Search for Electron Antineutrino Appearance in a Long-Baseline Muon Antineutrino Beam.

Electron antineutrino appearance is measured by the T2K experiment in an accelerator-produced antineutrino beam, using additional neutrino beam operation to constrain parameters of the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (PMNS) mixing matrix. T2K observes 15 candidate electron antineutrino events with a background expectation of 9.3 events. Including information from the kinematic distribution of observed events, the hypothesis of no electron antineutrino appearance is disfavored with a significance of 2.40σ and no discrepancy between data and PMNS predictions is found. A complementary analysis that introduces an additional free parameter which allows non-PMNS values of electron neutrino and antineutrino appearance also finds no discrepancy between data and PMNS predictions.

Search for CP Violation in Neutrino and Antineutrino Oscillations by the T2K Experiment with 2.2×10

The T2K experiment measures muon neutrino disappearance and electron neutrino appearance in accelerator-produced neutrino and antineutrino beams. With an exposure of 14.7(7.6)×10^{20} protons on target in the neutrino (antineutrino) mode, 89 ν_{e} candidates and seven anti-ν_{e} candidates are observed, while 67.5 and 9.0 are expected for δ_{CP}=0 and normal mass ordering. The obtained 2σ confidence interval for the CP-violating phase, δ_{CP}, does not include the CP-conserving cases (δ_{CP}=0, π). The best-fit values of other parameters are sin^{2}θ_{23}=0.526_{-0.036}^{+0.032} and Δm_{32}^{2}=2.463_{-0.070}^{+0.071}×10^{-3} eV^{2}/c^{4}.

Combined Analysis of Neutrino and Antineutrino Oscillations at T2K.

T2K reports its first results in the search for CP violation in neutrino oscillations using appearance and disappearance channels for neutrino- and antineutrino-mode beams. The data include all runs from January 2010 to May 2016 and comprise 7.482×10^{20} protons on target in neutrino mode, which yielded in the far detector 32 e-like and 135 µ-like events, and 7.471×10^{20} protons on target in antineutrino mode, which yielded 4 e-like and 66 µ-like events. Reactor measurements of sin^{2}2θ_{13} have been used as an additional constraint. The one-dimensional confidence interval at 90% for the phase δ_{CP} spans the range (-3.13, -0.39) for normal mass ordering. The CP conservation hypothesis (δ_{CP}=0, π) is excluded at 90% C.L.

Measurement of Coherent π

We report the first measurement of the flux-averaged cross section for charged current coherent π^{+} production on carbon for neutrino energies less than 1.5 GeV, and with a restriction on the final state phase space volume in the T2K near detector, ND280. Comparisons are made with predictions from the Rein-Sehgal coherent production model and the model by Alvarez-Ruso et al., the latter representing the first implementation of an instance of the new class of microscopic coherent models in a neutrino interaction Monte Carlo event generator. We observe a clear event excess above background, disagreeing with the null results reported by K2K and SciBooNE in a similar neutrino energy region. The measured flux-averaged cross sections are below those predicted by both the Rein-Sehgal and Alvarez-Ruso et al.

Measurement of Muon Antineutrino Oscillations with an Accelerator-Produced Off-Axis Beam.

T2K reports its first measurements of the parameters governing the disappearance of ν[over ¯]_{µ} in an off-axis beam due to flavor change induced by neutrino oscillations. The quasimonochromatic ν[over ¯]_{µ} beam, produced with a peak energy of 0.6 GeV at J-PARC, is observed at the far detector Super-Kamiokande, 295 km away, where the ν[over ¯]_{µ} survival probability is expected to be minimal. Using a data set corresponding to 4.01×10^{20} protons on target, 34 fully contained µ-like events were observed. The best-fit oscillation parameters are sin^{2}(θ[over ¯]_{23})=0.45 and |Δm[over ¯]_{32}^{2}|=2.51×10^{-3} eV^{2} with 68% confidence intervals of 0.38-0.64 and 2.26-2.80×10^{-3} eV^{2}, respectively. These results are in agreement with existing antineutrino parameter measurements and also with the ν_{µ} disappearance parameters measured by T2K.

Observation of electron neutrino appearance in a muon neutrino beam.

The T2K experiment has observed electron neutrino appearance in a muon neutrino beam produced 295 km from the Super-Kamiokande detector with a peak energy of 0.6 GeV. A total of 28 electron neutrino events were detected with an energy distribution consistent with an appearance signal, corresponding to a significance of 7.3σ when compared to 4.92±0.55 expected background events. In the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata mixing model, the electron neutrino appearance signal depends on several parameters including three mixing angles θ12, θ23, θ13, a mass difference Δm(32)(2) and a CP violating phase δ(CP). In this neutrino oscillation scenario, assuming |Δm(32)(2)|=2.4×10(-3) eV(2), sin(2)θ(23)=0.5, and Δm322>0 (Δm(32)(2)<0), a best-fit value of sin(2)2θ(13)=0.140(-0.032)(+0.038) (0.170(-0.037)(+0.045)) is obtained at δ(CP)=0. When combining the result with the current best knowledge of oscillation parameters including the world average value of θ(13) from reactor experiments, some values of δ(CP) are disfavored at the 90% C.L.

Precise measurement of the neutrino mixing parameter θ23 from muon neutrino disappearance in an off-axis beam.

New data from the T2K neutrino oscillation experiment produce the most precise measurement of the neutrino mixing parameter θ23. Using an off-axis neutrino beam with a peak energy of 0.6 GeV and a data set corresponding to 6.57×10(20) protons on target, T2K has fit the energy-dependent νµ oscillation probability to determine oscillation parameters. The 68% confidence limit on sin(2)(θ23) is 0.514(-0.056)(+0.055) (0.511±0.055), assuming normal (inverted) mass hierarchy. The best-fit mass-squared splitting for normal hierarchy is Δm32(2)=(2.51±0.10)×10(-3) eV(2)/c(4) (inverted hierarchy: Δm13(2)=(2.48±0.10)×10(-3) eV(2)/c(4)). Adding a model of multinucleon interactions that affect neutrino energy reconstruction is found to produce only small biases in neutrino oscillation parameter extraction at current levels of statistical uncertainty.

Measurement of the inclusive electron neutrino charged current cross section on carbon with the T2K near detector.

The T2K off-axis near detector ND280 is used to make the first differential cross-section measurements of electron neutrino charged current interactions at energies ∼1 GeV as a function of electron momentum, electron scattering angle, and four-momentum transfer of the interaction. The total flux-averaged ν(e) charged current cross section on carbon is measured to be ⟨σ⟩(ϕ)=1.11±0.10(stat)±0.18(syst)×10⁻³8 cm²/nucleon. The differential and total cross-section measurements agree with the predictions of two leading neutrino interaction generators, NEUT and GENIE. The NEUT prediction is 1.23×10⁻³8 cm²/nucleon and the GENIE prediction is 1.08×10⁻³8 cm²/nucleon. The total ν(e) charged current cross-section result is also in agreement with data from the Gargamelle experiment.

Measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters from muon neutrino disappearance with an off-axis beam.

The T2K Collaboration reports a precision measurement of muon neutrino disappearance with an off-axis neutrino beam with a peak energy of 0.6 GeV. Near detector measurements are used to constrain the neutrino flux and cross section parameters. The Super-Kamiokande far detector, which is 295 km downstream of the neutrino production target, collected data corresponding to 3.01×10(20) protons on target. In the absence of neutrino oscillations, 205±17 (syst) events are expected to be detected while only 58 muon neutrino event candidates are observed. A fit to the neutrino rate and energy spectrum, assuming three neutrino flavors and normal mass hierarchy yields a best-fit mixing angle sin2(θ23)=0.514±0.082 and mass splitting |Δm(32)(2)|=2.44(-0.15)(+0.17)×10(-3) eV2/c4. Our result corresponds to the maximal oscillation disappearance probability.

Measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters from the T2K experiment using 3.6×1021 protons on target.

The T2K experiment presents new measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters using 19.7(16.3)×1020 protons on target (POT) in (anti-)neutrino mode at the far detector (FD). Compared to the previous analysis, an additional 4.7×1020 POT neutrino data was collected at the FD. Significant improvements were made to the analysis methodology, with the near-detector analysis introducing new selections and using more than double the data. Additionally, this is the first T2K oscillation analysis to use NA61/SHINE data on a replica of the T2K target to tune the neutrino flux model, and the neutrino interaction model was improved to include new nuclear effects and calculations. Frequentist and Bayesian analyses are presented, including results on sin2θ13 and the impact of priors on the δCP measurement. Both analyses prefer the normal mass ordering and upper octant of sin2θ23 with a nearly maximally CP-violating phase. Assuming the normal ordering and using the constraint on sin2θ13 from reactors, sin2θ23=0.561-0.032+0.021 using Feldman-Cousins corrected intervals, and Δm322=2.494-0.058+0.041×10-3eV2 using constant Δχ2 intervals. The CP-violating phase is constrained to δCP=-1.97-0.70+0.97 using Feldman-Cousins corrected intervals, and δCP=0,π is excluded at more than 90% confidence level. A Jarlskog invariant of zero is excluded at more than 2σ credible level using a flat prior in δCP, and just below 2σ using a flat prior in sinδCP. When the external constraint on sin2θ13 is removed, sin2θ13=28.0-6.5+2.8×10-3, in agreement with measurements from reactor experiments. These results are consistent with previous T2K analyses.

Indication of electron neutrino appearance from an accelerator-produced off-axis muon neutrino beam.

The T2K experiment observes indications of ν(µ) → ν(e) appearance in data accumulated with 1.43×10(20) protons on target. Six events pass all selection criteria at the far detector. In a three-flavor neutrino oscillation scenario with |Δm(23)(2)| = 2.4×10(-3) eV(2), sin(2)2θ(23) = 1 and sin(2)2θ(13) = 0, the expected number of such events is 1.5±0.3(syst). Under this hypothesis, the probability to observe six or more candidate events is 7×10(-3), equivalent to 2.5σ significance. At 90% C.L., the data are consistent with 0.03(0.04) < sin(2)2θ(13) < 0.28(0.34) for δ(CP) = 0 and a normal (inverted) hierarchy.

Delusional misidentifications in a procrustean bed.

The Delusional Misidentification Syndromes (DMSs) are characterized by defective integration of the normally The Delusional Misidentification Syndromes (DMSs) are characterized by defective integration of the normally fused functions of perception and recognition. The classical sub-types are: the syndromes of Capgras, Fregoli,Intermetamorphosis (mentioned in 3) and Subjective doubles. These syndromes occur in a clear sensorium and shouldbe differentiated from the banal transient misidentifications occurring in confusional states and in mania and from thenon-delusional misidentifications (e.g. prosopagnosia). Joseph Capgras, who described the best-known sub-type, was indecisive on its pathogenesis. In his original report he defined the syndrome as "agnosia of identification" produced by a conflict between affective accompaniments ofsensory and mnemonic images. In his subsequent two publications, he considered the syndrome as a restitution delusionand as a psychopathological mechanism to hide incestuous desires. For more details see the chapter by J.P. Luaute in avolume on DMS. Psychodynamic approaches are, essentially, variants of the formulation that DMSs result from ambivalent feelings resolvedby directing hate feelings onto an imagined double in order to retain the original intact (and thus avoid guilt).These views have been voiced by David Enoch [relevant chapter in (3)] and with variations by many other investigatorsreviewed by Oyebode. Regression to archaic modes of thought (like thinking in terms of doubles and dualisms) due to personality disintegrationproduced by psychotic illness is a fascinating hypothesis by John Todd [mentioned in (1)]. However, if this was thecase, DMS should be much more frequent. Mayer-Gross and Ackner (mentioned in 9) had observed that when there is a delusional development, depersonalization-derealization experiences tend to be included within the delusional system. Such experiences usually precede orcoincide with the onset of DMS. In view of this, Christodoulou suggested that DMSs may represent delusional evolutions of depersonalization-derealization experiences. Similar mechanisms were proposed for false memories of familiarity,reduplicative paramnesia and autoscopy. Cerebral "dysrhythmia" has also been noted in patients with DMS. In view of clinical and prognostic similarities of DMSpatients with patients suffering from psychotic states occurring in an epileptic setting, many of these patients have beenconsidered as suffering from broadly speaking "epileptic" psychoses. Joseph [mentioned in (6)] suggested that organiccauses produce disconnection between right and left cortical areas that decode afferent sensory information. This resultsin the creation of a separate image in each hemisphere leading to an awareness of two, physically identical images. Ellis and Young [mentioned in (1) and (6)] have maintained that DMS may result from defects at different stages of aninformation processing chain. More specifically, the Capgras Syndrome appears when the route for unconscious recognitionis damaged. Similar mechanisms have been proposed for the rest of the subtypes. Margariti and Kontaxakis8 have considered that in DMS there is disruption of the ability to recognize identities ratherthan superficial appearance. Others have maintained that DMSs are multimodal neuropathologies and cannot be linkedto a single cognitive defect. Lastly, in view of the marked organic abnormalities detected in all DMS subtypes, DMSs have been linked with a greatnumber of organic conditions [reviewed in detail by Oyebode (5)]. According to Greek mythology, Procrustes was a bandit who stretched or amputated the limbs of his guests to fit hisiron bed. The DMSs do not deserve such treatment. Submitting them to the procrustean bed of uniformity should be avoided. People develop DMS for a variety of reasons. Most subjects have right hemisphere dysfunction but not exclusively.Their condition is associated not with one but with diverse phenomena (depersonalization - derealization, prosopagnosia,false memories of familiarity, autoscopy, reduplicative paramnesia etc.) similarities with psychotic phenomena associatedwith epilepsy have been suggested but this refers to some patients only. Additionally, the charged emotionalrelationship of the patient with the misidentified person(s) is neither necessary nor sufficient. Diagnostically speaking, many roads lead to DMS, ranging from the monosymptomatic and monothematic one (consideredas par excellence DMS) to that associated with disorders mainly of the schizophrenic or organic spectrum. DMScan also be reached by a more "superficial" road, the one of depression, in which the delusion is secondary and often dependenton the self-depreciation ideation. Speculating on these syndromes is a fascinating journey in psychopathologybut, although in most cases an organic contributor is present, yet the great diversity of conditions in the setting of whichDMSs occur renders the possibility of a unifying hypothesis unlikely.

Quality of life and depression in chronic sexually transmitted infections in UK and Greece: The use of WHOQOL-HIV/STI BREF.

This is a comparative study aiming to investigate quality of life (QoL) and depression in individuals diagnosed either with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), or genital warts (GW) and genital herpes (GH), in two healthcare settings, in the United Kingdom (UK) or in Greece (Gr). Using a matched-pairs design, two equalized patient samples with sexually transmitted infections (STI) were recruited: from UK (n=43) and from Greece (n=43). QoL was assessed with WHOQOL-HIV BREF for HIV patients and WHOQOL-STI BREF -a newly adapted instrument- for genital warts and genital herpes patients. Depressive symptomatology was measured by the Centre for Epidemiological Studies- Depression Scale (CES-D) along with sociodemographic data. Results indicate that in both country- healthcare settings, a high percentage of individuals diagnosed with any type of STI, reported considerable depressive symptomatology: 35.7% for UK and 41.5% for Greek participants respectively. Regarding QoL, participants in the Greek healthcare settings reported significantly lower scores in the environment domain, and even lower scores were reported by the GW/GH group, in comparison to HIV. Specifically, these groups indicated significantly lower values in the following WHOQOL-BREF environment facets: (i) physical safety and security, (ii) participation in and opportunities for recreation/leisure activities, (iii) home environment, (iv) accessibility and quality in health and social care, and (v) transport facilities. Regarding correlation of QoL and depression, regression analysis provided significant evidence for depression having a differential effect on WHOQOL-BREF QoL domains. Evidence of increased depressive symptomatology in both STI patient- cohorts may shed light into unmet healthcare needs that should be addressed by healthcare providers in UK and Greece respectively. Furthermore, all types of Greek STI participants reported lower QoL, particularly the GW/GH group, indicating important unmet QoL needs in the environment domain, such as health and social care accessibility and quality, or environmental and social resources, all lowering everyday QoL. The present findings may provide guidelines for tailored mental health interventions alleviating depressive symptomatology in STI patients. Provision of targeted-interventions at healthcare and social-environmental levels will contribute to QoL/ health improvement in STI patients.

Promoting healthy lives and well-being for all: The contribution of the International College of Person-Centered Medicine (ICPCM).

This article defines the scope of Person-Centered Medicine, traces its roots in ancient conceptions, explains the reasons for the revival of this perspective in our times, and highlights the contribution of the International College of Person-Centered Medicine (ICPCM) in the promotion of the personcentered perspective in health and disease. The value of communication is underlined with reference to both diagnosis and treatment. The concept of Health is considered historically and the inclusiveness, holistic vista and positive health orientation of the WHO definition of Health (1948) is underlined. It is emphasized that Mental Health Promotion is differentiated conceptually from Disease Prevention in that promotion deals with health and prevention deals with illness, the relationship of Health Promotion with Salutogenesis (Antonovsky 1996) is noted and it is pointed out that among the targets of health promotion, preservation of peace is also included (WHO, 2004). In line with this, the ICPCM has supported and co-signed the Athens Anti-War Declaration (2016). Evaluating the impact of Health Promotion efforts is a necessary but difficult task as it requires targeted research and there are many inherent confounding factors. The social or environmental contexts of health behaviors should be taken into account as well as the subjective indicators of health. In an attempt to resolve the difficulties arising from this issue, the ICPCM has developed a prototype "Person-centered Care Index" (Kirisci et al 2016). With reference to Education it is pointed out that it is necessary for the educators to speak with the students rather than speak to them. Concerning research, the ICPCM in its 2013 Geneva Declaration has identified the main research areas in the person-centered field. The importance of assuring healthy lives and well-being for ALL is underlined and the difficulties associated with the achievement of this goal are noted. Lastly, the need to apply the principles of Person-centered Medicine to victims of natural, human-made and economic disasters (Christodoulou et al 2016) is underlined, especially in view of the frequent occurrence of these disasters in our times. In conclusion, the contribution of the ICPCM during the ten years of its existence, with reference to the sensitization of health professionals in the Person-centered approach is noted. This contribution has been carried out in line with the principles of the ICPCM and with its Geneva Declarations.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus producing Panton-Valentine leukocidin as a cause of acute osteomyelitis in children.

Staphylococcus aureus was identified as the cause of acute childhood osteomyelitis in 19 patients. A single clone of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carrying the type IV mecA staphylococcal cassette chromosome and the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes was isolated from five patients. Among the remaining 14 patients, two methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates were PVL-positive. The maximal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein values, and the time required for normalisation, were significantly different in patients with PVL-positive strains (MRSA and MSSA), suggesting that the production of PVL is an important factor that contributes to the course of the disease.

Maternity blues in Athens, Greece: a study during the first 3 days after delivery.

BACKGROUND: Although maternity blues have been studied in many countries worldwide the factors that influence the occurrence of this clinical entity are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence, time course and symptomatology of maternity blues in a Greek urban environment as well as the relation of maternity blues with certain clinical and sociodemographic factors. METHOD: A study of a sample of 402 women that were recruited during the first day after delivery. Each woman completed the Kennerley's Blues Questionnaire on a daily basis for the first 3 days of puerpartum. Clinical and sociodemographic data were obtained through questionnaires and personal interview. RESULTS: 179 (44.5%) women experienced severe maternity blues during the first 3 days after delivery. Delivery by caesarian section (P=0.006), stressful events during pregnancy (P=0.02), depressive feelings the last month prior to delivery (P=0.002), anxiety on the day of delivery (P=0.001) and hypochondriasis (P=0.001) were the factors that were found to relate significantly to maternity blues. CONCLUSION: The women's emotional condition prior and after delivery, delivery via caesarotomy, as well as fears concerning somatic health had strong impact on the occurrence of maternity blues.

Preservation of peace as a target of mental health promotion.

There is little need to argue for the serious consequences of War on the mental health of survivors. This painful fact has been known since time immemorial but in spite of this it has not worked in an avertive way to the desired extent. What has the mental health community done towards this direction? Not much, unfortunately. The reasons must be sought in the notion that preservation of peace is considered as self-evident, in the fear that supporting peace may be perceived as a political action or may be just in simple inertia. It must be pointed out, however, that the World Health Organization has indeed included the preservation of peace within the targets of Mental Health Promotion. This is important because it justifies the involvement and intervention of mental health professionals in an area which (at first glance) appears unrelated to mental health and may raise suspicions of political motives. On the basis of the above, the Society of Preventive Psychiatry, the Hellenic Psychiatric Association, the Psychiatric Association for Eastern Europe and the Balkans and the Serbian Psychiatric Association have decided to approach various mainly mental health organizations and ask them to support a Declaration for peace and against the war, the Athens Anti-War Declaration. The basis for the argumentation in favor of this Declaration lies in the fact that War has catastrophic consequences for the mental health of survivors and society as a whole. Additionally, we consider that it is linked with the waves of refugees that follow war and for the mental health consequences for them and for the citizens of the host countries, especially when they are unprepared for this role. The response of the organizations that were asked to support the Declaration has been pleasantly surprising. More that 100 organizations have co-signed the Declaration that was subsequently sent to various international organizations, governments etc and was uploaded on the websites of the organizations that have co-signed the Declaration. There has already been a very encouraging response on behalf of the President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker. What do we expect from this Declaration? It would certainly be unrealistic to believe that due to our intervention the wars will stop here and now. Our voice is not all that strong to make us hope for such an effect. Besides, we are fully aware of the fact that in addition to the ever and everywhere present aggression and its societal enhancers there are powerful political, economic and lately religious purposes that are served by war and unfortunately move towards the opposite direction than that of our Declaration. In spite of the above reservations, however, we believe it is a right and an obligation of the international mental health community to speak with a loud voice and towards all directions and state that mental health in our world is at risk because of War, no matter where and by whom it is produced. We also hope that with voices like ours we plant the seed that may grow and flourish in the generations to come. Time will show whether our hopes are justified.

Prolactin responses to acute clomipramine and haloperidol of male schizophrenic patients in a drug-free state and after treatment with clozapine or with olanzapine.

Atypical neuroleptics share a common feature, showing higher affinity for 5-HT2 receptors than for D2 dopamine receptors, but show considerable differences in their clinical and pharmacological properties. In clinical doses, they occupy serotonergic receptors near saturation, but show considerable differences regarding the D2 receptor occupancies, with clozapine showing the lowest degree of occupation. We assessed serotonergic and dopaminergic receptor responsiveness in two groups of male schizophrenic patients, one treated with the atypical neuroleptic clozapine (14 patients, doses 200-600 mg/d) and the other treated with olanzapine (11 patients, doses 10-30 mg/d). We measured the prolactin responses to the acute administration of a serotonergic drug, clomipramine, and a dopaminergic one, haloperidol. Tests were first performed in the drug-free state, and were repeated after the patients had been treated with stable doses of either drug for six weeks. Clomipramine administration induced significant increases of prolactin in the drug-free state. These responses were eliminated after treatment of the patients with either drug, thereby indicating a high 5-HT receptor occupancy by both clozapine and olanzapine. The prolactin responses to haloperidol were not altered after treatment with clozapine, but were significantly reduced after the olanzapine treatment. The baseline prolactin levels were not influenced by clozapine treatment, and were moderately but significantly increased after treatment with olanzapine. The results indicate that there is a difference between the two drugs in their capacity to block dopamine receptors at the hypothalamus-pituitary level, and match the results obtained by SPECT receptor binding studies for striatal dopamine receptors.

Impaired P600 in neuroleptic naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia.

Deficits of working memory (WM) are recognized as an important pathological feature in schizophrenia. Since the P600 component of event related potentials has been hypothesized that represents aspects of second-pass parsing processes of information processing, and is related to WM, the present study focuses on P600 elicited during a WM test in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenics (FES) compared to healthy controls. We examined 16 drug-naive first-episode schizophrenic patients and 23 healthy controls matched for age and sex. Compared with controls schizophrenic patients showed reduced P600 amplitude on left temporoparietal region and increased P600 amplitude on left occipital region. With regard to the latency, the patients exhibited significantly prolongation on right temporoparietal region. The obtained pattern of differences classified correctly 89.20% of patients. Memory performance of patients was also significantly impaired relative to controls. Our results suggest that second-pass parsing process of information processing, as indexed by P600, elicited during a WM test, is impaired in FES. Moreover, these findings lend support to the view that the auditory WM in schizophrenia involves or affects a circuitry including temporoparietal and occipital brain areas.

Prenatal care.

This paper describes the psychological and psychosocial aspects of prenatal care, which are believed to be of particular importance for medical/psychological practice. The emotional changes that "normally" take place during pregnancy are surveyed and evidence is provided linking these changes with potential adverse effect on pregnancy and labour. The salience of anxiety and life stresses in pregnancy research is highlighted as well as their intricate inverse relationship with social support. Antenatal classes are offered as an example of social support provision. The different kinds of such classes and evaluation of their effectiveness are briefly presented, as well as a number of controlled trials of enhanced support during pregnancy. Finally, the effect provision of prenatal care has on women as well as their role in their own care are raised. The need is stressed for further sophisticated longitudinal and multivariate research exploring further the causative links between quality of prenatal care, pregnancy outcome, and subsequent child development.