Regulation of PPARγ/CPT-1 expression ameliorates cochlear hair cell injury by regulating cellular lipid metabolism and oxidative stress.

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of PPARγ/CPT-1 regulation on cisplatin-induced cochlear hair cell injury. The viability, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential of cisplatin-induced HEI-OC1 cells were determined by CCK-8 assay, TUNEL and JC-1 staining, respectively. The oxidative stress and lipid metabolism were detected by the assay kits of MDA, ROS, SOD, CAT, TG and FFA. The transfection efficiency of overexpression (OV)-PPARG and OV-CPT1A was examined by RT-qPCR and the expressions of apoptosis- and lipid metabolism-related proteins were detected by western blot. As a result, cisplatin with varying concentrations (5, 10, 30 µM) suppressed the viability, promoted the apoptosis and hindered the mitochondrial function of HEI-OC1 cells, accompanied with up-regulated expressions of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and down-regulated expression of Bcl-2. The oxidative stress was aggravated and lipid metabolism was inhibited by cisplatin (5, 10, 30 µM) induction, evidenced by the increased levels of MDA, ROS, TG, FFA and the decreased levels of SOD and CAT. Overexpression of PPARG or CPT1A could improve the viability, mitochondrial function, lipid metabolism and suppress the oxidative stress and apoptosis of cisplatin-induced HEI-OC1 cells. In conclusion, up-regulation of PPARG or CPT1A ameliorated cochlear hair cell injury by improving cellular lipid metabolism and inhibiting oxidative stress.

Salicylic acid-mediated plasmodesmal closure via Remorin-dependent lipid organization.

Plasmodesmata (PD) are plant-specific membrane-lined channels that create cytoplasmic and membrane continuities between adjacent cells, thereby facilitating cell-cell communication and virus movement. Plant cells have evolved diverse mechanisms to regulate PD plasticity in response to numerous environmental stimuli. In particular, during defense against plant pathogens, the defense hormone, salicylic acid (SA), plays a crucial role in the regulation of PD permeability in a callose-dependent manner. Here, we uncover a mechanism by which plants restrict the spreading of virus and PD cargoes using SA signaling by increasing lipid order and closure of PD. We showed that exogenous SA application triggered the compartmentalization of lipid raft nanodomains through a modulation of the lipid raft-regulatory protein, Remorin (REM). Genetic studies, superresolution imaging, and transmission electron microscopy observation together demonstrated that Arabidopsis REM1.2 and REM1.3 are crucial for plasma membrane nanodomain assembly to control PD aperture and functionality. In addition, we also found that a 14-3-3 epsilon protein modulates REM clustering and membrane nanodomain compartmentalization through its direct interaction with REM proteins. This study unveils a molecular mechanism by which the key plant defense hormone, SA, triggers membrane lipid nanodomain reorganization, thereby regulating PD closure to impede virus spreading.

Salicylic acid regulates PIN2 auxin transporter hyperclustering and root gravitropic growth via Remorin-dependent lipid nanodomain organisation in Arabidopsis thaliana.

To adapt to the diverse array of biotic and abiotic cues, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense changes in environmental conditions and modulate their growth. Growth-promoting hormones and defence signalling fine tune plant development antagonistically. During host-pathogen interactions, this defence-growth trade-off is mediated by the counteractive effects of the defence hormone salicylic acid (SA) and the growth hormone auxin. Here we revealed an underlying mechanism of SA regulating auxin signalling by constraining the plasma membrane dynamics of PIN2 auxin efflux transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. The lateral diffusion of PIN2 proteins is constrained by SA signalling, during which PIN2 proteins are condensed into hyperclusters depending on REM1.2-mediated nanodomain compartmentalisation. Furthermore, membrane nanodomain compartmentalisation by SA or Remorin (REM) assembly significantly suppressed clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Consequently, SA-induced heterogeneous surface condensation disrupted asymmetric auxin distribution and the resultant gravitropic response. Our results demonstrated a defence-growth trade-off mechanism by which SA signalling crosstalked with auxin transport by concentrating membrane-resident PIN2 into heterogeneous compartments.

Effect of Yb3+ concentration on upconversion luminescence and optical thermometry sensitivity of La2MoO6: Yb3+, Er3+ phosphors.

La2MoO6:Yb3+,Er3+ upconversion (UC) micro-crystals with a tetragonal structure were fabricated through a modified sol-gel method. The samples are found to be spherical in shape with a diameter of about 300 nm. Upon excitation of 980 nm light, the UC emission spectra of the phosphors exhibit green and red bands corresponding to the characteristic transitions of Er3+ ions. As Yb3+ concentration rises, the green emission intensity increases and reaches the maximum at 2.0% Yb3+ content, while the ratio of green/red emission intensities (IG/IR) declines monotonically. Temperature sensing capability was studied employing the fluorescent intensity ratio technique from the thermally coupled levels 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 of Er3+ in temperature range of 293∼533 K. It is interesting to find that Yb3+ concentration has influence on the absolute sensitivity SA, while the relative sensitivity SR is almost independent of Yb3+ content. Furthermore, excellent thermal stability and high temperature sensitivity is also demonstrated in the 2.0% Yb3+-doped sample with the obtained maximum SA and SR as high as 0.008K-1 and 1.093%K-1, respectively. The experimental results indicate that Yb3+/Er3+ co-doped La2MoO6 phosphors can be excellent candidates for temperature sensing applications.

Electro-Assisted Bioprinting of Low-Concentration GelMA Microdroplets.

Low-concentration gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) has excellent biocompatibility to cell-laden structures. However, it is still a big challenge to stably fabricate organoids (even microdroplets) using this material due to its extremely low viscosity. Here, a promising electro-assisted bioprinting method is developed, which can print low-concentration pure GelMA microdroplets with low cost, low cell damage, and high efficiency. With the help of electrostatic attraction, uniform GelMA microdroplets measuring about 100 µm are rapidly printed. Due to the application of lower external forces to separate the droplets, cell damage during printing is negligible, which often happens in piezoelectric or thermal inkjet bioprinting. Different printing states and effects of printing parameters (voltages, gas pressure, nozzle size, etc.) on microdroplet diameter are also investigated. The fundamental properties of low-concentration GelMA microspheres are subsequently studied. The results show that the printed microspheres with 5% w/v GelMA can provide a suitable microenvironment for laden bone marrow stem cells. Finally, it is demonstrated that the printed microdroplets can be used in building microspheroidal organoids, in drug controlled release, and in 3D bioprinting as biobricks. This method shows great potential use in cell therapy, drug delivery, and organoid building.

Recovery of ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials after treatment of inner ear diseases.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the clinical value of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) for monitoring the rehabilitation of vestibular function in patients treated for peripheral vertigo. Materials and methods: Fifteen patients who had been diagnosed with peripheral vertigo and showed no VEMP response on the affected side but exhibited symptom alleviation and VEMP responses after therapies were retrospectively enrolled. We analyzed the restoration and parameters of their VEMP response. Results: After treatment, six patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss showed VEMP recovery, including two with both oVEMP and cVEMP recovery, three with oVEMP recovery only, and one with cVEMP recovery only. Two patients with Meniere's disease (MD) showed cVEMP recovery, while the other three MD patients showed oVEMP recovery. Three patients with herpes zoster oticus exhibited cVEMP recovery. One patient with vestibular neuritis exhibited cVEMP recovery. Among the patients with cVEMP and/or oVEMP restoration, most patients presented normal VEMP parameters; however, some patients showed abnormal VEMP parameters after treatment. Conclusion: Combined oVEMP and cVEMP are objective tools for assessing vestibular otolithic end organ function during dynamic functional recovery from vestibular diseases.

A T-Type Capacitive Sensor Capable of Measuring5-DOF Error Motions of Precision Spindles.

The precision spindle is a core component of high-precision machine tools, and the accurate measurement of its error motions is important for improving its rotation accuracy as well as the work performance of the machine. This paper presents a T-type capacitive sensor (T-type CS) with an integrated structure. The proposed sensor can measure the 5-degree-of-freedom (5-DOF) error motions of a spindle in-situ and simultaneously by integrating electrode groups in the cylindrical bore of the stator and the outer end face of its flange, respectively. Simulation analysis and experimental results show that the sensing electrode groups with differential measurement configuration have near-linear output for the different types of rotor displacements. What's more, the additional capacitance generated by fringe effects has been reduced about 90% with the sensing electrode groups fabricated based on flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) and related processing technologies. The improved signal processing circuit has also been increased one times in the measuring performance and makes the measured differential output capacitance up to 93% of the theoretical values.

A floating-gate field-effect transistor memory device based on organic crystals with a built-in tunneling dielectric by a one-step growth strategy.

A floating-gate organic field-effect transistor (FG-OFET) memory device is becoming a promising candidate for emerging non-volatile memory applications due to the advantages of its sophisticated data-storage mechanism and reliable long-term data retention capacity. However, a conventional FG-OFET memory device suffers from complex fabrication technologies and poor mechanical flexibility, which limits its practical applications. Here, we propose a facile one-step liquid-surface drag coating strategy to fabricate a layered stack of 2,8-difluoro-5,11-bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (Dif-TES-ADT) crystals and high-quality insulating polymer polystyrene (PS). The liquid surface enhances the spreading area of an organic solution and facilitates the unidirectional growth of organic crystals. In the bilayer-structured blend, the bottom PS polymer and the top Dif-TES-ADT semiconductor serve as a tunneling dielectric and an active memory layer of an FG-OFET memory device, respectively. Consequently, a flexible FG-OFET memory device with a large memory window of 41.4 V, a long retention time of 5000 s, and a high current ON/OFF ratio of 105 could be achieved, showing the best performance ever reported for organic thin film-based FG-OFET memory devices. In addition, multi-level data storage (3 bits per cell) can be achieved by tuning the gate voltage magnitude. Our work not only provides a general strategy for the growth of high-quality organic crystals, but also paves the way towards high-performance flexible memory devices.

ABO blood type correlates with risk and protective factors for chronic suppurative otitis media.

BACKGROUND: ABO blood type associated with differentiated onset of infectious diseases. AIMS/OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether people with different blood types were vulnerable in developing chronic otitis media (CSOM) and if the risk and protective factors varied among them. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was a case-control study that included 206 participants in the case group and 210 in the control group. Stratified analysis for blood type was adopted. RESULTS: Patients with different blood types were insignificantly different in the incidence of CSOM. Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI, OR = 21.81, 95% CI: 4.80-99.06), socioeconomic status (OR = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.35-6.74), and were risk factors in blood type A. In blood type B, smoking and urban residence were risk factors. The OR (95% CI) were 11.42 (2.77-47.08), and 0.14 (0.03-0.65). Urban residence, BMI and blood calcium increase, male gender were protective factors for different blood types. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Our study identified the risk and protective factors for CSOM among different blood types. The findings might provide new insights into taking precautions against CSOM in people of different blood types.

Regulation of Hippo/YAP signaling pathway ameliorates cochlear hair cell injury by regulating ferroptosis.

Cisplatin, which is effective for the treatment of solid tumors, also can induce cochlear hair cell damage. Therefore, this study was intended to explore how Hippo/YAP signaling pathway affects the cochlear hair cell injury by regulating ferroptosis. After cisplatin induction, or LAT1-IN-1 (YAP activator) and verteporfin (YAP inhibitor) treatment or transfection, the viability of HEI-OC1 cells was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The iron level and the levels of oxidative stress markers (ROS, MDA and 4-HNE) were analyzed by iron assay kit, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) assay kits, respectively. The expression of ferritin light chain (FTL) in HEI-OC1 cells was detected by immunofluorescence and protein expressions of yes associated protein (YAP,) phosphorylated YAP (p-YAP), transferrin receptor (TFRC), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) in HEI-OC1 cells were detected by western blot. The transcription of FTL and TFRC by YAP1 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The transfection efficiency of small interfering RNA (si-RNA) specific to FTL (siRNA-FTL) and TFRC (siRNA-TFRC) was confirmed by reverse transcription­quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT­qPCR). As a result, cisplatin inhibited the viability of HEI-OC1 cells by increasing free Fe2+ level and decreasing FTL level. LAT1-IN-1 promoted the viability of cisplatin-induced HEI-OC1 cells by suppressing oxidative stress level, free Fe2+ level, ferroptosis and increasing FTL level, while the effect of verteporfin was the opposite. YAP1 transcriptionally regulated the expression of FTL and TFRC. Inhibition of FTL suppressed the viability of cisplatin-induced HEI-OC1 cells by increasing oxidative stress level, free Fe2+ level, ferroptosis and decreasing FTL level, while the effect of TFRC inhibition was the opposite. In conclusion, YAP1 ameliorated cochlear hair cell injury by upregulating FTL and TFRC to suppress ferroptosis.

Towards toxic and narcotic medication detection with rotated object detectors.

Background: Recent years have witnessed the advancement of deep learning vision technologies and applications in the medical industry. Intelligent devices for specific medication management could alleviate workload of medical staff by providing assistance services to identify drug specifications and locations. Methods: In this work, object detectors based on the you only look once (YOLO) algorithm are tailored for toxic and narcotic medication detection tasks in which there are always numerous of arbitrarily oriented small bottles. Specifically, we propose a flexible annotation process that defines a rotated bounding box with a degree ranging from 0° to 90° without worry about the long-short edges. Moreover, a mask-mapping-based non-maximum suppression method has been leveraged to accelerate the post-processing speed and achieve a feasible and efficient medication detector that identifies arbitrarily oriented bounding boxes. Results: Extensive experiments have demonstrated that rotated YOLO detectors are highly suitable for identifying densely arranged drugs. Six thousand synthetic data and 523 hospital collected images have been taken for training of the network. The mean average precision of the proposed network reaches 0.811 with an inference time of less than 300 ms. Conclusions: This study provides an accurate and fast drug detection solution for the management of special medications. The proposed rotated YOLO detector outperforms its YOLO counterpart in terms of precision.

[Recent progress in vestibular prosthesis].

Bilateral vestibulopathy（BVP） is one of the common diseases in the vestibular nervous system, with an incidence rate of about 4%-7% in the population, which can lead to a variety of body dysfunctions. At present, there are two main treatment methods for BVP. One is vestibular rehabilitation. However, only part of BVP patients can finally benefit from vestibular rehabilitation, and most patients will remain with permanent vestibular dysfunction. Benefiting from the maturity of cochlear implant technology, European and American countries took the lead in the development of vestibular prosthesis（VP） technology to restore the vestibular function in patients with BVP. This review will focus on the development history, principles, future applications and the related research progress of VP in China.

Isolation and Culture of Primary Cochlear Hair Cells from Neonatal Mice.

Cochlear hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system. These cells are located in the organ of Corti, the sensory organ responsible for hearing, within the osseous labyrinth of the inner ear. Cochlear hair cells consist of two anatomically and functionally distinct types: outer and inner hair cells. Damage to either of them results in hearing loss. Notably, as inner hair cells cannot regenerate, and damage to them is permanent. Hence, in vitro cultivation of primary hair cells is indispensable for investigating the protective or regenerative effects of cochlear hair cells. This study aimed to discover a method for isolating and cultivating mouse hair cells. After manual removal of the cochlear lateral wall, the auditory epithelium was meticulously dissected from the cochlear modiolus under a microscope, incubated in a mixture consisting of 0.25% trypsin-EDTA for 10 min at 37 °C, and gently suspended in culture medium using a 200 µL pipette tip. The cell suspension was passed through a cell filter, the filtrate was centrifuged, and cells were cultured in 24-well plates. Hair cells were identified based on their capacity to express a mechanotransduction complex, myosin-VIIa, which is involved in motor tensions, and via selective labeling of F-actin using phalloidin. Cells reached >90% confluence after 4 d in culture. This method can enhance our understanding of the biological characteristics of in vitro cultured hair cells and demonstrate the efficiency of cochlear hair cell cultures, establishing a solid methodological foundation for further auditory research.

Analysis of Main Error Sources for the Error Motion Measurement of a Precision Shafting Using a T-Type Capacitive Sensor.

As a key indicator reflecting the working accuracy of rotary functional units, the error motions of the precision shafting are very necessary to be measured. In this paper, the main error sources for the error motion measurement of a precision shafting using a T-type capacitive sensor were investigated. The theoretical modeling error due to the approximate simplification for the output capacitance expressions was firstly analyzed. By means of the 3D-FEA method, the influence of fringe effects was subsequently investigated. Finally, the analysis of electrode installation errors was emphasized on the tilt error of the cylindrical electrode and coaxiality error of the fan-shaped electrode by establishing mathematical models and numerical simulation. Based on the theoretical analysis and simulation results, the methods of decreasing the approximate error and the nonlinear error caused by fringe effects were subsequently proposed; for the installation errors, the tilt error of cylindrical electrode only makes the solution of phase angle have a certain deviation and has almost no effect on solving the radial displacement, especially for the measurement range less than 0.1 mm; the measurement of the rotor tilt displacement was basically not affected by the coaxiality error of the fan-shaped electrode.

Effectiveness of galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potential for evaluation of Meniere's disease.

OBJECTIVES: Although the cause of Meniere's disease (MD) is not fully understood, endolymphatic hydrops is widely believed to be responsible for MD. Previous studies have used Air-Conducted Sound (ACS)-induced Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (VEMPs) to evaluate otolithic function in patients with MD. However, the use of Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation-VEMPs (GVS-VEMPs) with other vestibular tests in MD has been rare. This study aimed to explore the application of galvanic VEMPs in assessing MD. METHODS: Normal individuals and patients with unilateral definite MD were included in this retrospective study. All participants underwent pure tone audiometry. Ocular and cervical VEMPs induced by GVS, and ACS were recorded. The characteristic parameters of VEMPs (n1 latency, p1 latency, amplitude, and AR) were analyzed. RESULTS: The provocation rates of GVS-VEMPs did not differ between MD patients and control individuals. Compared with ACS, GVS could evoke potentials with longer latencies. MD patients presented GVS-VEMPs with lower amplitudes and ACS-cVEMP with shorter latencies and had a higher response rate in GVS-oVEMP. However, no differences or correlations were found in the characteristic parameters of GVS-VEMPs among the different stages of MD. CONCLUSIONS: GVS is as effective as ACS for inducing VEMP, and GVS-VEMP recording can detect retrolabyrinthine degeneration in MD. Further research is needed to assess the utility of GVS-VEMP in the evaluation of MD severity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4.

The advantages of vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials induced by bone-conducted vibration in patients with otitis media.

BACKGROUND: At present, there is no consensus on the optimal methods for the diagnosis of vestibular dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To explore the advantages of bone-conducted vibration (BCV) related vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty patients with otitis media volunteered for VEMP examination. They were randomly selected with air-conducted sound and BCV stimulation VEMPs assessed in both ears. RESULTS: The provocation rate of BCV-VEMPs was significantly higher than that of air-conducted sound VEMPs. Among 50 affected ears, there was no significant difference in the provocation rate of BCV-VEMPs between patients with air-bone conduction gaps lower or higher than 20 dB. There was no significant difference in the provocation rate of BCV-VEMPs between both ears in 30 patients with unilateral otitis media and the comparison of BCV-oVEMP parameters made no significant difference in amplitude, N1 latency, P1 latency, or N1-P1 duration, except for the threshold. A comparison of BCV-cVEMP parameters between affected and healthy ears revealed no significant difference between groups in terms of threshold, amplitude, N1 latency, P1 latency, or n1-p1 duration. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: BCV-VEMPs may be stably induced in patients with conductive hearing loss.

Virtual reality for the measurement of SVV and SVH during static head tilt in healthy adults: a novel vestibular test.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Few previous studies have used virtual-reality (VR) technology to measure subjective visual vertical (SVV) and subjective visual horizontal (SVH) during static head tilt (0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°). We propose a novel vestibular test for measuring the normal range of SVV and SVH during static head tilt in healthy adults. METHODS: Eighty healthy adults were included in the study. SVV and SVH were calculated in nine head positions. RESULTS: With head tilt 90° to the right, SVV skewed to the right, and SVH skewed upward. With head tilt 90° to the left, SVV skewed to the left, and SVH skewed downward. SVV was asymmetrical only at a head tilt of 90°. SVV and SVH were similar at all degrees of head tilt, except for 30° to the right, 45° to the left, and 0°. CONCLUSIONS: VR measurements showed that SVV and SVH differed at various degrees of static head tilt. The standardized protocol proposed here may be used to establish a reference range for utricle function when evaluating acute, unilateral vestibular lesions.

Thermo-sensitive Sacrificial Microsphere-based Bioink for Centimeter-scale Tissue with Angiogenesis.

Centimeter-scale tissue with angiogenesis has become more and more significant in organ regeneration and drug screening. However, traditional bioink has obvious limitations such as balance of nutrient supporting, printability, and vascularization. Here, with "secondary bioprinting" of printed microspheres, an innovative bioink system was proposed, in which the thermo-crosslinked sacrificial gelatin microspheres encapsulating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) printed by electrospraying serve as auxiliary component while gelatin methacryloyl precursor solution mixed with subject cells serve as subject component. Benefiting from the reversible thermo-crosslinking feature, gelatin microspheres would experience solid-liquid conversion during 37°C culturing and form controllable porous nutrient network for promoting the nutrient/oxygen delivery in large-scale tissue and accelerate the functionalization of the encapsulated cells. Meanwhile, the encapsulated HUVECs would be released and attach to the pore boundary, which would further form three-dimensional vessel network inside the tissue with suitable inducing conditions. As an example, vascularized breast tumor tissue over 1 cm was successfully built and the HUVECs showed obvious sprout inside, which indicate the great potential of this bioink system in various biomedical applications.

B81 Bone Vibrator-Induced Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials: Normal Values and the Effect of Age.

Objective: To define the normal values and examine the influence of aging on B81 bone vibrator-induced cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (B81-cVEMPs) and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (B81-oVEMPs). Methods: Seventy healthy subjects, divided into seven groups according to their ages, were enrolled in this study. The 4-9-, 10-19-, 20-29-, 30-39-, 40-49-, 50-59-, and 60-70-year-old participants were divided into groups I-VII, respectively. B81-cVEMP and B81-oVEMP were recorded in each group. Results: The B81-cVEMP response rates for groups I-VII were 100, 100, 100, 100, 95, 95, and 75%, respectively, with significant differences only between groups I-VI and group VII (p = 0.047, p < 0.05). The B81-oVEMP response rates for groups I-VII were 100, 100, 100, 100, 70, 65, and 40%, respectively, with significant differences only between groups I-IV and groups V-VII (p = 0.020, p = 0.008, p = 0.000; p < 0.05). The threshold, P13, and N23 latencies of B81-cVEMP positively correlated with age (r = 0.756, p = 0.000; r = 0.357, p = 0.003; r = 0.316, p = 0.009; p < 0.05). The raw amplitudes and corrected amplitudes negatively correlated with age (r = -0.641, p = 0.000; r = -0.609, p = 0.000, p < 0.05). For B81-oVEMP, the corrected amplitudes negatively correlated with age (r = -0.638, p = 0.000, p<0.05), but the threshold and N10 latency positively correlated with age (r = 0.768, p = 0.000; r = 0.334, p = 0.009, p < 0.05). Moreover, the interaural asymmetry ratio did not significantly correlate with age for B81-cVEMP and B81-oVEMP. Conclusion: As age increased, the B81-cVEMP response rate decreased, the thresholds increased, P13 and N23 latencies were prolonged, and the raw amplitude and corrected amplitude decreased. The B81-oVEMP response rate and corrected amplitude decreased, the thresholds increased, and N10 latency was prolonged with age. These changes are probably due to the occurrence of morphological and functional changes in the vestibular system with aging. Therefore, we suggest establishing different reference values according to different age groups when evaluating the VEMP results in patients with vestibular diseases.