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GV1001 protects neural cells from amyloid-ß (Aß) toxicity and other stressors in in vitro studies and demonstrates clinically beneficial effects in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we investigated the protective effects and mechanism of action of GV1001 in triple transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mice. We found that GV1001 improved memory and cognition in middle- and old-aged 3xTg-AD mice. Additionally, it reduced Aß oligomer and phospho-tau (Ser202 and Thr205) levels in the brain, and mitigated neuroinflammation by promoting a neuroprotective microglial and astrocyte phenotype while diminishing the neurotoxic ones. In vitro, GV1001 bound to gonadotropin releasing hormone receptors (GnRHRs) with high affinity. Levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a direct downstream effector of activated GnRHRs, increased after GV1001 treatment. Furthermore, inhibition of GnRHRs blocked GV1001-induced effects. Thus, GV1001 might improve cognitive and memory functions of 3xTg-AD mice by suppressing neuroinflammation and reducing Aß oligomers levels and phospho-tau by activating GnRHRs and their downstream signaling pathways.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Camundongos Transgênicos , Receptores LHRH , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias , Proteínas tau/genética , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
In hospitals, doctors' and patients' uniforms, as well as bedding and textiles, can be carriers of superbacteria. This study was conducted to test the anti-superbacterial activity of cotton fabrics dyed with extracts of Chamaecyparis obtusa (C. obtusa). The dye was extracted by boiling C. obtusa in water. The test cotton was mordant-dyed three times with the solution at a 1:17 dyeing bath ratio and at an 8.69% (o.w.f) dye concentration for 15 min at 40 °C. C. obtusa dyeing demonstrated a high dyeing affinity in the absence of mordant (K/S value = 14.62). The K/S value of the dyed fabric increased in the order of Cu-mordanted, Fe-mordanted, non-mordanted, and Al-mordanted cotton. Dry cleaning, perspiration and rubbing fastness were determined to be good (Grade 4-5). The dyed fabrics appeared to have a high deodorizing ability compared to the control fabric. They showed not only antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), known to be frequently found in fabrics, but also higher antibacterial activity against the superbacteria methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (reduced by 99.7%). These results suggest that fabric dyed with C. obtusa extract may be used in clothes and bed linens for inpatients, given its high anti-superbacterial activity. Furthermore, such fabrics may contribute to inhibiting pathogenic infections when used in hospital uniforms or operation gowns for doctors or nurses in hospitals.
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In the quest to combat infections attributable to antibiotic-resistant superbacteria, an essential oil derived from the needles of Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. (PKEO) has emerged as a promising solution. In this study, we demonstrate that PKEO can be used to inhibit the growth, glucose metabolite acidogenicity, and biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Quantitative PCR analysis provided direct evidence that PKEO reduces the mRNA expression of the accessory gene regulator A (agrA) and staphylococcal accessory regulator A (sarA), thereby indicating its inhibitory effect on pathogenic regulatory genes. Chromatographic analyses of PKEO identified terpene hydrocarbons as prominent essential oil constituents. These compounds, notably α-pinene, limonene, and ß-caryophyllene, have been established to have antimicrobial properties. Our findings indicate that an oil derived from P. koraiensis can effectively combat antibiotic-resistant strains by disrupting the pathogenicity regulatory system, thereby establishing PKEO as a promising candidate for the treatment of MRSA infections.
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Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Óleos Voláteis , Pinus , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Virulência/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Expressão GênicaRESUMO
Caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) has been shown to play an important role in lignin biosynthesis in plants and is, therefore, a promising target for generating improved lignocellulosic biomass crops for sustainable biofuel production. Populus spp. has two CSE genes (CSE1 and CSE2) and, thus, the hybrid poplar (Populus alba × P. glandulosa) investigated in this study has four CSE genes. Here, we present transgenic hybrid poplars with knockouts of each CSE gene achieved by CRISPR/Cas9. To knockout the CSE genes of the hybrid poplar, we designed three single guide RNAs (sg1-sg3), and produced three different transgenic poplars with either CSE1 (CSE1-sg2), CSE2 (CSE2-sg3), or both genes (CSE1/2-sg1) mutated. CSE1-sg2 and CSE2-sg3 poplars showed up to 29.1% reduction in lignin deposition with irregularly shaped xylem vessels. However, CSE1-sg2 and CSE2-sg3 poplars were morphologically indistinguishable from WT and showed no significant differences in growth in a long-term living modified organism (LMO) field-test covering four seasons. Gene expression analysis revealed that many lignin biosynthetic genes were downregulated in CSE1-sg2 and CSE2-sg3 poplars. Indeed, the CSE1-sg2 and CSE2-sg3 poplars had up to 25% higher saccharification efficiency than the WT control. Our results demonstrate that precise editing of CSE by CRISPR/Cas9 technology can improve lignocellulosic biomass without a growth penalty.
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Hidrolases de Éster Carboxílico/genética , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Lignina/metabolismo , Populus/genética , Populus/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Hidrolases de Éster Carboxílico/química , Hidrolases de Éster Carboxílico/metabolismo , Quimera , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Xilema/metabolismoRESUMO
2-Chloropyridine (2-CP) has received significant attention, owing to the effect of the substitution of a halogen in pyridine on the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). To elucidate the substitution effect of the chlorine atom on the HOMO of pyridine, we obtained one-photon vacuum ultraviolet mass-analysed threshold ionization (VUV-MATI) spectra of 2-CP having 35Cl or 37Cl to analyse the isotope effect on the vibrational mode. Based on the 0-0 band in the MATI spectrum of 2-CP having 35Cl, the adiabatic ionization energy was determined to be 9.4743 ± 0.0005 eV (76 415 ± 4 cm-1) with a similar value for 37Cl, which is much lower but more accurate than the vertical value of 9.63 eV determined by photoelectron spectroscopy. Subsequently, the MATI spectrum, which was affected by the geometrical change with respect to the neutral geometry upon ionization, could be analysed by Franck-Condon fitting and spectral correlation between the two isotopomers. Notably, we observed the appearance of the out-of-plane ring bending modes resulting from ring distortion, unlike in pyridine. Furthermore, natural bond orbital analysis led to the conclusion that the warped structure with C1 symmetry of cationic 2-CP is induced by the electron removal from the HOMO consisting of the π orbital in the pyridine ring, which is stabilized by hyperconjugation with the lone-pair p orbitals of a nitrogen and chlorine atom.
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This study investigated the antioxidant activity of radish seed oil (RSO) and its effects on the quality and storage characteristics of pork patties. To assess the antioxidant capacity of RSO, this study analyzed fatty acid composition, peroxide value (PV), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Pork patties were manufactured with the addition of RSO-0.4%, 0.8%, 1.6%, and 2.4%-and measured in terms of proximate composition, pH, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss (CL), color, texture profile analysis, and a sensory evaluation. Total microbial count (TMC), volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and PV were measured at 1, 3, and 7 days of refrigerated storage. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of RSO was found to be 75.46%. In the cases of WHC and CL, there was no significant differences observed between RSO0.4%, RSO0.8%, and positive control (PC; p>0.05). Meanwhile, RSO2.4% showed significantly lower hardness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness than PC (p<0.05), and these values tended to decrease with the addition of increasing RSO. In terms of storage characteristics, with an increase in the amount of RSO added, TMC, VBN, TBARS, and PV all decreased; among the treatment groups, RSO2.4% showed the lowest values. In conclusion, RSO exhibits antioxidant activity, but when added in large amounts, it negatively affects the quality characteristics of patties while positively impacting their storage properties, thus necessitating a balanced consideration of both outcomes. Therefore, adding 1.6% RSO is considered to be the most appropriate level for formulations to be used in practice.
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GV1001, which mimics the activity of human telomerase reverse transcriptase, protects neural cells from amyloid beta (Aß) toxicity and other stressors through extra-telomeric function, as noted in our prior in vitro studies. As per a recent phase II clinical trial, it improves cognitive function in patients with moderate to severe dementia. However, the underlying protective mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of GV1001 on neurodegeneration, senescence, and survival in triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) mice. GV1001 (1 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected into old 3xTg-AD mice thrice a week until the endpoint for sacrifice, and survival was analysed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Prussian blue staining (PBS) were performed to evaluate entry of GV1001 entrance into the brain. Diverse molecular studies were performed to investigate the effect of GV1001 on neurodegeneration and cellular senescence in AD model mice, with a particular focus on BACE, amyloid beta1-42 (Aß1-42), phosphorylated tau, volume of dentate gyrus, ß-galactosidase positive cells, telomere length, telomerase activity, and ageing-associated proteins. GV1001 crossed the blood-brain barrier, as confirmed by assessing the status of ferrocenecarboxylic acid-conjugated GV1001 using magnetic resonance imaging and PBS. GV1001 increased the survival of 3xTg-AD mice. It decreased BACE and Aß1-42 levels, neurodegeneration (i.e., reduced CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus volume, decreased levels of senescence-associated ß-galactosidase positive cells, and increased telomere length and telomerase activity), and levels of ageing-associated proteins. We suggest that GV1001 exerts anti-ageing effects in 3xTg-AD mice by reducing neurodegeneration and senescence, which contributes to improved survival.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Telomerase , Camundongos , Humanos , Animais , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Longevidade , Camundongos Transgênicos , Telomerase/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Envelhecimento , Modelos Animais de Doenças , beta-Galactosidase/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/genética , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/metabolismoRESUMO
In this study, physicochemical and antioxidant properties, and storage stability (1, 3, and 7 days) of pork patties added with edible insect powders (EIP) of four species (Larvae of Tenenbrio molitor, Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis, Allomyrina dichotoma, and Gryllus bimaculatus) as meat partial substitutes were investigated. Twenty percent of each EIP was added to pork patties, and four treatments were prepared. On the other hand, two control groups were set, one with 0.1 g of ascorbic acid and the other without anything. Adding EIP decreased water content but increased protein, fat, carbohydrate, and ash contents. In addition, the use of EIP increased the water holding capacity and texture properties as well as decreased the cooking loss. However, the sensory evaluation and storage stability were negatively affected by the addition of EIP. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity had a positive effect on storage stability. It is believed that the addition of EIP resulted in high antioxidants due to the presence of polyphenol compounds in EIP. These results indicate that EIP has great potential to be used as meat partial substitute to improve the quality improvement and antioxidant in pork patties. However, in order to improve storage stability and consumer preference, further research is needed to apply it to patties by reducing the amount of EIP or adding auxiliary ingredients.
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Biofilm matrices are formed largely of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). This study was conducted to investigate biofilm formation and EPS production by Cronobacter sakazakii under various conditions (media, nutrition, and relative humidity (RH)) by quantification of EPS and cell populations, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), and colony observation. Various agar media conditions (TSA without dextrose (W/D), M9 minimum salt medium (MSM) agar, and M9 MSM agar with 3% glucose, 3% NaCl, 3% Tween 80, 3% sucrose, and adjusted to pH 5 with HCl) were prepared. C. sakazakii biofilm formed on the surface of stainless steel coupons (SSCs) immersed in TSB W/D and M9 MSM with or without 0, 1, 3, and 5% sucrose and subsequently exposed to various RH levels (23, 43, 68, 85, and 100%). EPS production by C. sakazakii on TSA W/D was significantly higher than that on other media after 1 and 2 days. However, C. sakazakii ATCC 12868 produced the highest levels of EPS (209.18 ± 16.13 and 207.22 ± 4.14 µg/mL after 1 and 2 days, respectively) on M9 MSM agar with 3% sucrose. Regarding C. sakazakii ATCC 12868 biofilm formed on the surface of SSCs immersed in M9 MSM with 0, 1, 3, and 5% sucrose and subsequently exposed to various RHs, populations were significantly different among the various RHs and sucrose concentrations, and EPS production was significantly higher (4.69 mg/L) compared to other sucrose concentrations (0%:0.71 mg/L and 1%:0.98 mg/L), except for M9 MSM with 3% sucrose (2.97 mg/L) (P ≤ 0.05). From these results, biofilm formation and EPS production by C. sakazakii differed depending on the nutrient or environmental conditions provided to the cells.
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Biofilmes , Cronobacter sakazakii/fisiologia , Meios de Cultura/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/metabolismo , Aderência Bacteriana , Sacarose/metabolismoRESUMO
Naloxone is a well-known opioid antagonist and has been suggested to have neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia. We investigated whether naloxone exhibits anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in neural stem cells (NSCs) injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), whether it affects the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation/assembly, and whether the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is important in the control of NLRP3 inflammasome activation/assembly by naloxone. Primary cultured NSCs were subjected to OGD and treated with different concentrations of naloxone. Cell viability, proliferation, and the intracellular signaling proteins associated with the PI3K pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation/assembly were evaluated in OGD-injured NSCs. OGD significantly reduced survival, proliferation, and migration and increased apoptosis of NSCs. However, treatment with naloxone significantly restored survival, proliferation, and migration and decreased apoptosis of NSCs. Moreover, OGD markedly increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation/assembly and cleaved caspase-1 and interleukin-1ß levels in NSCs, but naloxone significantly attenuated these effects. These neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of naloxone were eliminated when cells were treated with PI3K inhibitors. Our results suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome is a potential therapeutic target and that naloxone reduces ischemic injury in NSCs by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation/assembly mediated by the activation of the PI3K signaling pathway.
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Células-Tronco Neurais , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Proteínas NLR/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/metabolismo , Naloxona/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologiaRESUMO
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace mineral that plays an important role in physiological processes by regulating the antioxidant defense system and enhancing immunity. Chromium is an essential mineral involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and also plays a role in maintaining normal insulin function. Based on these advantages, we hypothesized that the addition of selenomethionine (SeMet) and organic chromium (OC) to broiler diets would increase Se deposition, antioxidant capacity and immune response in meat. Therefore, this study analyzed the effects of OC and SeMet on growh performance, nutrients digestibility, blood profiles, intestinal morphology, meat quality characteristics, and taxonomic analysis of broilers. A total of 168 one-day-old broiler chicken (Arbor Acres) were randomly allotted to 3 groups based on the initial body weight of 37.33 ± 0.24 g with 7 replicate per 8 birds (mixed sex). The experiments period was 28 days. Dietary treatments were folloewd: Basal diets based on corn-soybean meal (CON), basal diet supplemented with 0.2 ppm OC and 0.2 ppm SeMet (CS4), and basal diet supplemented with 0.4 ppm OC and 0.4 ppm SeMet (CS8). Supplementation of OC and SeMet did not affect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility. However, CS8 supplementation increased in duodenum villus height and villus height : crypt depth, and increased in breast meat Se deposition. In addition, CS8 group showed higher uric acid and total antioxidant status than CON group. Taxonomic analysis at phylum level revealed that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes of CS4 and CS8 were lower than CON group. In genus level, the relative abundance of fecal Lactobacillus and Enterococcus of CS4 and CS8 groups were higher than CON group. In short, 0.4 ppm OC and 0.4 ppm SeMet supplementation to broiler diet supporitng positive gut microbiome change, also enhancing antioxidant capacity, and Se deposition in breast meat.
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BACKGROUND: Postoperative pain occurring after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is difficult to control because of extensive surgical injuries and long incisions. We assessed whether the addition of a four-quadrant transabdominal plane (4Q-TAP) block could help in analgesic control. METHODS: Seventy-two patients scheduled to undergo elective CRS with HIPEC and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA) were enrolled. The patients received 4Q-TAP blocks in a 10 ml mixture of 2% lidocaine and 0.75% ropivacaine per site (4Q-TAP group, n = 36) or normal saline (control group, n = 33). Oxycodone in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) and pethidine or tramadol in the ward were used as rescue analgesics. The primary outcome was less than 3 times of rescue analgesic administration (%) in the ward for 5 postoperative days. Secondary endpoints included oxycodone requirement in PACU, fentanyl doses of IV PCA, morphine milligram equivalent (MME) of total opioid use, hospital stay, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: During 5 postoperative days, there was no difference in pain scores and total rescue analgesic administration between two groups. However, the use of oxycodone in PACU (P = 0.011), fentanyl requirement in IV PCA (P = 0.029), and MME/kg of total opioid use (median, 2.35 vs. 3.21 mg/kg, P = 0.009) were significantly smaller in the 4Q-TAP group. Hospital stay and incidence of postoperative morbidity were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The 4Q-TAP block enhanced multimodal analgesia and decreased opioid requirements in patients with CRS with HIPEC, but did not change postoperative recovery outcomes.
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We examined the neuroprotective effects of the long-acting third-generation dihydropyridine Ca(2+) antagonists, amlodipine besylate (AB) and amlodipine camsylate (AC), on neuronal cell death induced by oxidative stress. Cell viability and levels of free radicals and intracellular signaling proteins were measured after treating primary cultures of cortical neurons with AB, AC, and/or hydrogen peroxide (H(2) O(2) ) under various conditions. Cell viability was not affected by concentrations of AB or AC up to 5 µM but decreased at higher concentrations. Following H(2) O(2) exposure, the viability of cortical neurons decreased in a concentration-dependent manner; however, treatment with AB or AC up to 5 µM restored the viability of H(2) O(2) -injured cortical neurons. Treatment with H(2) O(2) increased the level of free radicals in cortical neurons, and pre-treatment with AB or AC counteracted this in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, treatment with AB or AC reduced the declines in p85aPI3K, phosphorylated Akt, phosphorylated GSK-3ß, heat-shock transcription factor-1, and Bcl-2 induced by H(2) O(2) , as well as the increases in cyclooxygenase-2, cytosolic cytochrome c, cleaved caspase 9, and cleaved caspase 3. Our results indicate that AB and AC exert similar neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, enhancing survival signals, and inhibiting death signals.
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Anlodipino/farmacologia , Córtex Cerebral/citologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Variância , Animais , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Embrião de Mamíferos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Marcação In Situ das Extremidades Cortadas/métodos , Indóis , RatosRESUMO
Cerebral infarction is one of the major causes of severe morbidity and mortality, and thus, research has focused on developing treatment options for this condition. Zinc (Zn) is an essential element in the central nervous system and has several neuroprotective effects in the brain. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of Zn on neural stem cells (NSCs) exposed to hypoxia. After treatment with several concentrations of Zn, the viability of NSCs under hypoxic conditions was measured by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, Trypan blue staining, and a lactate dehydrogenase assay. To evaluate the effect of Zn on the proliferation of NSCs, bromodeoxyuridine/5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling and colony formation assays were performed. Apoptosis was also examined in NSCs exposed to hypoxia with and without Zn treatment. In addition, a western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of Zn on intracellular signaling proteins. NSC viability and proliferation were decreased under hypoxic conditions, but treatment with sublethal doses of Zn restored viability and proliferation. Sublethal doses of Zn reduced apoptosis caused by hypoxia, increased the expression levels of proteins related to the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway, and decreased the expression levels of proteins associated with neuronal cell death. These findings confirm that in vivo, sublethal doses of Zn protect NSCs against hypoxia through the activation of the PI3K pathway. Thus, Zn could be employed as a therapeutic option to protect NSCs in ischemic stroke.
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Células-Tronco Neurais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Zinco/farmacologia , Animais , Apoptose , Hipóxia Celular , Células Cultivadas , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo , Ratos , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
This study was designed to determine whether the ethanol extract of Artemisia princeps could inhibit the cariogenic activity of Streptococcus mutans. The increase in acid production and biofilm formation by S. mutans were evaluated. The expression levels of virulence factor genes were determined by performing the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The bactericidal effect was tested by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The A. princeps extract was observed to inhibit the growth of S. mutans at concentrations >0.05 mg/mL (P < .05). After using the safranin staining method, we found that the A. princeps extract had an inhibitory effect against biofilm formation at a concentration of >0.05 mg/mL. These experimental results were similar to that observed with the scanning electron microscopy. The results of the confocal microscopy revealed that the A. princeps extract at high concentrations of 0.4-3.2 mg/mL showed a bactericidal effect in a concentration-dependent manner. According to the results of the real-time PCR analysis, it was observed that the A. princeps extract inhibited the expression of virulence factor genes. These results suggest that A. princeps may inhibit the cariogenic activity of S. mutans, and may be useful as an anticariogenic agent.
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Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Artemisia/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Streptococcus mutans/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus mutans/genética , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Streptococcus mutans/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Streptococcus mutans/fisiologia , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismoRESUMO
Oxygen and glucose (OGD) deprivation is one of the most important pathogenic mechanisms in cerebral infarction and is widely used as an in vitro model for ischemic stroke. OGD also damages neural stem cells (NSCs), which are important in brain recovery after cerebral infarction. To enhance recovery, there have been many studies aimed at determining methods to protect NSCs after stroke. Because atorvastatin has diverse protective effects on neural cells, we studied whether it could rejuvenate NSCs injured by OGD. Primary cultured NSCs were exposed to OGD for 8 h, and the main characteristics of stem cells, such as survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation, were evaluated to confirm the effect of OGD on NSCs. Next, cells were treated with various concentrations of atorvastatin with exposure to OGD for 8 h to confirm whether it could rejuvenate NSCs. OGD significantly affected the survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of NSCs. However, treatment with atorvastatin meaningfully restored survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of NSCs. These beneficial effects of atorvastatin were blocked by treatment with either a PI3K inhibitor or an ERK inhibitor. In conclusion, OGD damages NSCs and causes them to lose the main characteristics of stem cells so that they cannot contribute to brain recovery after cerebral infarction. However, treatment with atorvastatin after cerebral infarction can effectively rejuvenate NSCs through activating the PI3K and ERK pathways to aid in brain regeneration.
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Atorvastatina/farmacologia , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucose/deficiência , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Neurais/patologia , Neurônios/patologia , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Animais , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Neurais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo , Neurogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Neuroglia/efeitos dos fármacos , Neuroglia/metabolismo , Neuroglia/patologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the functional groups in acrylic adhesive on tulobuterol uptake, release rate and permeation rate across rat dorsal skin. In addition, the relationship between these parameters was identified in order to formulate the monolithic matrix patch system. Seven acrylate pressure sensitive adhesives were used in this study with three different functional groups as follows: (1) no functionality (DT-4098), (2) hydroxyl group (DT-2287, DT-2510, DT-2525, DT-2516), and (3) carboxyl group (DT-2353, DT-2852). Tulobuterol-uptake in PSA was determined by the drug-uptake method. The amount of tulobuterol-uptake in acrylic polymers with a carboxyl group was higher than those in acrylate pressure sensitive adhesives with either a hydroxyl group or a nonfunctional group. The release rate of tulobuterol from the monolithic patches was evaluated and DT-2353 and DT-2852, which contained a carboxyl group, showed lower release rates of tulobuterol than the other acrylate pressure sensitive adhesives. The skin permeation of tulobuterol was investigated using excised rat dorsal skin and the permeation rate of tulobuterol from DT-2353 and DT-2852 was also lower than the other acrylate pressure sensitive adhesives. Taking into consideration the relationship between all the parameters, pressure sensitive adhesives can be categorized into two groups: those containing a carboxylic acid functional group and those containing a non-carboxylic group. These results indicate that there was an interaction between the secondary amino group of tulobuterol and the carboxyl group of the acrylate polymer. Therefore, we suggest that a drug's chemical structure and functional groups in pressure sensitive adhesives must be considered in order to formulate a transdermal patch system.
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Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/administração & dosagem , Terbutalina/análogos & derivados , Adesivos , Administração Cutânea , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/química , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacocinética , Animais , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Excipientes , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Permeabilidade , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Absorção Cutânea , Terbutalina/administração & dosagem , Terbutalina/química , Terbutalina/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
In vivo tracking of transplanted stem cells has been a central aim of stem cell therapy. Although many tracking systems have been introduced, no method has yet been validated for clinical applications. We developed a novel sophisticated peptide (GV1001) that mimics hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) and analysed its ability to track and protect stem cells after transplantation. Ferrocenecarboxylic acid-conjugated GV1001 (Fe-GV1001) efficiently penetrated stem cells with no adverse effects. Moreover, Fe-GV1001 improved the viability, proliferation, and migration of stem cells under hypoxia. After Fe-GV1001-labelled stem cells were transplanted into the brains of rats after stroke, the labelled cells were easily tracked by MRI. Our findings indicate that Fe-GV1001 can be used for the in vivo tracking of stem cells after transplantation into the brain and can improve the efficacy of stem cell therapy by sustaining and enhancing stem cell characteristics under disease conditions.
Assuntos
Compostos Ferrosos/química , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/química , Telomerase/química , Animais , Humanos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/efeitos dos fármacos , Metalocenos , Células-Tronco Neurais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/farmacologia , Ratos , Transplante de Células-TroncoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neurogenesis in the adult brain is important for memory and learning, and the alterations in neural stem cells (NSCs) may be an important aspect of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway has been suggested to have an important role in neuronal cell survival and is highly involved in adult neurogenesis. Candesartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension and several studies have reported that it also has some neuroprotective effects. We investigated whether candesartan could restore the amyloid-ß(25-35) (Aß25-35) oligomer-inhibited proliferation of NSCs by focusing on the PI3K pathway. METHODS: To evaluate the effects of candesartan on the Aß25-35 oligomer-inhibited proliferation of NSCs, the NSCs were treated with several concentrations of candesartan and/or Aß25-35 oligomers, and MTT assay and trypan blue staining were performed. To evaluate the effect of candesartan on the Aß-inhibited proliferation of NSCs, we performed a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling assay. The levels of p85α PI3K, phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) (Ser473), phosphorylated glycogen sinthase kinase-3ß (pGSK-3ß) (Ser9), and heat shock transcription factor-1 (HSTF-1) were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS: The BrdU assays demonstrated that NSC proliferation decreased with Aß25-35 oligomer treatment; however, a combined treatment with candesartan restored it. Western blotting displayed that candesartan treatment increased the expression levels of p85α PI3K, pAkt (Ser473), pGSK-3ß (Ser9), and HSTF. The NSCs were pretreated with a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002; the effects of candesartan on the proliferation of NSCs inhibited by Aß25-35 oligomers were almost completely blocked. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results suggest that candesartan restores the Aß25-35 oligomer-inhibited proliferation of NSCs by activating the PI3K pathway.
RESUMO
Although statins, or hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-Co A) reductase inhibitors, are generally used to decrease levels of circulating cholesterol, they have also been reported to have neuroprotective effects through various mechanisms. However, recent results have indicated that they may be harmful in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this study, we investigate whether atorvastatin protects motor neuron-like cells (NSC-34D) from oxidative stress. To evaluate the effects of atorvastatin or hydrogen peroxide or both on NSC-34D cells, the cells were treated with various combinations of these agents. To evaluate the viability of the cells, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays and trypan blue staining were performed. Levels of free radicals and intracellular signaling proteins were evaluated using the fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and Western blotting, respectively. Atorvastatin protected NSC-34D cells against oxidative stress in a concentration-dependent manner. This neuroprotective effect of atorvastatin was blocked by LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor and by FR180204, a selective extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) inhibitor. Atorvastatin treatment increased the expression levels of p85αPI3K, phosphorylated Akt, phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3ß, phosphorylated ERK, and Bcl-2, which are proteins related to survival. Furthermore, atorvastatin decreased the levels of cytosolic cytochrome C, Bax, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3, which are associated with death in oxidative stress-injured NSC-34D cells. We conclude that atorvastatin has a protective effect against oxidative stress in motor neurons by activating the PI3K and ERK pathways as well as by scavenging free radicals. These findings indicate that statins could help protect motor neurons from oxidative stress.