedness. In phylogenetic trees, B. plakortidis DSM 19153T, B. lehensis DSM 19099T, and B. oshimensis DSM 18940T; B. rhizosphaerae DSM 21911T and B. clausii DSM 8716T clade together. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between B. oshimensis DSM 18940T, B. plakortidis DSM 19153T and B. lehensis DSM 19099T ranged from 98.7-98.8%, while the ANI values between B. rhizosphaerae DSM 21911T and B. clausii DSM 8716T were 95.2-95.5%. The ANI values were higher than the recognized threshold value for bacterial species delineation. Based on phylogenetic and genome comparison we propose reclassification of B. plakortidis and B. lehensis as a later heterotypic synonym of B. oshimensis; B. rhizosphaerae as a later heterotypic synonym of B. clausii.

Bacillus loiseleuriae sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil from a loiseleuria plant.

A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming, aerobic bacterium, designated strain FJAT-27997T, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a Loiseleuria plant collected from Sichuan province in China. Growth was observed aerobically between 20 and 35 °C (optimum 30 °C), between 0 and 3.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum at 0 %) concentration and pH in the range 6.0-9.0 (optimum at pH 7.0). The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone MK-7. The main fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C14 : 0, C16 : 0 and C14 : 0. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that isolate FJAT-27997T was a member of the genus Bacillus and was related most closely to Bacillus simplex DSM 1321T (97.95 % similarity), followed by Bacillushuizhouensis GSS03T (97.9 %). The average nucleotide identity value between strain FJAT-27997T and the most closely related species, B. simplex DSM 1321T, was 71.60 % (JSpecies), less than the previously proposed cut-off value of 96 % for differentiating species within the genus. The in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain FJAT-27997T and its most closely related species were <70 %, again indicating they belong to different taxa. The main fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The novel strain could be differentiated from other known Bacillus species on the basis of several phenotypic characters and fatty acid profiles. This taxononomic/genomic study revealed that strain FJAT-27997T represents a novel Bacillus species, for which the name Bacillus loiseleuriae sp. nov. (type strain FJAT-27997T =CCTCC AB 2015285T=DSM 101776T) is proposed.

Effects of Brevibacillus brevis FJAT-1501-BPA on growth performance, faecal microflora, faecal enzyme activities and blood parameters of weaned piglets.

A feeding expriment was performed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Brevibacillus brevis FJAT-1501-BPA fermentation on the growth performance, faecal microflora, faecal enzyme activities and blood parameters of weaned piglets. A total of 150 weaned piglets were randomly assigned to different treatments groups, which were fed the same basic diet supplemented with 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01 and 0 % B. brevis FJAT-1501-BPA fermentation. The results showed that a diet supplemented with 10 % B. brevis FJAT-1501-BPA fermentation could significantly increase the final body weight (P < 0.05) and decrease feed to gain ratio, which was 37.1 % lower than that of the control group. The addition of B. brevis FJAT-1501-BPA exhibited a trend of reducing the contents of the Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus and Salmonella compared with the control. During the 35 day experimental period, cellulase and protease activities were significantly increased by the dietary inclusion of the B. brevis FJAT-1501-BPA fermentation (P < 0.05). The cellulase activity for piglets fed diet containing 1 % B. brevis FJAT-1501-BPA fermentation, 21.8 U/g, was highest among the different treatments. The protease activity for piglets fed diet containing 10 % B. brevis FJAT-1501-BPA fermentation, 50.4 U/g, was highest among the different treatments. The amylase and hemicellulase activities for piglets fed diet containing 10 % B. brevis FJAT-1501-BPA fermentation were significantly higher than those on the control diet and other treatments (P < 0.05). Moreover, usage of feed dietary supplementation with B. brevis FJAT-1501-BPA had positive effects on levels of enzymes and minerals in blood. The alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, Fe and Mg concentrations for weaned piglets fed diet containing B. brevis FJAT-1501-BPA fermentation were significantly higher than for those on the control diet (P < 0.05). Furthermore, concentration of IgG in serum was higher in weaned piglets fed diet containing 1 % B. brevis FJAT-1501-BPA fermentation compared to other treatments. These results indicated that feeding with B. brevis FJAT-1501-BPA has the potential to improve growth performance, faecal microflora, faecal enzyme activities and blood parameters of weaned piglets.

Bacillus wuyishanensis sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of a medical plant, Prunella vulgaris.

A Gram-staining-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming, aerobic bacterium (FJAT-17212(T)) was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a medical plant, Prunella vulgaris (common selfheal), on the Wuyishan mountain of China. Isolate FJAT-17212(T) grew at 10-50 °C (optimum 30 °C), pH 5-11 (optimum pH 7) and with 0-6% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2%). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that isolate FJAT-17212(T) was a member of the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus galactosidilyticus DSM 15595(T) (97.3%). DNA-DNA relatedness between isolate FJAT-17212(T) and B. galactosidilyticus DSM 15595(T) was low (35.2% ± 2.3). The diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan of isolate FJAT-17212(T) was meso-diaminopimelic acid and the predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7 (80.8%). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (35.7%), anteiso-C15 : 0 (29.8%), iso-C14 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (9.9%) and the DNA G+C content was 39.8 mol%. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic properties clearly indicated that isolate FJAT-17212(T) represents a novel species within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus wuyishanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FJAT-17212(T) ( = DSM 27848(T) = CGMCC 1.12709(T)).

[Diversity of Bacillus species inhabiting on the surface and endophyte of lichens collected from Wuyi Mountain].

OBJECTIVE: The present work reported the isolation, identification and diversity of Bacillus species colonizing on the surface and endophyte in lichens collected from Wuyi Mountain. METHODS: Nine lichen samples of Evernia, Stereocaulon, Menegazzia and other 6 genera belonging to 7 families were collected from Wuyi mountain nature reserve. The bacillus-like species colonizing on the surface and endophyte in these lichens were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. RESULTS: There was no bacillus-like species isolated from Evernia, Ramalina and Lecarona. A total of 34 bacillus-like bacteria were isolated from another 6 lichen samples. These bacteria were identified as 24 species and were classified into Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Brevibacillus, Lysinibacillus and Viridiibacillus. Paenibacillus and Bacillus are the dominant genera, and accounting for 41. 2% and 35. 3% of all isolated bacteria respectively. Brevibacillus, Lysinibacillus and Viridiibacillu were first reported being isolated from lichens. There were different species and quantity of bacillus colonizing on the surface and endophyte in different lichens. The quantity of bacillus colonizing on the surface of Physcia was more than 3.85 x 10(6) cfu/g and was the largest in the isolated bacteria, while the species of bacillus colonizing on the surface and endophyte in Stereocaulon was the most abundant. Most of the isolated bacteria were colonizing on (in) one lichen genera, but Paenibacillus taichungensis, Paenibacillus odorifer, Brevibacillus agri, Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus was respectively colonizing on (in) 2-3 lichen genera and Bacillus mycoides was colonizing on (in) Menegazzia, Cladonia Physcia, and Stereocaulon. CONCLUSION: There are species and quantity diversity of bacillus colonizing on (in) lichens.

Temperature drives the assembly of Bacillus community in mangrove ecosystem.

Mangroves are located at the interface of terrestrial and marine environments, and experience fluctuating conditions, creating a need to better explore the relative role of the bacterial community. Bacillus has been reported to be the dominant group in the mangrove ecosystem and plays a key role in maintaining the biodiversity and function of the mangrove ecosystem. However, studies on bacterial and Bacillus community across four seasons in the mangrove ecosystem are scarce. Here, we employed seasonal large-scale sediment samples collected from the mangrove ecosystem in southeastern China and utilized 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to reveal bacterial and Bacillus community structure changes across seasons. Compared with the whole bacterial community, we found that Bacillus community was greatly affected by season (temperature) rather than site. The key factors, NO3-N and NH4-N showed opposite interaction with superabundant taxa Bacillus taxa (SAT) and three rare Bacillus taxa including high rare taxa (HRT), moderate rare taxa (MRT) and low rare taxa (LRT). Network analysis suggested the co-occurrence of Bacillus community and Bacillus-bacteria, and revealed SAT had closer relationship compared with rare Bacillus taxa. HRT might act crucial response during the temperature decreasing process across seasons. This study fills a gap in addressing the assembly of Bacillus community and their role in maintaining microbial diversity and function in mangrove ecosystem.

Microbial community and function in nitrogen transformation of ectopic fermentation bed system for pig manure composting.

In this work, agricultural wastes were treated by composting in an ectopic fermentation bed system (EFBS) with a continuous nitrogen addition technique. With decreasing of NH4+-N concentration and increasing of NO3--N concentration were observed, and activities of protease, urease and nitrate reductase changed significantly during the fermentation process. To elucidate the key microbes and their function in nitrogen-transforming, microbial diversity and clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) in composting materials were evaluated using metagenomic technology. Comparing with ammonification, the COGs involved in nitrification and denitrification were predominant in the composts. The correlation heatmap revealed that Streptomyces predominant in ammonification was significantly affected by contents of N, NH4+-N and NO3--N. Meanwhile, ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) had a positive relationship with moisture. The most abundant genera in denitrification had positive relationships with N and NO3--N. The results indicated that EFBS had functionally diverse microbes and COGs for NH3 removal.

Antifungal Lipopeptides Produced by Bacillus sp. FJAT-14262 Isolated from Rhizosphere Soil of the Medicinal Plant Anoectochilus roxburghii.

This study aimed to develop biocontrol Bacillus and explore bacterial biocontrol substances. According to the blood agar test, strain FJAT-14262 was screened as a biosurfactant-producer. The biosurfactant-producing ability of FJAT-14262 was further confirmed by the oil spreading tests because of its amphipathic character. Furthermore, its fermentation supernatant could decrease the surface tension from 74.1 to 32.7 mN m-1. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis indicated that the biosurfactant produced by the strain FJAT-14262 was a kind of lipopeptides. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis demonstrated that this lipopeptide contained surfactin with polar amino acids and hydrophobic fatty acid chains. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis revealed that the nonribosomal peptide synthetases genes srfAA, srfAB, and srfAC were structurally conserved in the FJAT-14262 genome. Importantly, the crude surfactant exhibited strong inhibitory activities against Fusarium oxysporum, suggesting that strain FJAT-14262 could be a potential biological control agent against Fusarium wilt.

Complete Genome Sequence of a Potential Novel Bacillus sp. Strain, FJAT-18017, Isolated from a Potato Field.

Bacillus sp. strain FJAT-18017 was isolated from a potato field in Xinjiang, China. This paper is the first report, to our knowledge, to demonstrate the fully sequenced and completely annotated genome of Bacillus sp. FJAT-18017. The genome size is 5,265,521 bp. The average G+C content was 42.42%.