RESUMO
KEY MESSAGE: A causal gene BoUGT76C2, conferring clubroot resistance in wild Brassica oleracea, was identified and functionally characterized. Clubroot is a devastating soil-borne disease caused by the obligate biotrophic pathogen Plasmodiophora brassica (P. brassicae), which poses a great threat to Brassica oleracea (B. oleracea) production. Although several QTLs associated with clubroot resistance (CR) have been mapped in cultivated B. oleracea, none have been cloned in B. oleracea. Previously, we found that the wild B. oleracea B2013 showed high resistance to clubroot. In this study, we constructed populations using B2013 and broccoli line 90196. CR in B2013 is quantitatively inherited, and a major QTL, BolC.Pb9.1, was identified on C09 using QTL-seq and linkage analysis. The BolC.Pb9.1 was finely mapped to a 56 kb genomic region using F2:3 populations. From the target region, the candidate BoUGT76C2 showed nucleotide variations between the parents, and was inducible in response to P. brassicae infection. We generated BoUGT76C2 overexpression lines in the 90196 background, which showed significantly enhanced resistance to P. brassicae compared to the WT line, suggesting that BoUGT76C2 corresponds to the resistance gene BolC.Pb.9.1. This is the first report on the CR gene map-based cloning and functional analysis from wild relatives, which provides a theoretical basis to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of CR, and lays a foundation to improve the CR of cultivated B. oleracea.
Assuntos
Brassica , Plasmodioforídeos , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Brassica/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Genes de Plantas , Clonagem Molecular , Plasmodioforídeos/genética , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Resistência à Doença/genéticaRESUMO
Cauliflower is a distinct subspecies of the Brassica oleracea plants due to its specialized and edible floral organ. Cauliflower curd is composed of enlarged inflorescence meristems that developed by a series of precise molecular regulations. Based solely on the curd solidity, cauliflower is generally classified into two groups (compact-curd and loose-curd), where curd branch length acts as a crucial parameter to determine the curd morphological difference. Herein, to understand the genetic basis of curd branch development, we utilized a total of 298 inbred lines representing two groups of cauliflower to comprehensively investigate the causal genes and regulatory mechanisms. Phylogenetic and population structure analyses revealed that two subgroups could be further categorized into the compact-curd and the loose-curd groups, respectively. Integrating the genotype and phenotype data, we conducted a genome-wide association study for the length of the outermost branch (LOB) and secondary branch (LSB) of the curd. Sixty-four significant loci were identified that are highly associated with curd branch development. Evidence from genome-wide selective sweep analysis (FST and XP-EHH) narrowed down the major signal on chromosome 8 into an approximately 79 kb region which encodes eleven protein-coding genes. After further analysis of haplotypes, transcriptome profiling, and gene expression validation, we finally inferred that BOB08G028680, as a homologous counterpart of AtARR9, might be the causal gene for simultaneously regulating LOB and LSB traits in cauliflower. This result provides valuable information for improving curd solidity in future cauliflower breeding.
Assuntos
Brassica , Fenótipo , Brassica/genética , Brassica/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brassica/anatomia & histologia , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Genótipo , Filogenia , Genes de Plantas , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Mapeamento Cromossômico/métodos , Estudos de Associação GenéticaRESUMO
Sodium and potassium channels, especially Nav1.5 and Kir2.1, play key roles in the formation of action potentials in cardiomyocytes. These channels interact with, and are regulated by, synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97). However, the regulatory role of SAP97 in myocyte remains incompletely understood. Here, we investigate the function of SAP97 phosphorylation in the regulation of Nav1.5 and Kir2.1 channel complexes and the upstream regulation of SAP97. We found that SAP97 is phosphorylated by casein kinase II (CK2) in vitro. In addition, transfection of casein kinase 2 interacting protein-1 (CKIP-1) into cardiomyocytes to drive CK2 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, increased SAP97 phosphorylation and Nav1.5 and Kir2.1 current activity. These findings demonstrated that CKIP-1 modulates the subcellular translocation of CK2, which regulates Nav1.5 and Kir2.1 channel complex formation and activity in cardiomyocytes.
Assuntos
Caseína Quinase II , Miócitos Cardíacos , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.5 , Canais de Potássio Corretores do Fluxo de Internalização , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Caseína Quinase II/metabolismo , Canais de Potássio Corretores do Fluxo de Internalização/metabolismo , Canais de Potássio Corretores do Fluxo de Internalização/genética , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.5/metabolismo , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.5/genética , Animais , Ratos , Fosforilação , Transporte Proteico , Humanos , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Malignant ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) following myocardial infarction (MI) is a lethal complication resulting from sympathetic nerve hyperactivity. Numerous evidence have shown that inflammation within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) participates in sympathetic hyperactivity. Our aim was to explore the role of Macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) within the PVN in augmenting sympathetic activity following MI,and whether NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome/IL-1ß axis is involved in this activity. MI was induced by coronary artery ligation. Mincle expression localized in microglia within the PVN was markedly increased at 24 hours post-MI together with sympathetic hyperactivity, as indicated by measurement of the renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and norepinephrine (NE) concentration. Mincle-specific siRNA was administrated locally to the PVN, which consequently decreased microglial activation and sympathetic nerve activity. The MI rats exhibited a higher arrhythmia score after programmed electric stimulation than that treated with Mincle siRNA, suggesting that the inhibition of Mincle attenuated foetal ventricular arrhythmias post-MI. The underlying mechanism of Mincle in sympathetic hyperactivity was investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed naïve rats. Recombinant Sin3A-associated protein 130kD (rSAP130), an endogenous ligand for Mincle, induced high levels of NLRP3 and mature IL-1ß protein. PVN-targeted injection of NLRP3 siRNA or IL-1ß antagonist gevokizumab attenuated sympathetic hyperactivity. Together, the data indicated that the knockdown of Mincle in microglia within the PVN prevents VAs by attenuating sympathetic hyperactivity and ventricular susceptibility, in part by inhibiting its downstream NLRP3/IL-1ß axis following MI. Therapeutic interventions targeting Mincle signalling pathway could constitute a novel approach for preventing infarction injury.
Assuntos
Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Microglia/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Paraventricular/metabolismo , Receptores Imunológicos/metabolismo , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/farmacologia , Coração/fisiopatologia , Interleucina-1beta/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Lectinas Tipo C/genética , Masculino , Infarto do Miocárdio/genética , Infarto do Miocárdio/fisiopatologia , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/genética , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Interferência de RNA , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Imunológicos/genética , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Elevated lipoprotein (a) is recognized as a risk factor for incident cardiovascular events in the general population and established cardiovascular disease patients. However, there are conflicting findings on the prognostic utility of elevated lipoprotein (a) level in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic value of elevated lipoprotein (a) level in CAD patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: A systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase databases was conducted until April 16, 2019. Observational studies reporting the prognostic value of elevated lipoprotein (a) level for cardiac events (cardiac death and acute coronary syndrome), cardiovascular events (death, stroke, acute coronary syndrome or coronary revascularisation), cardiovascular death, and all-cause mortality in CAD patients were included. Pooled multivariable adjusted risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the highest vs. the lowest lipoprotein (a) level were utilized to calculate the prognostic value. Seventeen studies enrolling 283,328 patients were identified. Meta-analysis indicated that elevated lipoprotein (a) level was independently associated with an increased risk of cardiac events (RR 1.78; 95% CI 1.31-2.42) and cardiovascular events (RR 1.29; 95% CI 1.17-1.42) in CAD patients. However, elevated lipoprotein (a) level was not significantly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (RR 1.43; 95% CI 0.94-2.18) and all-cause mortality (RR 1.35; 95% CI 0.93-1.95). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated lipoprotein (a) level is an independent predictor of cardiac and cardiovascular events in CAD patients. Measurement of lipoprotein (a) level has potential to improve the risk stratification among patients with CAD.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana/sangue , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/mortalidade , Lipoproteína(a)/sangue , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/sangue , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/etiologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/complicações , Humanos , Prognóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/sangue , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologiaRESUMO
Key message Nine transgenes from different categories, viz. plant defense response genes and anti-apoptosis genes, played combined roles in maize to inhibit the necrotrophic pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Bipolaris maydis. Maize sheath blight and southern corn leaf blight are major global threats to maize production. The management of these necrotrophic pathogens has encountered limited success due to the characteristics of their lifestyle. Here, we presented a transgenic pyramiding breeding strategy to achieve nine different resistance genes integrated in one transgenic maize line to combat different aspects of necrotrophic pathogens. These nine genes, selected from two different categories, plant defense response genes (Chi, Glu, Ace-AMP1, Tlp, Rs-AFP2, ZmPROPEP1 and Pti4), and anti-apoptosis genes (Iap and p35), were successfully transferred into maize and further implicated in resistance against the necrotrophic pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Bipolaris maydis. Furthermore, the transgenic maize line 910, with high expression levels of the nine integrated genes, was selected from 49 lines. Under greenhouse and field trial conditions, line 910 showed significant resistance against maize sheath blight and southern corn leaf blight diseases. Higher-level resistance was obtained after the pyramiding of more resistance transgenes from different categories that function via different mechanisms. The present study provides a successful strategy for the management of necrotrophic pathogens.
Assuntos
Resistência à Doença/genética , Melhoramento Vegetal , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Transgenes , Zea mays/genética , Ascomicetos/patogenicidade , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/microbiologia , Rhizoctonia/patogenicidade , Zea mays/microbiologiaRESUMO
Mounting evidence supports the hypothesis that inflammation modulates sympathetic sprouting after myocardial infarction (MI). The myeloid P2X7 signal has been shown to activate the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a master regulator of inflammation. We investigated whether P2X7 signal participated in the pathogenesis of sympathetic reinnervation after MI, and whether NLRP3/interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) axis is involved in the process. We explored the relationship between P2X7 receptor (P2X7 R) and IL-1ß in the heart tissue of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed naive rats. 3'-O-(4-benzoyl) benzoyl adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP), a P2X7 R agonist, induced caspase-1 activation and mature IL-1ß release, which was further neutralized by a NLRP3 inhibitor (16673-34-0). MI was induced by coronary artery ligation. Following infarction, a marked increase in P2X7 R was localized within infiltrated macrophages and observed in parallel with an up-regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome levels and the release of IL-1ß in the left ventricle. The administration of A-740003 (a P2X7 R antagonist) significantly prevented the NLRP3/IL-1ß increase. A-740003 and/or Anakinra (an IL-1 receptor antagonist) significantly reduced macrophage infiltration as well as macrophage-based IL-1ß and NGF (nerve growth factor) production and eventually blunted sympathetic hyperinnervation, as assessed by the immunofluorescence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP 43). Moreover, the use of Anakinra partly attenuated sympathetic sprouting. This indicated that the effect of P2X7 on neural remodelling was mediated at least partially by IL-1ß. The arrhythmia score of programmed electric stimulation was in accordance with the degree of sympathetic hyperinnervation. In vitro studies showed that BzATP up-regulated secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) in M1 macrophages via IL-1ß. Together, these data indicate that P2X7 R contributes to neural and cardiac remodelling, at least partly mediated by NLRP3/IL-1ß axis. Therapeutic interventions targeting P2X7 signal may be a novel approach to ameliorate arrhythmia following MI.
Assuntos
Interleucina-1beta/genética , Infarto do Miocárdio/genética , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/genética , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X7/genética , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetamidas/farmacologia , Trifosfato de Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Trifosfato de Adenosina/farmacologia , Animais , Caspases/genética , Caspases/metabolismo , Vasos Coronários/metabolismo , Vasos Coronários/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Estimulação Elétrica , Proteína GAP-43/genética , Proteína GAP-43/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Inflamassomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Inflamação , Proteína Antagonista do Receptor de Interleucina 1/farmacologia , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Ligadura , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/patologia , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Neural/genética , Fator de Crescimento Neural/metabolismo , Agonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P2X/farmacologia , Antagonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P2X/farmacologia , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X7/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease that lacks sufficient treatment. Studies have shown that the Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contributes to PAH pathogenesis, but the role of the upstream molecular P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has remained unexplored. We investigated the role of P2X7R in the pathogenesis of PAH. METHODS AND RESULTS: PH was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline (MCT) (60 mg/kg) on left pneumonectomised Sprague-Dawley rats, as validated by significant increases in pulmonary artery pressure and vessel wall thickness. Marked P2X7R was detected by predominant PA immunostaining in lungs from PH rats. Western blot revealed a significant increase in the protein levels of P2X7R as well as NLRP3 and caspase-1 in the diseased lung tissue compared with normal tissue. The rats received A-740003 (a selective P2X7 receptor antagonist, 30 mg/kg) daily starting from 1 week before or 2 weeks after MCT injection. Consequently, A-740003 reversed the NLRP3 inflammasome upregulation, significantly decreased the mean right ventricular (RV) pressure and RV hypertrophy, and reversed pulmonary arterial remodelling 4 weeks after MCT injection, as both a pretreatment and rescue intervention. Notably, A-740003 significantly reduced macrophage and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, as measured via bronchoalveolar lavage. The recruitment of macrophages as well as collagen fibre deposition in the perivascular areas were also reduced, as confirmed by histological staining. CONCLUSIONS: P2X7R contributes to the pathogenesis of PH, probably in association with activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Blockade of P2X7R might be applied as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of PAH.
Assuntos
Progressão da Doença , Hipertensão Pulmonar/metabolismo , Hipertensão Pulmonar/patologia , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X7/fisiologia , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Masculino , Antagonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P2X/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Inflammation-dominated sympathetic sprouting adjacent to the necrotic region following myocardial infarction (MI) has been implicated in the etiology of arrhythmias resulting in sudden cardiac death; however, the mechanisms responsible remain to be elucidated. Although being a key immune mediator, the role of Notch has yet to be explored. We investigated whether Notch regulates macrophage responses to inflammation and affects cardiac sympathetic reinnervation in rats undergoing MI. MI was induced by coronary artery ligation. A high level of Notch intracellular domain was observed in the macrophages that infiltrated the infarct area at 3 days post-MI. The administration of the Notch inhibitor N-N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)-S-phenylglycine-t-butyl ester (DAPT) (intravenously 30 min before MI and then daily until death) decreased the number of macrophages and significantly increased the M2 macrophage activation profile in the early stages and attenuated the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF). Eventually, NGF-induced sympathetic hyperinnervation was blunted, as assessed by the immunofluorescence of tyrosine hydroxylase. At 7 days post-MI, the arrhythmia score of programmed electric stimulation in the vehicle-treated infarcted rats was higher than that in rats treated with DAPT. Further deterioration in cardiac function and decreases in the plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß were also detected. In vitro studies revealed that LPS/IFN-γ upregulated the surface expression of NGF in M1 macrophages in a Notch-dependent manner. We concluded that Notch inhibition during the acute inflammatory response phase is associated with the downregulation of NGF, probably through a macrophage-dependent pathway, thus preventing the process of sympathetic hyperinnervation.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Dipeptídeos/farmacologia , Coração/inervação , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Receptor Notch1/antagonistas & inibidores , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Arritmias Cardíacas/metabolismo , Arritmias Cardíacas/fisiopatologia , Arritmias Cardíacas/prevenção & controle , Estimulação Cardíaca Artificial , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/fisiopatologia , Fator de Crescimento Neural/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptor Notch1/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/metabolismo , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/fisiopatologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and life-threatening disease associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. However, the exact regulatory mechanism of PAH is unknown. Although coupling factor 6 (CF6) is known to function as a repressor, its role in PAH has not been explored. Here, we investigated the involvement of endogenous CF6 in the development of PAH. METHODS: PAH was induced with monocrotaline (MCT), as demonstrated by significant increases in pulmonary artery pressure and vessel wall thickness. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying CF6 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or control vector (2×10(10) gp) was intratracheally transfected into the lungs of rats 2 weeks before or after MCT injection. RESULTS: A 2-6-fold increase in CF6 was observed in the lungs and circulation of the MCT-injected rats as confirmed by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed a small quantity of CF6 localized to endothelial cells (ECs) under physiological conditions spread to surrounding tissues in a paracrine manner in PAH lungs. Notably, CF6 shRNA effectively inhibited CF6 expression, abolished lung macrophage infiltration, reversed endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling, and ameliorated the severity of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction at 4 weeks both as a pretreatment and rescue intervention. In addition, the circulating and lung levels of 6-keto-PGF1a, a stable metabolite of prostacyclin, were reversed by CF6 inhibition, suggesting that the effect of CF6 inhibition may partly be mediated through prostacyclin. CONCLUSIONS: CF6 contributes to the pathogenesis of PAH, probably in association with downregulation of prostacyclin. The blockage of CF6 might be applied as a novel therapeutic approach for PAH and PA remodeling.
Assuntos
Terapia Genética/métodos , Hipertensão Pulmonar/terapia , Pulmão/metabolismo , ATPases Mitocondriais Próton-Translocadoras/antagonistas & inibidores , ATPases Mitocondriais Próton-Translocadoras/genética , Fatores Acopladores da Fosforilação Oxidativa/antagonistas & inibidores , Fatores Acopladores da Fosforilação Oxidativa/genética , Interferência de RNA , 6-Cetoprostaglandina F1 alfa/metabolismo , Animais , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotélio Vascular/patologia , Hipertensão Pulmonar/induzido quimicamente , Injeções Espinhais , Pulmão/patologia , ATPases Mitocondriais Próton-Translocadoras/metabolismo , Monocrotalina , Infiltração de Neutrófilos , Fatores Acopladores da Fosforilação Oxidativa/metabolismo , Artéria Pulmonar/patologia , RNA Interferente Pequeno/administração & dosagem , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Remodelação Vascular , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/etiologia , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/genética , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/prevenção & controleRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Myocardial infarction (MI) results in decreased inward-rectifier K⺠current (IK1), which is mediated primarily by the Kir2.1 protein and is accompanied by upregulated T cells. Interferon γ (IFN-γ), secreted predominantly by Th1 cells, causes a decrease in IK1 in microglia. Whether Th1 cells can induce IK1/Kir2.1 remodeling following MI and whether valsartan can ameliorate this phenomenon remain unclear. METHODS: Rats experiencing MI received either valsartan or saline for 7 days. Th1-enriched lymphocytes and myocytes were cocultured with or without valsartan treatment. Th1 cells were monitored by flow cytometry. The protein levels of Kir2.1 were detected by Western blot analyses. IK1 was recorded through whole-cell patch clamping. The plasma levels of IFN-γ, interleukin 2, and tumor necrosis factor α were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Th1 cell number and cytokine expression levels were higher following MI, and the Kir2.1 protein level was decreased. In MI rats, valsartan reduced Th1 cell number and cytokine expression levels and increased the Kir2.1 expression and the IK1 current compared with the rats that received saline treatment; these results are consistent with the effect of valsartan in cocultured lymphocytes and myocytes. In vitro, IFN-γ overexpression suppressed the IK1 current, whereas interleukin 2 and tumor necrosis factor α had no significant effect on the current, establishing that Th1 cell regulation of IK1/Kir2.1 expression is mainly dependent on IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS: Valsartan ameliorates IK1/Kir2.1 remodeling by downregulating the Th1 immune response following MI.
Assuntos
Bloqueadores do Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina II/farmacologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Miócitos Cardíacos/efeitos dos fármacos , Canais de Potássio Corretores do Fluxo de Internalização/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Th1/efeitos dos fármacos , Valsartana/farmacologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Cocultura , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação para Baixo , Hemodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Interferon gama/sangue , Interleucina-2/sangue , Masculino , Potenciais da Membrana , Infarto do Miocárdio/sangue , Infarto do Miocárdio/imunologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/fisiopatologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Potássio/metabolismo , Canais de Potássio Corretores do Fluxo de Internalização/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th1/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To investigate the effects of semaphorin 3A (sema 3A) on cardiac autonomic regulation and subsequent ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) in post-infarcted hearts. METHOD AND RESULTS: In order to explore the functions of sema 3A in post-infarcted hearts, lentivirus-Sema 3A-shRNA and negative control vectors were delivered to the peri-infarcted myocardium rats respectively. Meanwhile, recombinant sema 3A and control (0.9% NaCl solution) were injected intravenously into infarcted rats to test the therapeutic potential of sema 3A. Results indicated that levels of sema 3A were higher in post-infarcted hearts compared with sham rats. However, sema 3A silencing leaded to sympathetic hyperinnervation, increased myocardial norepinephrine (NE) content and inducible VAs. Conversely, the intravenous administration of sema 3A to infarcted rats reduced sympathetic nerve sprouting, improved cardiac autonomic regulation, and decreased the incidence of inducible VAs. However, both infarct size and cardiac function were similar among infarcted hearts. CONCLUSIONS: The upregulation and administration of sema 3A exerted beneficial effects on infarction-induced cardiac autonomic disorders by increasing cardiac electrical stability and reducing VAs. Sema 3A might be a potential therapeutic agent for cardiac autonomic abnormalities induced arrhythmias.
Assuntos
Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Infarto do Miocárdio/fisiopatologia , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Semaforina-3A/genética , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/metabolismo , Taquicardia Ventricular/genética , Fibrilação Ventricular/genética , Animais , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/metabolismo , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiopatologia , Western Blotting , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Eletrocardiografia , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Coração/inervação , Coração/fisiopatologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Semaforina-3A/farmacologia , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/fisiopatologia , Taquicardia Ventricular/fisiopatologia , Fibrilação Ventricular/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Myocardial infarction (MI) results in an increased susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias, due in part to decreased inward-rectifier K+ current (IK1), which is mediated primarily by the Kir2.1 protein. The use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonists is associated with a reduced incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) binds and phosphorylates SP1, a transcription factor of KCNJ2 that encodes Kir2.1. Whether valsartan represses CK2 activation to ameliorate IK1 remodeling following MI remains unclear. METHODS: Wistar rats suffering from MI received either valsartan or saline for 7 days. The protein levels of CK2 and Kir2.1 were each detected via a Western blot analysis. The mRNA levels of CK2 and Kir2.1 were each examined via quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS: CK2 expression was higher at the infarct border; and was accompanied by a depressed IK1/Kir2.1 protein level. Additionally, CK2 overexpression suppressed KCNJ2/Kir2.1 expression. By contrast, CK2 inhibition enhanced KCNJ2/Kir2.1 expression, establishing that CK2 regulates KCNJ2 expression. Among the rats suffering from MI, valsartan reduced CK2 expression and increased Kir2.1 expression compared with the rats that received saline treatment. In vitro, hypoxia increased CK2 expression and valsartan inhibited CK2 expression. The over-expression of CK2 in cells treated with valsartan abrogated its beneficial effect on KCNJ2/Kir2.1. CONCLUSIONS: AT1 receptor antagonist valsartan reduces CK2 activation, increases Kir2.1 expression and thereby ameliorates IK1 remodeling after MI in the rat model.
Assuntos
Caseína Quinase II/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Canais de Potássio Corretores do Fluxo de Internalização/biossíntese , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacos , Valsartana/farmacologia , Animais , Masculino , Potenciais da Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Infarto do Miocárdio/enzimologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/efeitos dos fármacos , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/fisiologia , Cultura Primária de Células , RatosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy can lead to an increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). However, few data are available regarding the pathogenesis and therapy of the VAs accompanying diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy. We aimed to explore whether or not exogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) can reduce the sympathetic heterogeneity and the incidence of VAs in diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: controls, rats with DM with saline infused into the left stellate ganglion (LSG), i.e. the DS group and rats with DM with NGF infused into the LSG, i.e. the DN group. After 28 weeks, all rats were subjected to electrophysiological experiments. Sympathetic innervations and NGF were studied by immunostaining, RT-PCR or Western blot analysis. RESULTS: The incidence of inducible VAs was significantly higher in the DS group than in the control group, but was markedly decreased in the DN group. In the DS group, the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and NGF expression were significantly lower than in the other groups, and significant proximal-distal heterogeneities existed regarding the TH and NGF expression in the left ventricle, but were markedly repaired in the DN group. CONCLUSIONS: NGF intervention in the LSG can reduce the heterogeneity of cardiac sympathetic innervations and the incidence of VAs in diabetic rats.
Assuntos
Antiarrítmicos/farmacologia , Arritmias Cardíacas/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Neuropatias Diabéticas/tratamento farmacológico , Fator de Crescimento Neural/farmacologia , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Estimulação Elétrica , Masculino , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The contribution of particles to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity has been enlightened by epidemiologic and experimental studies. However, adverse biological effects of the particles with different sizes on cardiovascular cells have not been well recognized. In this study, sub-cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to increasing concentrations of pure quartz particles (DQ) of three sizes (DQPM1, <1 µm; DQPM3-5, 3-5 µm; DQPM5, 5 µm) and carbon black particles of two sizes (CB0.1, <0.1 µm; CB1, <1 µm) for 24 h. Cytotoxicity was estimated by measuring the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cell viability. Nitric oxide (NO) generation and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1ß) releases were analyzed by using NO assay and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. It was found that both particles induced adverse biological effects on HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. The size of particle directly influenced the biological activity. For quartz, the smaller particles induced stronger cytotoxicity and higher levels of cytokine responses than those particles of big size. For carbon black particles, CB0.1 was more capable of inducing adverse responses on HUVECs than CB1 only at lower particle concentrations, in contrast to those at higher concentrations. Meanwhile, our data also revealed that quartz particles performed stronger cell damage and produced higher levels of TNF-α than carbon black particles, even if particles size was similar. In conclusion, particle size as well as particle composition should be both considered in assessing vascular endothelial cells injury and inflammation responses induced by particles.
Assuntos
Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/efeitos dos fármacos , Material Particulado/farmacologia , Quartzo/química , Fuligem/química , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/biossíntese , Tamanho da Partícula , Material Particulado/química , Fatores de Tempo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Paeonol is a representative active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicinal herbs Cortex Moutan, which has a well-established cardioprotective effect on ischemic heart disease. However, there is little evidence of the protective effect of paeonol, and its pharmacological mechanism is also unclear. This study aims to explore the protective effect and mechanism of Paeonol on myocardial infarction rat and hypoxic H9c2 cells. METHODS: Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) was induced by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 1â¯h followed by 3â¯h of reperfusion, and then gavage with Paeonol for 7 days. H9c2 cells were applied for the in vitro experiments and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model was established. CKIP-1 expression was evaluated by qPCR and western blot. The expression of genes involved in apoptosis, inflammation and ion channel was measured by western blot. The currents levels of Nav1.5 and Kir2.1 were measured by whole-cell patch-clamp recording. RESULTS: CKIP-1 expression was decreased in H/R-induced H9c2 cells, which was inversely increased after Paeonol treatment. Paeonol treatment could increase the viability of H/R-induced H9c2 cells and diminish the apoptosis and inflammation of H/R-induced H9c2 cells, while si-CKIP-1 treatment inhibited the phenomena. Moreover, the currents levels of Nav1.5 and Kir2.1 were reduced in H/R-induced H9c2 cells, which were inhibited after Paeonol treatment. Intragastric Paeonol can reduce the ventricular arrhythmias in rats with myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: The protective effects of Paeonol on myocardial infarction rats and hypoxic H9c2 cells were achieved by up-regulating CKIP-1.
Assuntos
Acetofenonas , Hipóxia Celular , Regulação para Cima , Acetofenonas/farmacologia , Animais , Ratos , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipóxia Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Canais Iônicos/metabolismo , Canais Iônicos/genética , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/tratamento farmacológico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/patologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Infarto do Miocárdio/patologia , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Our study was aimed to analyze a substantial of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients, research the high-risk factors and prognostic factors of metastasis, and thoroughly examine the effects of primary site surgery, lymph node dissection (LND), and chemotherapy on the prognosis of different visceral metastases. The baseline characteristics were characterized, and logistic regression was used to predict the risk factors for metastasis. Prognostic factors of metastatic RCC were assessed using batch univariate and multivariate Cox regression, with adjustments made through PSM. Next, the Kaplan-Meier method was employed to assess OS and create the survival curve. Logistic regression identified risk factors for metastasis: male gender [OR, 1.223; P < 0.001], Hist clear (OR, 9.37; P < 0.001), Hist papillary (OR, 2.49; P < 0.001), and TTX (OR, 23.33; P < 0.001). We found several independent prognostic variables: among which chemotherapy (HR, 0.64), local LND (HR, 0.67), and primary site surgery (HR, 0.97) were associated with better OS. Further study results demonstrated that all kinds of visceral metastasis except for liver metastasis in the operation group had substantially better prognoses than those in the non-operation group (P < 0.05). Regional LND had no discernible impact on survival. Patients with liver, lung, and distant lymph node (LN) metastasis benefited from chemotherapy (P < 0.05), but the bone and brain metastasis did not significantly benefit from treatment (P > 0.05). We recommend primary surgery for different types of visceral metastases except liver metastasis. Routine regional LND is not recommended. Chemotherapy should be considered for patients with lung, distant LN, and liver metastases, but not for those with bone and brain metastases.
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Carcinoma de Células Renais , Neoplasias Renais , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Masculino , Carcinoma de Células Renais/cirurgia , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Prognóstico , Metástase Linfática , Neoplasias Renais/cirurgiaRESUMO
Brassinazole resistant 1 (BZR1), a brassinosteroid (BR) signaling component, plays a pivotal role in regulating numerous specific developmental processes. Our study demonstrated that exogenous treatment with 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR) significantly enhanced the accumulation of carotenoids and chlorophylls in Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra). The underlying mechanism was deciphered through yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase (LUC) assays, whereby BoaBZR1.1 directly interacts with the promoters of BoaCRTISO and BoaPSY2, activating their expression. This effect was further validated through overexpression of BoaBZR1.1 in Chinese kale calli and plants, both of which exhibited increased carotenoid accumulation. Additionally, qPCR analysis unveiled upregulation of carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthetic genes in the T1 generation of BoaBZR1.1-overexpressing plants. These findings underscored the significance of BoaBZR1.1-mediated BR signaling in regulating carotenoid accumulation in Chinese kale and suggested the potential for enhancing the nutritional quality of Chinese kale through genetic engineering of BoaBZR1.1.
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Mustard sprouts is a new form of vegetable product that is gaining attention due to its high content of health-promoting compounds such as glucosinolates. This study investigated the effects of different light qualities (white, red, and blue) alone and in combination with 100 µmol L-1 melatonin on the growth and health-promoting substance content of mustard sprouts. The results showed that white light + melatonin treatment promoted the accumulation of glucosinolates in sprouts (compared with white light increased by 47.89%). The edible fresh weight of sprouts treated with red light + melatonin was the highest, followed by white light + melatonin treatment. In addition, the sprouts treated with blue light + melatonin contained more ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and total phenolics. Therefore, the combined treatment of light quality (especially white light) and melatonin can provide a new strategy to improve the quality of mustard sprouts.
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Basella alba is a frequently consumed leafy vegetable. However, research on its nutritional components is limited. This study aimed to explore the variation in the nutritional components and antioxidant capacity of different cultivars and organs of Basella alba. Here, we primarily chose classical spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to characterize the variation in nutritional components and antioxidant capacity among different organs (inflorescences, green fruits, black fruits, leaves, and stems) of eight typical cultivars of Basella alba. The determination indices (and methods) included the total soluble sugar (anthrone colorimetry), total soluble protein (the Bradford method), total chlorophyll (the ethanol-extracting method), total carotenoids (the ethanol-extracting method), total ascorbic acid (the HPLC method), total proanthocyanidins (the p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde method), total flavonoids (AlCl3 colorimetry), total phenolics (the Folin method), and antioxidant capacity (the FRAP and ABTS methods). The results indicated that M5 and M6 exhibited advantages in their nutrient contents and antioxidant capacities. Additionally, the inflorescences demonstrated the highest total ascorbic acid and total phenolic contents, while the green and black fruits exhibited relatively high levels of total proanthocyanidins and antioxidant capacity. In a comparison between the green and black fruits, the green fruits showed higher levels of total chlorophyll (0.77-1.85 mg g-1 DW), total proanthocyanidins (0.62-2.34 mg g-1 DW), total phenolics (15.28-27.35 mg g-1 DW), and ABTS (43.39-59.16%), while the black fruits exhibited higher levels of total soluble protein (65.45-89.48 mg g-1 DW) and total soluble sugar (56.40-207.62 mg g-1 DW) in most cultivars. Chlorophyll, carotenoids, and flavonoids were predominantly found in the leaves of most cultivars, whereas the total soluble sugar contents were highest in the stems of most cultivars. Overall, our findings underscore the significant influence of the cultivars on the nutritional composition of Basella alba. Moreover, we observed notable variations in the nutrient contents among the different organs of the eight cultivars, and proanthocyanidins may contribute significantly to the antioxidant activity of the fruits. On the whole, this study provides a theoretical basis for the genetic breeding of Basella alba and dietary nutrition and serves as a reference for the comprehensive utilization of this vegetable.