Role of Blood Pressure Responses to Exercise and Vascular Insulin Sensitivity with Nocturnal Blood Pressure Dipping in Metabolic Syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Nocturnal systolic blood pressure (SBP) dipping is independently related to cardiovascular disease risk, but it is unclear if vascular insulin sensitivity associates with SBP dipping in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: Eighteen adults with MetS (ATP III criteria 3.3 ± 0.6; 53.2 ± 6.5 years; body mass index 35.8 ± 4.5 kg/m2) were categorized as "dippers" (≥10% change in SBP; n = 4 F/3 M) or "non-dippers" (<10%; n = 9 F/2 M). Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure was recorded to assess SBP dipping. A euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (40 mU/m2/min, 90 mg/dL) with ultrasound (flow mediated dilation) was performed to test vascular insulin sensitivity. A graded, incremental exercise test was conducted to estimate sympathetic activity. Heart rate (HR) recovery after exercise was then used to determine parasympathetic activity. Metabolic panels and body composition (DXA) were also tested. RESULTS: Dippers had greater drops in SBP (16.63 ± 5.2 vs. 1.83 ± 5.6%, p < 0.01) and experienced an attenuated rise in both SBPslope (4.7 ± 2.3 vs. 7.2 ± 2.5 mm Hg/min, p = 0.05) and HRslope to the incremental exercise test compared to non-dippers (6.5 ± 0.9 vs. 8.2 ± 1.7 bpm/min, p = 0.03). SBP dipping correlated with higher insulin-stimulated flow-mediated dilation (r = 0.52, p = 0.03), although the relationship was no longer significant after covarying for HRslope (r = 0.42, p = 0.09). CONCLUSION: Attenuated rises in blood pressure and HR to exercise appear to play a larger role than vascular insulin sensitivity in SBP dipping in adults with MetS.

Early chronotype with metabolic syndrome favours resting and exercise fat oxidation in relation to insulin-stimulated non-oxidative glucose disposal.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? Chronotype reflects differences in circadian-mediated metabolic and hormonal profiles. But, does resting and/or exercise fuel use differ in early versus late chronotype as it relates to insulin sensitivity? What are the main finding and its importance? Early chronotypes with metabolic syndrome utilized more fat during rest and exercise independent of aerobic fitness when compared with late chronotypes. Early chronotypes were also more physically active throughout the day. Greater fat use was related to non-oxidative glucose disposal. These findings suggest that early chronotypes have differences in fuel selection that associate with type 2 diabetes risk. ABSTRACT: Early chronotypes (ECs) are often insulin-sensitive, in part, due to physical activity behaviour. It is unclear, however, if chronotypes differ in resting and/or exercise fuel oxidation in relation to insulin action. Using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), adults with metabolic syndrome (ATP III criteria) were classified as EC (MEQ = 63.7 ± 0.9, n = 24 (19F), 54.2 ± 1.2 years) or late chronotype (LC; MEQ = 47.2 ± 1.4, n = 27 (23F), 55.3 ± 1.5 years). Carbohydrate (CHO) and fat oxidation (FOX, indirect calorimetry) were determined at rest, 55% and 85% V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}{\rm{max}}}$ , along with heart rate and rating of perceived exertion. Physical activity patterns (accelerometers), body composition (DXA) and insulin sensitivity (clamp, 40 mU/m2 /min, 90 mg/dl) with an indirect calorimetry for non-oxidative glucose disposal (NOGD) were also determined. While demographics were similar, ECs had higher V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}{\rm{max}}}$ (P = 0.02), NOGD (P < 0.001) and resting FOX (P = 0.02) than LCs. Both groups increased CHO reliance during exercise at 55% and 85% V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}{\rm{max}}}$ (test effect, P < 0.01) from rest, although ECs used more fat (group effect, P < 0.01). ECs had lower sedentary behaviour and more physical activity during morning/midday (both, P < 0.05). FOX at 55% V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}{\rm{max}}}$ correlated with V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}{\rm{max}}}$ (r = 0.425, P = 0.004) whereas FOX at 85% V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}{\rm{max}}}$ related to NOGD (r = 0.392, P = 0.022). ECs with metabolic syndrome used more fat in relation to insulin-stimulated NOGD.

Implementation evaluation of a teledermatology virtual clinic at an academic medical center.

BACKGROUND: Teledermatology (TD) is an evidence-based practice that may increase access to dermatologic care. We sought to use the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment (EPIS) and the Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) frameworks to evaluate implementation of TD at Duke. METHODS: The EPIS and RE-AIM frameworks were deployed to design and implement a TD program that leveraged the strengths of the Duke University Health System and addressed previously reported barriers to implementation of store-and-forward and synchronous TD models. In the resultant hybrid TD model, trained primary care providers (PCPs) sent e-comm referrals with clinical and dermatoscopic images to dermatology. These e-consults were reviewed asynchronously and patients were scheduled for a synchronous video visit with dermatology within days. Dermatologists managed the patient plan. This hybrid TD model was piloted at four primary care clinics. Pertinent outcomes from a TD-adapted RE-AIM framework were tracked using electronic health record data. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a post-video visit survey (n = 18). Implementation barriers and facilitators were also collected through provider surveys (n = 24 PCPs, n = 10 dermatologists, n = 10 dermatology residents). RESULTS: At four PCP clinics throughout 9/1/2021-4/30/2022, there were 218 TD referrals. Video visits occurred on average 7.5 ± 0.5 days after referral and 18/18 patients completing the post-visit survey were satisfied. Adoption varied between clinics, with one placing 22% of all dermatology referrals as TD and another placing 2%. The primary PCP barriers to TD were time burdens, lack of fit in clinic flow, and discomfort with image taking. Top-endorsed potential facilitating interventions included allowing for rash referrals without dermoscopy and assurance for clinical evaluation within 3 days. CONCLUSIONS: The use of implementation science frameworks allowed for identification of system and contextual strengths which informed the hybrid TD pilot. Barriers and facilitating interventions will provide guidance for expansion and ongoing maintenance of TD.