Exosomes derived from human adipose-derived stem cells alleviate hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury through the miR-183/ALOX5 axis.

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a crucial factor causing liver injury in the clinic. Recent research has confirmed that human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can differentiate into functional hepatocytes. However, the mechanism of the effects of ADSCs in the treatment of liver injury remains unclear. The characteristics of ADSCs were first identified, and exosome-derived ADSCs were isolated and characterized. The function and mechanism of action of miR-183 and arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) were investigated by functional experiments in HL-7702 cells with I/R injury and in I/R rats. Our data disclosed that exosome release from ADSCs induced proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in HL-7702 cells with I/R injury. The effect of miR-183 was similar to that of exosomes derived from ADSCs. In addition, ALOX5, as a target gene of miR-183, was involved in the related functions of miR-183. Moreover, in vivo experiments confirmed that miR-183 and exosomes from ADSCs could improve liver injury in rats and inhibit the MAPK and NF-κB pathways. All of these findings demonstrate that exosomes derived from ADSCs have a significant protective effect on hepatic I/R injury by regulating the miR-183/ALOX5 axis, which might provide a therapeutic strategy for liver injury.

Reassessment of the Risk-stratified GD-2008 ALL Protocol.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical features and outcomes of relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at our center, achieve the early detection of risk factors for recurrence and assess the risk-stratified Guangdong (GD)-2008 ALL protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 59 Chinese childhood ALL patients treated with the GD-2008 ALL protocol who relapsed between July 2008 and March 2015 were enrolled in this study. Their clinical features and outcomes were retrospectively analyzed and compared with those of 218 patients who achieved continuous complete remission. RESULTS: Of the 285 study participants, 8 died of treatment-related infections or other complications before remission, 218 achieved continuous complete remission, and 59 patients relapsed, yielding a relapse rate of 20.7%. The number of relapsed patients in the standard-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk groups were 15 (17.0%), 27 (19.7%), and 17 (32.7%), respectively. Risk factors included age 10 years and above at first diagnosis, white blood cell (WBC) count ≥50×10/L, poor prednisone response, failure to achieve bone marrow complete remission at day 15 of induction chemotherapy. High-risk stratification and a high level (≥0.1%) of minimal residual disease at day 33 were the risk factors for relapse. Multivariate analysis showed that a high WBC at first diagnosis was an independent risk factor for relapse (P=0.000). CONCLUSION: For the GD-2008 ALL risk stratification based on age and initial WBC, 10 years of age and WBC 50×10/L can be used as cut-offs. Patients at high risk benefited from the GD-2008 ALL protocol. In addition, the impact of minimal residual disease on prognosis should be considered.

Spatiotemporal expression of SKIP after rat sciatic nerve crush.

Ski-interacting protein (SKIP) is a highly conserved protein from yeast to Human. As an essential spliceosomal component and transcriptional co-regulator it plays an important role in preinitiation, splicing and polyadenylation. SKIP can also combine with Ski to overcome the G1 arrest and the growth-suppressive activities of pRb. Furthermore SKIP has the capacity to augment TGF-ß dependent transcription. While the distribution and function of SKIP in peripheral nervous system lesion and regeneration remain unclear. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal expression of SKIP in an acute sciatic nerve crush model in adult rats. Western Blot analysis revealed that SKIP was expressed in normal sciatic nerves. It gradually increased, reached a peak at 1 week after crush, and then returned to the normal level at 4 weeks. Besides, we observed that up-regulation of SKIP was approximately in parallel with Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and numerous Schwann cells (SCs) expressing SKIP were PCNA and Ki-67 positive. Collectively, we hypothesized peripheral nerve crush induced up-regulation of SKIP in the sciatic nerve, which was associated with SCs proliferation.

Comprehensive Analysis of Potential Biomarkers of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children by Using a Competing Endogenous RNA Network.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most serious hematological carcinoma in adolescents. The significance of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and their regulative role in the proliferation and differentiation of myeloid cells in cancer has been recently reported. Nevertheless, key RNAs and the regulatory mechanism of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network affected by pediatric ALL are not fully illustrated. In this study, phase 2 and 3 pediatric ALL RNA profiles were extracted from the TARGET database and used to identify lncRNAs, microRNAs, and messenger RNAs in high-risk ALL and reconstruct the sponge ceRNA regulatory network. Results indicated that 44 lncRNAs, 25 miRNAs, and 115 mRNA were up/downregulated. Functional analysis with differentially expressed RNAs (DERNAs) showed enriched significant signaling pathways, including PI3K-Akt and p53 signaling cascades and other pathways associated with the tumor. Seventeen differential hub RNAs, including LINC00909, BZRAP1-AS1, C17orf76-AS1, HCG11, MIAT, SNHG5, SNHG15, and TP73-AS1, were identified. The Cox model of correlation indicated that 14 of these RNAs were associated with the progression of pediatric ALL. These findings would help clarify the regulatory role of several lncRNAs as well as provide insights into the leukemogenesis of pediatric ALL to further explore novel prognostic markers/therapeutic targets for ALL.

Stiffness of the extracellular matrix affects apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells by regulating the cytoskeleton and activating the TRPV2 channel protein.

It is known that nucleus pulposus cells (NPs) play an important role in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), and a previous study indicated that the stiffness of NP tissue changes during the degeneration process. However, the mechanism underlying the cellular response to ECM stiffness is still unclear. To analyze the effects of extracellular matrix (ECM) with different degrees of stiffness on NPs, we prepared polyacrylamide (PA) gels with different elastic moduli, and cells grown under different stiffness conditions were obtained and analyzed. The results showed that the spreading morphology of NPs changed significantly under increased ECM elastic modulus conditions and that TRPV2 and the PI3K / AKT signaling pathway were activated by stiffer ECM. At the same time, mitochondria released cytochrome c (Cyt c) and activated caspase proteins to promote the apoptosis of NPs. After TRPV2 was specifically knocked out, the activation of the PI3K / AKT signaling pathway decreased, and the release of Cyt c and NP apoptosis were reduced. These results indicate that TRPV2 is closely linked to the detection of extracellular mechanical signals, and that conversion of mechanical and biological signals plays an important role in regulating the biological behavior of cells. This study offers a new perspective on the cellular and biochemical events underlying IVDD which could result in novel treatments.

[Values of MCV,MCH,ROFT and HbA2 for Screening α-Thalassemia in Guangdong Area].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the values of mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), red cell osmotic fragility test(ROFT) and hemoglobin A2(HbA2) in screening of α-thalassemia in Guangdong area. METHODS: A total of 285 peripheral blood samples in patients treated in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2017 were collected. The detection of thalassemia gene was used as the gold standard, while blood routine examination, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and red cell osmotic fragility test were simultaneously performed. The optimal cut-off values in MCV, MCH, ROFT and HbA2 in α-thalassemia were determined by receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve). RESULTS: The most common types of α-thalassemia gene was --SEA/αα (54.59%). Compared with the control group, the differences in MCV, MCH, ROFT and HbA2 showed statistically significantce between different types of α-thalassemia (P<0.05). The best cut-off values of MCV, MCH, ROFT, and HbA2 in the diagnosis of α-thalassemia were 81.45 fl, 27.35 pg, 79.95%, and 2.55% respectively. CONCLUSION: For different laboratories, the cut-off values need to be established for screening α-thalassemia suitable in their own local region．The values of MCV, MCH, ROFT and HbA2 shows higher accuracy and sensitivity in the diagnosis of α-thalassemia. It is recommended to use MCV<81.45fl, MCH<27.35 pg, ROFT<79.95% and HbA2<2.55% as the standards for screening α-thalassemia in Guangdong area.

Changes in CLIP3 expression after sciatic nerve injury in adult rats.

CLIP3 (cytoplasmic linker protein 3) is a 547 amino acid residue cytoplasmic protein that localises to Golgi stacks and tubulovesicular elements juxtaposed to Golgi cisternae. Composed of three Ank (ankyrin) repeats and two CAP-Gly (cytoskeleton-associated protein-glycine) domains, CLIP3 may function as a cytoplasmic linker protein that is involved in TGN-endosome dynamics. To define the expression and role of CLIP3 during peripheral nervous system degeneration and regeneration, we created an acute sciatic nerve injury (SNI) model in adult rats. Western blot analyses revealed prominent up-regulation of CLIP3 and PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) protein levels at 3 days after SNI. Immunohistochemistry displayed that the expression of CLIP3 was noticeably increased in the injured nerve. Immunofluorescence further revealed that the CLIP3 and PCNA proteins colocalised respectively with S100 in the cytoplasm of Schwann cells. The expression profile of the SC/neuron co-cultures demonstrated that CLIP3 and PCNA protein levels were markedly expressed during the early stage of myelination. These results suggest that CLIP3 is likely associated with the myelination of proliferating Schwann cells, and nerve tissue regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. CLIP3 and PCNA expression during early myelination may be related to the direct uptake and transport of lipids and cholesterol, which were derived from the degenerating myelin, by Schwann cells to prepare for the formation of myelin sheath-like structures around regenerated axons after SNI.

Spatiotemporal expression of testicular protein kinase 1 after rat sciatic nerve injury.

Testicular protein kinase 1 (TESK1), a serine/threonine kinase, has been found expressing in various tissues and cell lines. Previous reports have shown that TESK1 plays an important role in regulating actin reorganization of spreading cell on fibronectin via phosphorylating cofilin. Because of the importance of actin reorganization in radial sorting and remyelination of peripheral nerve regeneration, we investigated the spatiotemporal expression of TESK1 in a rat sciatic nerve crush model. We observed that sciatic nerve crush resulted in a significant upregulation of TESK1 from 5 days to 2 weeks and subsequent return to the control level at 4 weeks. At its peak expression, TESK1 expressed mainly in both Schwann cells (SCs) and macrophages of the distal sciatic nerve segment, but had few colocalization in axons. In addition, upregulation of TESK1 was approximately in parallel with Oct-6, and numerous SCs expressing TESK1 were Oct-6 positive. Experiments with Schwann cell primary cultures revealed that TESK1 accumulated at F-actin-rich lamellipodia of the cell periphery when SCs were plated on fibronectin, whereas it was distributed in the cytoplasm in the case of non-stimulated cells. Thus, these findings suggest that TESK1 plays important roles in promyelinating SCs, potentially through subcellular localization change and participation in integrin-mediated actin reorganization.

Spatiotemporal patterns and essential role of TNF receptor-associated factor 5 expression after rat spinal cord Injury.

TRAF5 (TNF receptor-associated factor 5), which has a tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) domain in its carboxyl terminus, was identified CD40-associated factor. It was a signal transducer for NF-κB signal pathway and other pathway. To elucidate the expression and roles of TRAF5 in nervous system lesion and repair, we performed an acute spinal cord injury (SCI) model in adult rats and studied the dynamic changes of TRAF5 expression in spinal cord. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that TRAF5 was present in normal spinal cord. It gradually increased, reached a peak at 5 days after SCI, and then declined during the following days. Immunofluorescence double-labeling revealed that TRAF5 was co-expressed with NeuN and GFAP, respectively. Interesting, after injury, TRAF5 expression was increased predominantly in astrocytes, which highly expressed PCNA, a marker for proliferating cells. In conclusion, this is the first description of TRAF5 expression in spinal cord. Our data suggested that TRAF5 might play important roles in CNS pathophysiology after SCI.