The utility of standing knee radiographs for detection of lipohemarthrosis: comparison with supine horizontal beam radiographs.

OBJECTIVES: Lipohemarthrosis is a key finding in acute trauma patients and indicates an intra-articular fracture. The horizontal beam lateral radiography with supine position is known to be the best technique to demonstrate knee lipohemarthrosis. Our main purpose was to compare the sensitivity of supine and standing lateral knee radiographs to detect lipohemarthrosis. METHODS: In our retrospective study, consecutive patients with lipohemarthrosis on computed tomography of the knee between October 2019 and September 2021 were included. Fractured bone, the presence of lipohemarthrosis, and image quality in both standing and supine anteroposterior and lateral knee radiographs were evaluated. Interobserver reliability of the three observers was calculated. Fisher exact chi-square and z-proportion tests were used to compare lateral and anteroposterior knee radiographs. Krippendorff's Alpha and Kappa coefficients were used for inter-observer agreement. RESULTS: A total of 61 patients (38 men [62.3%], 23 women [37.7%]; mean age, 43 years ± 17 [standard deviation]) were included. The most common type of fracture was isolated tibial fractures (n = 32; 52.5%). The sensitivity of showing lipohemarthrosis of standing lateral knee radiographs (95.5%) was higher than supine lateral radiographs (38.5%) (p < 0.001). While non-optimal image quality did not affect lipohemarthrosis detection on lateral radiographs (p > 0.99), it caused a significant decrease in the diagnosis of lipohemarthrosis on anteroposterior radiographs (p = 0.036). We found a good-excellent interobserver agreement in lipohemarthrosis detection. CONCLUSIONS: Standing lateral radiographs have higher sensitivity than supine lateral radiographs in detecting lipohemarthrosis and are beneficial for detecting lipohemarthrosis which indicates the presence of occult-evident intraarticular fracture in patients with knee trauma. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Standing lateral knee radiographs offer a useful method for reducing the misdiagnosis of the occult intra-articular fractures by showing the fat-fluid leveling more clearly. Its advantages may be more prominent when the advanced imaging modalities are limited. KEY POINTS: • Fat-fluid level (lipohemarthrosis) is an important radiographic sign to assess patients with acute trauma. It almost always indicates an intra-articular fracture. • Our retrospective study results support that lipohemarthrosis sign could be observed more frequently in standing lateral knee radiographs than in supine lateral radiographs. • Knee trauma patients, when available, should be evaluated with standing lateral radiographs for the diagnosis of lipohemarthrosis.

The relationship of proximal lateral collateral ligament hyperintensity with knee joint ligament and meniscus pathologies.

BACKGROUND: Hyperintensity in the proximal lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is often confusing. This appearance may be alone or accompany other pathologies. PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between the signal intensity (SI) change in the proximal LCL and the knee joint pathologies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The knee MRI scans taken between 2020 and 2022 were queried retrospectively. Patients with acute trauma, instability, knee surgery, or high-grade osteoarthritis were excluded. Included patients were divided into two groups as normal SI and increased SI according to proximal LCL. The difference in ligamentous and meniscal pathologies between the two groups was analyzed using a chi-square test. Inter-observer agreement analysis was performed on 50 randomly selected patients. RESULTS: A total of 351 patients (139 men [39.6%], 212 women [60.4%]; median age = 37 years; interquartile range = 67 years) were included. There were 114 (32.5%) LCLs with normal SI and 237 (67.5%) LCLs with increased SI. Normal SI and increased SI groups had a significant difference in terms of joint side, median age, patellar tendon SI, anterior cruciate ligament SI, and medial collateral ligament SI (P = 0.004, P = 0.004, P = 0.001, P = 0.011, P = 0.004, respectively). A significant difference between the results of two separate LCL examinations in coronal + axial and coronal-only planes (P <0.001). Inter-observer agreement was found to be good to excellent. CONCLUSION: Hyperintensity in the proximal LCL was more common on the right joint side, in older patients, and patients with hyperintensity in the proximal patellar tendon, anterior cruciate ligament, and medial collateral ligament. Evaluating the LCL only in the coronal plane overestimates the hyperintensity.

All-star approach to a small medical imaging dataset: combined deep, transfer, and classical machine learning approaches for the determination of radial head fractures.

BACKGROUND: Radial head fractures are often evaluated in emergency departments and can easily be missed. Automated or semi-automated detection methods that help physicians may be valuable regarding the high miss rate. PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of combined deep, transfer, and classical machine learning approaches on a small dataset for determination of radial head fractures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 48 patients with radial head fracture and 56 patients without fracture on elbow radiographs were retrospectively evaluated. The input images were obtained by cropping anteroposterior elbow radiographs around a center-point on the radial head. For fracture determination, an algorithm based on feature extraction using distinct prototypes of pretrained networks (VGG16, ResNet50, InceptionV3, MobileNetV2) representing four different approaches was developed. Reduction of feature space dimensions, feeding the most relevant features, and development of ensemble of classifiers were utilized. RESULTS: The algorithm with the best performance consisted of preprocessing the input, computation of global maximum and global mean outputs of four distinct pretrained networks, dimensionality reduction by applying univariate and ensemble feature selectors, and applying Support Vector Machines and Random Forest classifiers to the transformed and reduced dataset. A maximum accuracy of 90% with MobileNetV2 pretrained features was reached for fracture determination with a small sample size. CONCLUSION: Radial head fractures can be determined with a combined approach and limitations of the small sample size can be overcome by utilizing pretrained deep networks with classical machine learning methods.

Ancillary findings in distinguishing between anterior cruciate ligament mucoid degeneration and sprain on MRI: a practical approach.

BACKGROUND: Imaging findings of both anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) sprain and mucoid degeneration overlap in some cases, which may cause errors in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation. PURPOSE: To determine the ancillary findings on MRI in distinguishing between ACL sprain and mucoid degeneration, and also to obtain a diagnostic scheme. MATERIAL AND METHODS: MRI scans of 77 patients with ACL mucoid degeneration and 77 cases with ACL sprain were retrospectively evaluated to compare with regard to parameters of age, sex, side, the status of posterior cruciate ligament - medial collateral ligament - lateral collateral ligament, bone marrow edema, intraosseous cyst, subchondral sclerosis, chondromalacia, meniscus tear, effusion, and osteochondral body. A decision tree algorithm was created to predict pathology in ACL, whether it was a sprain or mucoid degeneration. RESULTS: The prevalence of female sex, femoral intraosseous cyst, tibial intraosseous cyst, subchondral sclerosis, femoral chondromalacia, tibial chondromalacia, medial meniscus tear, and lateral meniscus tear were significantly higher in the ACL mucoid degeneration group (P < 0.001, P = 0.016, P < 0.001, P = 0.003, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). The probability of being mucoid degeneration increased 41.2 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.296-321.132) in cases with tibial intraosseous cyst and increased 1.05 times (95% CI = 1.010-1.080) with each one-year increase in age (P < 0.001 and P = 0.011, respectively). The decision tree algorithm had an overall accuracy of 79.2%. CONCLUSION: Ancillary findings are helpful in the diagnosis of suspicious cases for ACL mucoid degeneration and ACL sprain. The decision tree algorithm offers a practical and successful approach to this issue.

The effect of ulnar variance on the pisotriquetral joint.

BACKGROUND: Pisotriquetral joint (PTJ) disorders are an important cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain but are often underrecognized. Ulnar variance (UV) has been associated with several wrist pathologies. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of UV on PTJ in patients with trauma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 143 patients (77 men, 66 women; mean age=41.64 ± 18.07 years) were included. Patients with fractures, severe and high-energy trauma, arthritic conditions, avascular necrosis, congenital deformity, bone and soft-tissue tumors, suboptimal image quality, and incorrect joint position were excluded. UV and the amount of PTJ subluxation were evaluated using coronal and sagittal computed tomography images. RESULTS: PTJ subluxation was divided into five grades. A statistically significant difference was found between the presence of PTJ subluxation and sex (P = 0.045). PTJ subluxation was more common in men (46.8%) than in women (30.3%). There was no significant difference between the presence of PTJ subluxation and age (P = 0.758). The patients were also divided into three groups as positive, neutral, and negative UV. A statistically significant relationship was found between the UV and presence of PTJ subluxation (P = 0.01). PTJ subluxation was significantly less in the neutral (none=51.1%, present=48.9%; P < 0.05) and negative (none=77.8%, present=22.2%; P < 0.05) groups. CONCLUSION: PTJ subluxation was found to be less among the groups with neutral and negative UV in our study population. PTJ subluxation is more common in men while there is no relationship with age. UV and gender may be risk factors for PTJ subluxation by affecting force dynamics at the wrist joint.

The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging-based texture analysis in differentiating enchondroma and chondrosarcoma.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic performance of MRI-based texture analysis for differentiating enchondromas and chondrosarcomas, especially on fat-suppressed proton density (FS-PD) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The whole tumor volumes of 23 chondrosarcomas and 24 enchondromas were manually segmented on both FS-PD and T1-weighted images. A total of 861 radiomic features were extracted. SelectKBest was used to select the features. The data were randomly split into training (n = 36) and test (n = 10) for T1-weighted and training (n = 37) and test (n = 10) for FS-PD datasets. Fivefold cross-validation was performed. Fifteen machine learning models were created using the training set. The best models for T1-weighted, FS-PD, and T1-weighted + FS-PD images were selected in terms of accuracy and area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: There were 7 men and 16 women in the chondrosarcoma group (mean ± standard deviation age, 45.65 ± 11.24) and 7 men and 17 women in the enchondroma group (mean ± standard deviation age, 46.17 ± 11.79). Naive Bayes was the best model for accuracy and AUC for T1-weighted images (AUC = 0.76, accuracy = 80%, recall = 80%, precision = 80%, F1 score = 80%). The best model for FS-PD images was the K neighbors classifier for accuracy and AUC (AUC = 1.00, accuracy = 80%, recall = 80%, precision = 100%, F1 score = 89%). The best model for T1-weighted + FS-PD images was logistic regression for accuracy and AUC (AUC = 0.84, accuracy = 80%, recall = 60%, precision = 100%, F1 score = 75%). CONCLUSION: MRI-based machine learning models have promising results in the discrimination of enchondroma and chondrosarcoma based on radiomic features obtained from both FS-PD and T1-weighted images.

A retrospective magnetic resonance imaging analysis of bone and soft tissue changes associated with the spectrum of tarsal coalitions.

We aimed to investigate the bone and soft tissue changes accompanying tarsal coalition (TC) and aimed to evaluate their association with the location and type of coalition. Ankle magnetic resonance imagings of 65 patients with TC were included. The relationship between the location and type of coalition and bone marrow edema, subchondral cysts, sinus tarsi syndrome, tarsal tunnel syndrome, posterior impingement syndrome, accessory bone, tibiotalar effusion, talar osteochondritis dissecans, ganglion cysts, and calcaneal spur were evaluated. Twenty-nine patients without coalition were selected as the control group, and the distribution of these variables between the two groups was analyzed. There were 33 females and 32 males in the coalition group (mean age: 42.0 ± 15.63 years), and 22 females and seven males in the control group (mean age: 44.79 ± 12.33 years). Coalition was most common in the talocalcaneal joint (n = 33, 50.8%), and the most common coalition type was non-osseous (n = 57, 87.6%). We find no significant difference between the pathologies defined in terms of coalition location and type. Sinus tarsi syndrome, tarsal tunnel syndrome, subchondral cysts, and tibiotalar effusion were found to be more common in the coalition group (p = 0.028, p = 0.010, p = 0.023, and p = 0.006, respectively). The presence of coalition increased the probability of developing tarsal tunnel syndrome 9.91 times (95% CI: [1.25-78.59]; p = 0.029), and sinus tarsi syndrome 3.66 times (95% CI: [1.14-11.78]; p = 0.029). Tarsal coalition may predispose bone and soft tissue changes. In this study, sinus tarsi syndrome, tarsal tunnel syndrome, subchondral cysts and tibiotalar effusion were found to be more common in the coalition group.

The Relationship of Liver and Pancreas Density With Chest Computed Tomography Score Progression and Laboratory Findings in Patients With COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: Abdominal involvement of COVID-19 is a current issue. We aimed to evaluate hepatic and pancreatic density alterations on computed tomography (CT) and to analyze whether these alterations had a relationship with chest CT score and laboratory findings. METHODS: Patients with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19 from March 11, 2020, to February 6, 2021, were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into nonprogressive and progressive groups according to their chest CT scores. Liver and pancreas density, and liver-to-spleen (L/S) ratio were calculated. Laboratory findings, medication, intensive care unit stay, and survival were noted. RESULTS: There were 51 patients in the nonprogressive group and 123 patients in the progressive group. The median (minimum to maximum) L/S value of the nonprogressive group was 1 (0.28-1.53) at admission and 1.06 (0.33-1.83) at follow-up ( P < 0.001). In the progressive group, the median L/S value was 1.08 (0.35-1.51) at admission and 0.92 (0.33-1.75) at follow-up ( P < 0.001). A significant difference was found between the 2 groups at admission and follow-up ( P = 0.010 and P < 0.001, respectively). Pancreatic density measured at follow-up was significantly lower in the progressive group ( P = 0.045). In the progressive group, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, creatinine, urea, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and white blood cell values were higher; albumin and lymphocyte values were lower ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COVID-19 with progressive CT scores may have a decrease in L/S values, and their pancreatic density is lower than nonprogressives. Aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, creatinine, urea, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and white blood cell values tend to be higher in patients with a high chest CT score.

The ultrasonography, colour Doppler ultrasonography and sonoelastography findings of scar endometriosis in comparison with menstrual phases.

We aimed to evaluate ultrasonography (US), colour Doppler US (CDUS) and sonoelastography (SEL) findings of histopathologically proven abdominal wall scar endometriosis in comparison with menstrual phases. A total of 24 female patients with scar endometriosis were included. Lesion size, volume, echogenicity, solid/cystic or complex appearance, contour and location on US, vascularisation on CDUS, and elasticity on SEL were recorded in both menstrual and ovulatory phases. Hypoechoic heterogeneous lesions with increased peripheral echogenicity were observed in all lesions. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) volume of the lesions in the menstrual and ovulatory phases of the lesions was 4.36 ± 3.01 cm3 and 4.63 ± 7.61 cm3 (p = .316). The mean ± SD resistive index values on CDUS in the menstrual and ovulatory phases were 0.96 ± 0.09 and 0.97 ± 0.07, respectively (p = .667). The SEL examination demonstrated a hard coding pattern in all cases with no statistically significant difference between menstrual and ovulatory phases (p = .176). We found no significant difference in terms of US, CDUS and SEL findings of scar endometriosis in comparison with menstrual phases which suggests there is no need to evaluate the patient in a specific menstrual phase.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? Scar endometriosis is the endometriosis located at the abdominal wall around the scar area with a very rare incidence. The typical sonographic findings of scar endometriosis are a hypoechoic solid mass with irregular contours. High resistive index on colour Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) and hard coding pattern on sonoelastography (SEL) are seen in the lesion.What do the results of this study add? This is the first study that evaluates sonographic features of scar endometriosis lesions in the menstrual phase. We found that scar endometriosis lesions did not have a significant difference in terms of B-mode US, CDUS and SEL in menstrual and ovulatory phases.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Our findings suggest that there is no need to evaluate the patient in a specific menstrual phase.

Shear Wave Elastography for Assessment of Testicular Stiffness in Patients with Varicocele: A Prospective Comparative Study.

Background: The purpose of this study was to use ultrasonography and shear wave elastography (SWE) to assess stiffness and volume of testes in adult patients with varicocele, to compare the results with those of normal contralateral testes of the same patients and healthy testes of control subjects. Methods: In this IRB-approved prospective comparative study, 58 patients with varicocele (116 testes) and 58 control patients (116 testes) were enrolled. A total of 66 testes with varicocele were added to group A, their 50 healthful contralateral testes were added to Group B, and 116 healthy control testes were added to Group C. Analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) test was used to compare groups and Student's t-test was used for their binary comparisons. The correlation between the testicular stiffness and volume was studied using Pearson's correlation test. Results: There was not a significant difference in the mean SWE values between three groups and also, between two-group comparisons (P < 0.05). In the mean testicular volumes, a significant difference was observed between Groups A and C (P = 0.028). Conversely, there was not a significant difference between Groups A and B (P = 0.907) or Groups B and C (P = 0.094). A meaningful correlation between testicular stiffness and volume was not detected for each group. Conclusion: A significant correlation was not determined between SWE values and varicocele, and also between SWE values and testicular volume. We advise that more studies with larger populations of patients are required to verify the effectiveness of SWE in predicting testicular parenchymal damage.

Evaluation of Tendon Disorders With Ultrasonography and Elastography.

The frequency of musculoskeletal system ultrasonography (US) has increased over time. The most common reason for musculoskeletal US is the evaluation of tendons. The superficial location of tendons makes US the most suitable diagnostic tool, and US is generally the initial imaging modality for tendon disorders. The primary advantages of US are its low cost, easy accessibility, rapidity, repeatability, freedom from x-rays, and enabling of a dynamic inspection. In addition, Doppler US and elastography can be performed simultaneously with US. We aimed to demonstrate the US and elastographic findings of tendon disorders that we frequently encounter in different regions.

The effect of ulnar variance on scapholunate and capitolunate angles.

Background Ulnar variance (UV), which is measured using anteroposterior (AP) X-rays, is associated with the development of multiple wrist pathologies. The scapholunate angle (SLA) and capitolunate angle (CLA) are measured using lateral X-rays, and these can be used in the diagnosis of intercalated segmental instability. Purpose To determine the effect of UV on SLA and CLA. Material and Methods A total of 140 patients (73 women, 67 men; mean age, 37.8 ± 14.6 years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 35.4-40.3) were included in the study. Participants were excluded if they presented with fractures or malunions, any arthritic conditions, avascular necrosis, congenital deformities, or bone and soft tissue tumors. UV, SLA, and CLA were measured using AP and lateral wrist X-rays. Results Patients were grouped as positive, neutral, and negative UV. There was no statistically significant difference in mean ages, sex, and sides (left or right) between the UV groups ( P > 0.05). In addition, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean values of SLA and CLA between the UV groups ( P > 0.05). UV showed no statistically significant association with SLA and CLA (r = -0.064; P = 0.455, and r = 0.059; P = 0.485, respectively). However, there was a statistically significant association between SLA and CLA (r = -0.482; P < 0.001). Conclusion There is higher prevalence of neutral UV and no correlation between UV with respect to age and sex of patients in the local Turkish population. SLA and CLA are not affected by UV. There is a negative correlation between SLA and CLA.

Metastasis of Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma to Thyroid Gland Mimicking Adenomatous Goiter.

BACKGROUND: Renal cell carcinoma is an interesting tumor due to its unpredictable behavior. Common metastatic sites of renal cell carcinoma are the lungs, lymph nodes, bones and liver. Concurrent thyroid metastasis of clear cell carcinoma is uncommon but it can appear as a rapidly growing cervical, painless nodular mass. CASE REPORT: We report a case of a 56-year-old male patient with clear cell renal carcinoma confirmed on a histopathological examination. The patient noticed a rapidly growing mass in the thyroid region when receiving medical anticancer therapy. Because of that, gray-scale thyroid ultrasonography and a fine-needle aspiration biopsy were performed. The histopathological examinationof the biopsy specimen revealed a lesion composed of malignant epithelial cells compatible with metastasis of renal carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with with a history of RCC, both past and present, a thyroid mass, especially co-existing with an adenomatous goiter, should prompt a work-up for thyroid metastasis.

Meniscal extrusion, cartilage, bone, and ligament lesions associated with medial meniscus posterior root tear gap.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between the severity of the tear gap resulting from medial meniscus posterior root (MMPR) tear and medial meniscal extrusion, cartilage, bone, and ligament lesions on MRI. METHODS: A total of 133 patients with MMPR tear were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups according to the tear gap width as minor (≤ 4 mm) and widely (4 mm<) displaced. Medial meniscal extrusion and medial compartmental chondromalacia, bone and ligament lesions were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 61 patients (56 women and 5 men) in the minor displaced group (mean age: 56.3 years, range: 29-82 years) and 72 patients (59 women, 13 men) in the widely displaced group (mean age: 53.2 years, range: 20-86 years). There was no significant difference in terms of age and sex (p = 0.31 and p = 0.09, respectively). The mean absolute extrusion was 3.51 mm (range: 1.5-5 mm) in the minor displaced group and 4.52 mm (range: 2.4-7.2 mm) in the widely displaced group (p < 0.001). High-grade medial femoral condylar chondromalacia was more common in the widely displaced group (p = 0.002). Osteophyte, bone marrow edema, and subchondral cyst in the medial compartment, and ligament injury were higher in the widely displaced group, but were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The amount of medial meniscal extrusion and the prevalence of high-grade medial femoral condylar chondromalacia were found to be significantly more in patients with wider tear gap. Determining the amount of tear gap in the evaluation of root ligament tears on MRI is important to predict knee joint internal derangement.

A Novel Deep Transfer Learning-Based Approach for Automated Pes Planus Diagnosis Using X-ray Image.

Pes planus, colloquially known as flatfoot, is a deformity defined as the collapse, flattening or loss of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. The first standard radiographic examination for diagnosing pes planus involves lateral and dorsoplantar weight-bearing radiographs. Recently, many artificial intelligence-based computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems and models have been developed for the detection of various diseases from radiological images. However, to the best of our knowledge, no model and system has been proposed in the literature for automated pes planus diagnosis using X-ray images. This study presents a novel deep learning-based model for automated pes planus diagnosis using X-ray images, a first in the literature. To perform this study, a new pes planus dataset consisting of weight-bearing X-ray images was collected and labeled by specialist radiologists. In the preprocessing stage, the number of X-ray images was augmented and then divided into 4 and 16 patches, respectively in a pyramidal fashion. Thus, a total of 21 images are obtained for each image, including 20 patches and one original image. These 21 images were then fed to the pre-trained MobileNetV2 and 21,000 features were extracted from the Logits layer. Among the extracted deep features, the most important 1312 features were selected using the proposed iterative ReliefF algorithm, and then classified with support vector machine (SVM). The proposed deep learning-based framework achieved 95.14% accuracy using 10-fold cross validation. The results demonstrate that our transfer learning-based model can be used as an auxiliary tool for diagnosing pes planus in clinical practice.

Transperineal Ultrasonographic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Vaginal Adenosis.

BACKGROUND: Vaginal adenosis is a rare clinicopathological entity which refers to the presence of glandular endometrial tissue in the vaginal wall. CASE REPORT: A gravida 2 para 0 46-year-old woman presented to the gynecology department with symptoms of chronic pelvic pain. Maternal Diethylstilbestrol (DES) usage has been proven to be effective in the development of vaginal adenosis. It can also be idiopathic. Its sonographic or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) findings have not been described in English literature previously. CONCLUSION: Here, we report the clinical, transperineal ultrasonographic (US) and MRI findings of a pathologically proven case of vaginal adenosis.

The relationship between patellar tilt and quadriceps patellar tendon angle with anatomical variations and pathologies of the knee joint.

PURPOSE: To investigate the association between the knee joint anatomical variations and pathologies, and to describe the quadriceps patellar tendon angle (QPA). METHODS: MRIs of 406 cases with a lateral patellar tilt angle (LPT)>5° and a control group of 40 cases with an LPT<5° were retrospectively evaluated. QPA, LPT, trochlear sulcus angle (TSA), tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance (TT-TG), Insall-Salvati index (ISI), patellar tendon length (PTL), patellar height (PH), lateral trochlear inclination (LTI), trochlear facet asymmetry ratio (TFA) and trochlear depth (TD) were measured. Presence of fat-pad oedema, patellar and trochlear chondromalacia, patellar and quadriceps tendinosis and effusion were evaluated. RESULTS: The medians of TSA, PTL, ISI and TT-TG were significantly higher; LTI, TFA and TD were significantly lower in the patient group. The prevalence of SL-Hoffa, non-SL-Hoffa, suprapatellar and prefemoral fat-pad oedema, effusion and chondromalacia were significantly higher in the patient group. LPT was found to be positively correlated with TSA and TT-TG, and negatively correlated with LTI and TD. Cases with trochlear dysplasia, patellar chondromalacia and quadriceps tendinosis had significantly higher LPT. There was a positive correlation between QPA and TSA and a negative correlation between QPA and LTI. Cases with trochlear dysplasia, non-SL-Hoffa oedema, prefemoral fat-pad oedema and quadriceps tendinosis had significantly higher QPA. We found 10°