Frequency of positive oral food challenges and their outcomes in the allergy unit of a tertiary-care pediatric hospital.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The oral food challenge (OFC) is the gold standard to diagnose food allergy (FA); however, it is not a procedure free from the risk of having significant allergic reactions, even life-threatening.The aims of our study were to evaluate the frequency of positive OFCs performed in children with a suspected diagnosis of IgE- and non-IgE-mediated (food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES)) FA and how the failed challenges were managed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was done on all children who have had OFCs in a tertiary-care pediatric allergy unit from 2017 to 2019. RESULTS: 682 patients were enrolled and 2206 challenges were performed: 2058 (93%) for IgE-mediated FA and 148 (7%) for FPIES. There were 262 (11.8%) challenge failures. The transfer to the emergency department was required 3 times (1.1%). None of the failed challenges resulted in death or hospitalization and 13.3% challenges did not require any treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that food challenges can be performed safely in a specialized setting by well-trained personnel; all food challenge reactions, even the most serious, were reversible, thanks to a prompt recognition and treatment that generally did not worsen over time.

Prevalence and multicenter observational study on falls of hospitalized children and Italian, linguistic-cultural validation of the Humpty Dumpty Fall Scale.

INTRODUCTION: Falls in hospitals are a major problem also in pediatric settings. No Pediatric Fall Risk Assessment Scales (PFRAS) are validated in Italian. GOALS: to perform the Italian validation of the Humpty-Dumpty Falls Scale (HDFS); to assess its predictive performance; to estimate the frequency of falls in hospitalized children and to analyze possible associations between children's clinical variables and falls. METHODS: The study's first step was the cultural-linguistic validation of HDFS in Italian. Second, evaluation of the Italian HDFS's performance on 1500 hospitalized children. Third, modifications of the Italian HDFS to improve its performance. Fourth, analysis of falls frequency and associations between falls and patients' clinical variables. RESULTS: The Italian HDFS (HDFS-ita) showed good Validity (SCVI=0.92) and inter-rater Reliability (Cohen's kappa=0.965), but poor Sensitivity (77.8%) and Specificity (36.6%). A new 3-item version of the HDFS-ita (HDFS-ita-M) was set, with a cut-off of 7, only for subjects 1 to 15 year-old. Although better, the HDFS-ita-M's performance remains poor (Sensitivity=77.8%, Specificity=53.3%, ROC curve's AOC=0.670). The frequency of pediatric falls was 6.38 per thousand children (CI95% 3.36-12.08) with a maximum frequency in children aged 3 to 6 years (11.28 per thousand children, CI95% 3.84-32.63). Motor/walking disorders (p=0.005), enuresis (p=0.0002), being in single room (p=0.04), admittance to pediatric neuropsychiatry/neurology wards (p=0.001), and neurological disorders (p=0.02) were associated to falls. DISCUSSION: HDFS-ita-M has a better but still poor performance than HDFS-ita. This study provides useful data about pediatric falls and their possible risk factors which will help pediatric hospitals in determining patient safety policies. Further studies are needed to determine an adequate panel of variables to estimate pediatric falls risk.

Actual implementation of sick children's rights in Italian pediatric units: a descriptive study based on nurses' perceptions.

BACKGROUND: Several charters of rights have been issued in Europe to solemnly proclaim the rights of children during their hospital stay. However, notwithstanding such general declarations, the actual implementation of hospitalized children's rights is unclear. The purpose of this study was to understand to which extent such rights, as established by the two main existing charters of rights, are actually implemented and respected in Italian pediatric hospitals and the pediatric units of Italian general hospitals, as perceived by the nurses working in them. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. A 12-item online questionnaire was set up and an invitation was sent by email to Italian pediatric nurses using professional mailing lists and social networks. Responders were asked to score to what extent each right is respected in their hospital using a numeric scale from 1 (never) to 5 (always). RESULTS: 536 questionnaires were returned. The best implemented right is the right of children to have their mothers with them (mean score 4.47). The least respected one is the right of children to express their opinion about care (mean 3.01). Other rights considered were the right to play (4.29), the right to be informed (3.95), the right to the respect of privacy (3.75), the right to be hospitalized with peers (3.39), the right not to experience pain ever (3.41), and the right to school (3.07). According to the majority of nurses, the most important is the right to pain relief. Significant differences in the implementation of rights were found between areas of Italy and between pediatric hospitals and pediatric units of general hospitals. CONCLUSION: According to the perception of pediatric nurses, the implementation of the rights of hospitalized children in Italian pediatrics units is still limited.

Analysis of the Timing of Puberty in a Recent Cohort of Italian Girls: Evidence for Earlier Onset Compared to Previous Studies.

BACKGROUND: Throughout the 20 century, in developed countries there has been a secular trend toward earlier menarche. Over the past 2 decades, however, there has been an apparent stabilization in the average age of menarche age in most Western countries. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to analyze the mean age of menarche in a cohort of Italian girls, to analyze the mean age of breast button appearance (B2), and to correlate the B2 developmental stage and age at menarche with the most important clinical and auxological parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the data of 1458 Italian girls born between 1995 and 2003. We collected the main auxological and clinical parameters, including age at B2, age at menarche, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) at B2 and menarche and, when possible, adult/near adult height. RESULTS: The mean age of B2 was 10.16 ± 1.00 years, significantly earlier than previously reported for Italian girls (P < .05); the mean age of menarche was 12.07 ± 0.99 years, also significantly earlier than previously reported (P < .0001). Age at B2 and menarche inversely correlated with BMI standard deviation score (SDS) (P < .0001). The mean adult/near adult height of the girls in the study cohort was not statistically different from previously reported data for Italian women. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a new trend for an earlier appearance of thelarche and menarche in Italian girls. Our data confirm a significant relationship between BMI and age of B2 and menarche. The girls' final height seems to be in line with average height for the Italian female population.

Retrospective longitudinal analysis of the effects of postnatal weight gain on the timing and tempo of puberty and menarche in a cohort of Italian girls.

OBJECTIVE: over the last few decades there has been a progressive decline in the average age of onset of pubertal development stages in both sexes. The increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity seems to play an important role in this phenomenon. DESIGN: we undertook a retrospective, longitudinal evaluation of the average age of thelarche and menarche to evaluate the relationship between BMI and weight change during the first years of life and the timing and tempo of puberty. METHODS: we evaluated data for 577 Italian girls born between 1995 and 2003. We collected the main auxological and clinical parameters, including age at B2 and at menarche, BMI SDS at B2 and menarche, gestational age and birth weight and Z-score change from birth weight (BW) to BMI at B2 and menarche. RESULTS: the mean age of B2 was 10.06 ± 1.03 years and the mean age of menarche was 12.08 ± 1.02 years. Age at B2 and menarche were inversely correlated with BMI SDS (p < 0.0001). Both age at menarche and at thelarche have an inverse relationship with the Z-score change from birth weight and BMI at menarche and thelarche respectively (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: our data confirm a significant relationship between BMI and age of B2 and menarche. We observed a clear relationship among weight change during the first years of life, age at thelarche and menarche and the duration of puberty, demonstrating the importance of weight and weight gain in determining the timing and tempo of pubertal changes and growth.

Retrospective Evaluation on the Use of a New Polysaccharide Complex in Managing Paediatric Type 1 Diabetes with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS).

BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents affected by type 1 diabetes have an increased risk of being overweight or obese and of suffering from cardiometabolic symptoms. AIMS: To retrospectively evaluate the effects of a new complex of polysaccharide macromolecules, Policaptil Gel Retard® (PGR), on auxological and metabolic parameters, glycaemic variability and control parameters in paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes and metabolic syndrome (MetS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data for 27 paediatric patients with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in conjunction with obesity and MetS of at least 5 years' standing were collected and retrospectively studied. Of these, 16 (median age 12.9, range 9.5-15.8 years) had been adjunctively treated with PGR and 11 (median age 12.6, range 9.4-15.6 years) had not been treated with PGR. Auxological, metabolic and glycaemic control and variability parameters and insulin dosing were compared after 6 months in the two groups. RESULTS: PGR significantly reduced BMI standard deviation score (SDS) (p < 0.005), waist SDS (p < 0.005), HbA1c (p < 0.05) and daily mean insulin dose requirement (p < 0.005). A significant improvement was also observed in the metabolic and glycaemic variability parameters of mean daily blood glucose (BG) levels (p < 0.005), SD of daily BG levels (p < 0.0001), mean coefficient of variation (p < 0.05), LBGI (p < 0.0001), HBGI (p < 0.0001), J-index (p < 0.005), total cholesterol (p < 0.005), HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.005) and LDL-cholesterol (p < 0.005) and triglycerides (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PGR produces a good auxological and metabolic response in obese patients with MetS who are affected by type 1 diabetes. It led to a significant reduction in BMI SDS, waist SDS and an improvement in glucose control and variability as well as in other MetS parameters. The use of polysaccharide compounds, especially if associated with appropriate dietary changes, may help achieve treatment targets in type 1 diabetes and reduce the risk that patients develop metabolic syndrome.

Prevention of recurrent respiratory infections : Inter-society Consensus.

Recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) are a common clinical condition in children, in fact about 25% of children under 1 year and 6% of children during the first 6 years of life have RRIs. In most cases, infections occur with mild clinical manifestations and the frequency of episodes tends to decrease over time with a complete resolution by 12 years of age. However, RRIs significantly reduce child and family quality of life and lead to significant medical and social costs.Despite the importance of this condition, there is currently no agreed definition of the term RRIs in the literature, especially concerning the frequency and type of infectious episodes to be considered. The aim of this consensus document is to propose an updated definition and provide recommendations with the intent of guiding the physician in the complex process of diagnosis, management and prevention of RRIs.

Italian consensus on the therapeutic management of uncomplicated acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children.

BACKGROUND: Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHOM) is an insidious infection of the bone that more frequently affects young males. The etiology, mainly bacterial, is often related to the patient's age, but it is frequently missed, owing to the low sensitivity of microbiological cultures. Thus, the evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers and imaging usually guide the diagnosis and follow-up of the infection. The antibiotic treatment of uncomplicated AHOM, on the other hand, heavily relies upon the clinician experience, given the current lack of national guidelines for the management of this infection. METHODS: A systematic review of the studies on the empirical treatment of uncomplicated AHOM in children published in English or Italian between January 1, 2009, and March 31, 2020, indexed on Pubmed or Embase search engines, was carried out. All guidelines and studies reporting on non-bacterial or complicated or post-traumatic osteomyelitis affecting newborns or children older than 18 years or with comorbidities were excluded from the review. All other works were included in this study. RESULTS: Out of 4576 articles, 53 were included in the study. Data on different topics was gathered and outlined: bone penetration of antibiotics; choice of intravenous antibiotic therapy according to the isolated or suspected pathogen; choice of oral antibiotic therapy; length of treatment and switch to oral therapy; surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutic management of osteomyelitis is still object of controversy. This study reports the first Italian consensus on the management of uncomplicated AHOM in children of pediatric osteomyelitis, based on expert opinions and a vast literature review.

Nosocomial Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in pediatric patients: a multi-center prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Few data are available on the incidence of nosocomial Rotavirus infections (NRVI) in pediatric hospitals and on their economic impact. The goals of this study were: to evaluate the incidence of NRVI in various Italian pediatric wards during the course of two peak RV seasons; to investigate possible risk factors for NRVI; to estimate the costs caused by NRVI. METHODS: prospective cohort study. POPULATION: All the children under 30 months of age who were admitted without any symptom or diagnosis of gastroenteritis in the pediatric hospitals of Florence, Naples, Brescia and Ancona, Italy, during the winter-spring periods 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. Serial RV rapid tests and clinical monitoring were carried out on the cohort. Telephone interviews were performed from 3 to 5 days after discharge. RESULTS: 520 out of 608 children completed the study (85.6%). The overall incidence of NRVI was 5.3% (CI95% 3.6-7.5), (7.9 per 1,000 days of hospital stay, CI 95% 5.3-11.3). The average duration of hospital stay was significantly longer for children who had NRVI (8.1 days, SD 5.4) than for non-infected children (6.4 days, SD 5.8, difference 1.7 days, p = 0.004). The risk of contracting NRVI increased significantly if the child stayed in hospital more than 5 days, RR = 2.8 (CI95% 1.3-6), p = 0.006. In Italy the costs caused by NRVI can be estimated at 8,019,155.44 Euro per year. 2.7% of the children hospitalized with no gastroenteritis symptoms tested positive for RV. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed a relevant incidence of NRVI, which can increase the length of the children's stay in hospital. Limiting the number of nosocomial RV infections is important to improve patients' safety as well as to avoid additional health costs.

Auxological and Endocrinological Features in Children With McCune Albright Syndrome: A Review.

McCune-Albright syndrome is a rare and challenging congenital sporadic disease involving the skin and skeletal and endocrine systems with a prevalence ranges from one in 100,000 to 1,000,000. In addition to the classical triad of fibrous dysplasia of bone, café au lait pigmented skin lesions and precocious puberty, other multiple endocrinological features, including hyperthyroidism, growth hormone excess, hypercortisolism, and hypophosphatemic rickets, have been reported. A brief review of the syndrome in children is here reported.

Increased incidence of precocious and accelerated puberty in females during and after the Italian lockdown for the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The timing of puberty in girls is occurring at an increasingly early age. While a positive family history is recognised as a predisposing factor for early or precocious puberty, the role of environmental factors is not fully understood. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To make a retrospective evaluation of the incidence of newly diagnosed central precocious puberty (CPP) and the rate of pubertal progression in previously diagnosed patients during and after the Italian lockdown for COVID-19, comparing data with corresponding data from the previous 5 years. To determine whether body mass index (BMI) and the use of electronic devices increased during lockdown in these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 49 females with CPP. We divided the patients into two groups: group 1, patients presenting a newly diagnosed CPP and group 2, patients with previously diagnosed slow progression CPP whose pubertal progression accelerated during or after lockdown. We collected auxological, clinical, endocrinological and radiological data which were compared with data from two corresponding control groups (patients followed by our Unit, March to July 2015-2019). Patients' families completed a questionnaire to assess differences in the use of electronic devices before and during lockdown. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients presented newly diagnosed CPP (group 1) and 12, with previously diagnosed but untreated slow progression CPP presented an acceleration in the rate of pubertal progression (group 2). The number of new CPP diagnoses was significantly higher than the mean for the same period of the previous 5 years (p < 0.0005). There were no significant differences between patients in group 1 and control group 1 regarding time between appearance of B2 and CPP diagnosis, although group 1 patients had a significantly earlier chronological age at B2, a more advanced Tanner stage at diagnosis (p < 0.005), higher basal LH and E2 levels, higher LH peak after LHRH test (p < 0.05) and increased uterine length (p < 0.005) and ovarian volume (p < 0.0005). The number of patients with previously diagnosed CPP whose pubertal development accelerated was also statistically higher compared to controls (p < 0.0005). In this group, patients' basal LH (p < 0.05) and E2 levels (p < 0.0005) became more markedly elevated as did the LH peak after LHRH test (p < 0.05). These patients also showed a significantly accelerated progression rate as measured by the Tanner scale (p < 0.0005), uterine length (p < 0.005), and ovarian volume (p < 0.0005). In both group 1 and group 2, BMI increased significantly (p < 0.05) and patients' families reported an increased use of electronic devices (p < 0.0005). CONCLUSION: Our data show an increased incidence of newly diagnosed CPP and a faster rate of pubertal progression in patients with a previous diagnosis, during and after lockdown compared to previous years. We hypothesize that triggering environmental factors, such as the BMI and the use of electronic devices, were enhanced during lockdown, stressing their possible role in triggering/influencing puberty and its progression. However, more studies are needed to determine which factors were involved and how they interacted.

Knowledge, attitude and disinformation regarding vaccination and immunization practices among healthcare workers of a third-level paediatric hospital.

BACKGROUND: Vaccination represents one of the most effective means of preventing infections for the population and for the public health in general. Recently there has been a decline in vaccinations, also among healthcare workers (HCWs). The aim of the study is to detect the knowledge, skills, attitudes and barriers of HCWs regarding vaccinations in a tertiary children's hospital in order to support clinical management in immunisation practices. METHODS: An observational study was conducted on 255 subjects over a period of 8 months. The 31-item questionnaire considered profession, level of instruction and different ages. It included questions taken from a questionnaire used for a Canadian research and one used by the Bellinzona hospital. A 4-point Likert scale and closed-ended questions were used. A confidence interval of 95%, p value ≤ 0.05, Chi-square, ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test were considered. RESULTS: In the last 5 years less than one third of the sample were vaccinated against flu. 77.8% (n.130) of nurses and 45.8% (n.19) of doctors were not vaccinated (p < 0.0001). As for risk perception, 51.5% of nurses and 90.6% of doctors believe that their risk of contracting influenza is greater than that of the general population. In relation to the injection site, in all the age ranges there was a high level of knowledge except for those aged over 61 who responded incorrectly. Doctors were more prepared (p < 0.0001). 50% of the sample used internet only as a source of information for vaccines. Generally, scientific sources were used infrequently. The higher the education level, the more frequent the utilisation of trustworthy scientific resources and literature. (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: In line with the attitude observed in recent years, nurses are not inclined to get vaccinated themselves although they agree to having their children vaccinated. HCWs have a good level of knowledge about vaccines and immunisation practices. With the nurses we found that the higher the education level, the greater the knowledge about vaccines which leads to the conclusion that low levels of adherence are not due to a lack of knowledge, but rather, to a low perception of risks. Hence the need to strengthen the vaccination strategies inside the companies.

Effectiveness of an App for Reducing Preoperative Anxiety in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

IMPORTANCE: Effective methods to reduce children's preoperative anxiety (such as giving information beforehand, organizing a tour of the operating room [OR] before the intervention, and incorporating clown physicians) may be difficult to implement for some hospitals, as they are time-consuming and expensive and require hospital staff to be performed. OBJECTIVE: To test the effectiveness of Clickamico, an app that shows clown physicians giving a comical and informative tour of the OR, for reducing preoperative anxiety in children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This unblinded randomized clinical trial included 40 children aged 6 to 11 years undergoing a planned surgical intervention at a third-level Italian pediatric hospital from December 2013 to September 2014 randomized into experimental (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups. INTERVENTIONS: The experimental intervention was a 6-minute video showing 2 clown physicians visiting the OR and explaining to each other what is in the OR in a joking way. The video was shown on a tablet to children in the experimental group the afternoon preceding a planned surgical procedure. The control intervention was the standard informative intervention regarding the surgical procedure the next day. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The main outcome was preoperative anxiety. Preoperative anxiety was measured before the experimental and control interventions and immediately before entering the OR using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS). RESULTS: The experimental and control groups were homogeneous with regard to age (mean [SD] age, 8.8 [2.5] vs 8.6 [2.2] years), sex (female, 11 [55.0%] vs 9 [45.0%]), parents' age (mean [SD] age, 41.8 [6.2] vs 41.3 [5.0] years), and previous surgical procedures (already underwent surgical procedure, 9 [45.0%] vs 10 [50.0%]). The initial mean (SD) m-YPAS scores were 37.3 (21.7) and 37.1 (13.8) for the experimental and control groups, respectively; the mean (SD) m-YPAS scores when entering the OR were 33.0 (18.4) and 48.6 (15.9), respectively (P = .009). The mean (SD) difference between the m-YPAS score at the first and second measurements of each participant was -2.8 (7.2) in the experimental group and 10.7 (10.8) in the control group. The 13.5-point difference between these averages was statistically significant (P = .003). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The app was effective in reducing preoperative anxiety in Italian children admitted to an Italian National Health System pediatric hospital and may act as a substitute for staff-provided interventions, allowing possible reductions of hospital costs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01688115.

Heparin solution for maintaining peripheral venous catheter patency in children: a survey of current practice in Italian pediatric units.

BACKGROUND: Prolonging the duration of peripheral venous catheters (PVC) as long as possible in children is a nursing priority. However, available studies provide conflicting evidence on what kind of flush/lock solution should be used to increase the life of PVCs in children. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical behavior of nurses working in Italian pediatric units with regards to PVCs flushing and locking practices. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Nurses were invited to participate using the network of the Italian Society of Pediatric Nursing Science. Those participating completed an online questionnaire available on a website established for this specific purpose. Results: 405 questionnaires were completed. RESULTS: The majority of nurses reported using Normal saline solution (NS) to flush 22 gauge PVCs: 77.6% in children up to 6 months of age, 74.7% in children 6 months to 2 years, and 74.6% in children over 2 years. Nurses tend to use heparin solutions (HS) more frequently when a smaller gauge PVC is used (24 instead of 22) and when access is less frequent. The use of HS for PVC lock is more common in onco-hematology units (54.5% in children over 6 months with 24 gauge PVC), pediatric surgery units (35%), and in short-stay units (55.6%), whereas NS is used more frequently in Intensive care units (9.4%) and neonatology units (12.2%). CONCLUSION: Although the majority of respondents use NS, we found a high variability in practices among Italian nurses. More research on the effectiveness and safety of HS in maintaining the patency of PVCs is needed.

Perception of venipuncture pain in children suffering from chronic diseases.

BACKGROUND: Venipuncture pain in children results from a variety of co-factors which increase the intensity of the nociceptive stimulus. Among them, anticipatory anxiety plays an important role. Children with chronic diseases undergo invasive procedures and venipuncture more often than other children. Some healthcare professionals still believe that children who are repeatedly exposed to painful procedures, such as children with chronic diseases, gradually increase their pain tolerance and that, as a result, they have a higher pain threshold than children with no chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess whether a difference exists in the perception of venipuncture pain between children with chronic diseases and children with no previous health problems nor experience of venipuncture. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out using the Wong and numeric pain scales and the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress (OSBD) for the assessment of behavioral distress. A group of children with chronic diseases and a group of children with no previous health problems nor experience of venipuncture, aged 4 to 12 years, both boys and girls, were observed during a standardized venipuncture procedure. RESULTS: The study included 230 children in total: 82 of them suffered from chronic diseases and had already experienced venipuncture at least once, while the remaining 148 children had no previous experience of venipuncture. The children with chronic diseases reported more pain (median pain score of 8 on the Wong or numeric scales,) and showed more signs of behavioral distress (median score of 27 on the OSBD) than non-chronic children (median pain score of 2 on the Wong/numeric scales, p = 0.00001; median OSBD score 5, p = 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that children with chronic diseases have a lower pain threshold than children of the same sex and age who experience venipuncture for the first time.

Cross-sectional study on differences in pain perception and behavioral distress during venipuncture between italian and chinese children.

Venipuncture is perhaps the scariest aspect of hospitalization for children as it causes pain and high levels of behavioral distress. Pain is a complex experience which is also influenced by social factors such as cultural attitudes, beliefs and traditions. Studies focusing on ethnic/cultural differences in pain perception and behavioral distress show controversial results, in particular with regards to children. The aim of this paper is to evaluate differences in pain perception and behavioral manifestations between Italian and Chinese children undergoing a venipuncture, through a cross-sectional study. Behavioral distress and self-reported pain were measured in Chinese and Italian outpatient children during a standardized blood-drawing procedure, using the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress (OSBD) and pain scales. We observed 332 children: 93 Chinese and 239 Italian. Chinese children scored higher than Italians on pain scales - mean scores 5.3 (95%CI 4.78-5.81) vs. 3.2 (95%CI 2.86-3.53) - but lower mean OSBD scores - mean 4.1 (95%CI 3.04-5.15) vs. 8.1 (95%CI 7.06-9.14). Our data suggest that Chinese children experience higher levels of pain than their Italian peers, although they show more self-control in their behavioral reaction to pain when experiencing venipuncture.

A 1-m distance is not safe for children with cystic fibrosis at risk for cross-infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Although maintaining a distance of 1 m between persons with cystic fibrosis (CF) is a universal recommendation to prevent respiratory cross-infections such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, evidence supporting this preventive measure is scarce. Examining 336 samples from 42 patients with CF collected experimentally from sterile surfaces after speaking and coughing, we found that transmission of P aeruginosa beyond 1 m is possible during both talking and coughing, although the probability is low (1.7%).