The battle for silver binding: How the interplay between the SilE, SilF, and SilB proteins contributes to the silver efflux pump mechanism.

The resistance of gram-negative bacteria to silver ions is mediated by a silver efflux pump, which mainly relies on a tripartite efflux complex SilCBA, a metallochaperone SilF and an intrinsically disordered protein SilE. However, the precise mechanism by which silver ions are extruded from the cell and the different roles of SilB, SilF, and SilE remain poorly understood. To address these questions, we employed nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry to investigate the interplay between these proteins. We first solved the solution structures of SilF in its free and Ag+-bound forms, and we demonstrated that SilB exhibits two silver binding sites in its N and C termini. Conversely to the homologous Cus system, we determined that SilF and SilB interact without the presence of silver ions and that the rate of silver dissociation is eight times faster when SilF is bound to SilB, indicating the formation of a SilF-Ag-SilB intermediate complex. Finally, we have shown that SilE does not bind to either SilF or SilB, regardless of the presence or absence of silver ions, further corroborating that it merely acts as a regulator that prevents the cell from being overloaded with silver. Collectively, we have provided further insights into protein interactions within the sil system that contribute to bacterial resistance to silver ions.

Structural and dynamical insights into SilE silver binding from combined analytical probes.

Silver has been used for its antimicrobial properties to fight infection for thousands of years. Unfortunately, some Gram-negative bacteria have developed silver resistance causing the death of patients in a burn unit. The genes responsible for silver resistance have been designated as the sil operon. Among the proteins of the sil operon, SilE has been shown to play a key role in bacterial silver resistance. Based on the limited information available, it has been depicted as an intrinsically disordered protein that folds into helices upon silver ion binding. Herein, this work demonstrates that SilE is composed of 4 clearly identified helical segments in the presence of several silver ions. The combination of analytical and biophysical techniques (NMR spectroscopy, CD, SAXS, HRMS, CE-ICP-MS, and IM-MS) reveals that SilE harbors four strong silver binding sites among the eight sites available. We have also further evidenced that SilE does not adopt a globular structure but rather samples a large conformational space from elongated to more compact structures. This particular structural organization facilitates silver binding through much higher accessibility of the involved His and Met residues. These valuable results will advance our current understanding of the role of SilE in the silver efflux pump complex mechanism and will help in the future rational design of inhibitors to fight bacterial silver resistance.

Tailoring the NIR-II Photoluminescence of Single Thiolated Au25 Nanoclusters by Selective Binding to Proteins.

Atomically precise gold nanoclusters are a fascinating class of nanomaterials that exhibit molecule-like properties and have outstanding photoluminescence (PL). Their ultrasmall size, molecular chemistry, and biocompatibility make them extremely appealing for selective biomolecule labeling in investigations of biological mechanisms at the cellular and anatomical levels. In this work, we report a simple route to incorporate a preformed Au25 nanocluster into a model bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. A new approach combining small-angle X-ray scattering and molecular modeling provides a clear localization of a single Au25 within the protein to a cysteine residue on the gold nanocluster surface. Attaching Au25 to BSA strikingly modifies the PL properties with enhancement and a redshift in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window. This study paves the way to conrol the design of selective sensitive probes in biomolecules through a ligand-based strategy to enable the optical detection of biomolecules in a cellular environment by live imaging.

High performance {Nb5TaX12}@PVP (X = Cl, Br) cluster-based nanocomposites coatings for solar glazing applications.

The development of highly ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) absorbent transparent coatings is an important enabling technology and area of research for environmental sustainability and energy conservation. Different amounts of K4[{Nb5TaXi 12}Xa 6] cluster compounds (X = Cl, Br) dispersed into polyvinylpyrrolidone matrices were prepared by a simple, nontoxic and low-cost wet chemical method. The resulting solutions were used to fabricate visibly transparent, highly UV and NIR absorbent coatings by drop casting. The properties of the solution and films were investigated by complementary techniques (optical absorption, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy). The UV and NIR absorption of such samples strongly depended on the concentration, dispersion and oxidation state of the [{Nb5TaXi 12}Xa 6] nanocluster-based units. By varying and controlling these parameters, a remarkable improvement of the figures of merit TL/TE and SNIR for solar-glazing applications was achieved compared to the previous results on nanocomposite coatings based on metal atom clusters.

Structure and Charge Heterogeneity in Isomeric Au25(MBA)18 Nanoclusters-Insights from Ion Mobility and Mass Spectrometry.

Atomically precise Au25(MBA)18 nanoclusters were investigated by mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry. We show that clusters sharing the same chemical composition and bearing the same net charge may display different structures and different charge repartition patterns, namely, the number of charges corresponding to deprotonation of the ligand moieties through carboxyl groups is not the same for all detected species. Part of the observed heterogeneity is a consequence of spontaneous electron loss occurring in the gas phase, which modifies the net charge of the clusters while maintaining the initial (de)protonation state.

Gold nanoclusters as a contrast agent for image-guided surgery of head and neck tumors.

With the objective to evaluate the potential of ultra-small gold (Au) nanoclusters (NCs) for optical image-guided surgery, we synthesized and characterized AuNCs shelled by zwitterionic or pegylated ligands. The toxicity of the different AuNCs was evaluated on the Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) CAL-33 and SQ20B cell lines in vitro. The safer AuNCs were administrated intravenously to mice for the determination of the pharmacokinetic properties. Biodistributions were performed on orthotopic CAL-33 HNSCC-bearing mice. Finally, the AuNCs were used for image-guided surgery, allowing the increase of the survival time vs. control animals, and the number of animals without any local recurrence.

Isolated Collagen Mimetic Peptide Assemblies Have Stable Triple-Helix Structures.

The origin of the triple-helix structure and high stability of collagen has been debated for many years. As models of the triple helix and building blocks for new biomaterials, collagen mimetic peptide (CMP) assemblies have been deeply studied in the condensed phase. In particular, it was found that hydroxylation of proline, an abundant post-translational modification in collagen, increases its stability. Two main hypotheses emerged to account for this behavior: 1) intra-helix stereoelectronic effects, and 2) the role of water molecules H-bound to hydroxyproline side-chains. However, in condensed-phase investigations, the influence of water cannot be fully removed. Therefore, we employed a combination of tandem ion mobility and mass spectrometries to assess the structure and stability of CMP assemblies in the gas phase. These results show a conservation of the structure and stability properties of triple helix models in the absence of solvent, supporting an important role of stereoelectronic effects. Moreover, evidence that small triple helix assemblies with controlled stoichiometry can be studied in the gas phase is given, which opens new perspectives in the understanding of the first steps of collagen fiber growth.

Bulky Counterions: Enhancing the Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence of Gold Nanoclusters.

Increasing fluorescence quantum yields of ligand-protected gold nanoclusters has attracted wide research interest. The strategy consisting in using bulky counterions has been found to dramatically enhance the fluorescence. In this Communication, we push forward this concept to the nonlinear optical regime. We show that by an appropriate choice of bulky counterions and of solvent, a 30-fold increase in two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) signal at ≈600 nm for gold nanoclusters can be obtained. This would correspond to a TPEF cross-section in the range of 0.1 to 1 GM.

Comprehensive Ion Mobility Calibration: Poly(ethylene oxide) Polymer Calibrants and General Strategies.

Ion mobility (IM) is now a well-established and fast analytical technique. The IM hardware is constantly being improved, especially in terms of the resolving power. The Drift Tube (DTIMS), the Traveling Wave (TWIMS), and the Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry (TIMS) coupled to mass spectrometry are used to determine the Collision Cross-Sections (CCS) of ions. In analytical chemistry, the CCS is approached as a descriptor for ion identification and it is also used in physical chemistry for 3D structure elucidation with computational chemistry support. The CCS is a physical descriptor extracted from the reduced mobility (K0) measurements obtainable only from the DTIMS. TWIMS and TIMS routinely require a calibration procedure to convert measured physical quantities (drift time for TWIMS and elution voltage for TIMS) into CCS values. This calibration is a critical step to allow interinstrument comparisons. The previous calibrating substances lead to large prediction bands and introduced rather large uncertainties during the CCS determination. In this paper, we introduce a new IM calibrant (CCS and K0) using singly charged sodium adducts of poly(ethylene oxide) monomethyl ether (CH3O-PEO-H) for positive ionization in both helium and nitrogen as drift gas. These singly charged calibrating ions make it possible to determine the CCS/K0 of ions having higher charge states. The fitted calibration plots exhibit larger coverage with less data scattering and significantly improved prediction bands and uncertainties. The reasons for the improved CCS/K0 accuracy, advantages, and limitations of the calibration procedures are also discussed. A generalized IM calibration strategy is suggested.

Conformational Dynamics in Ion Mobility Data.

The shape of the spectral features in arrival time distributions (ATDs) recorded by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) can often be interpreted in terms of the coexistence of different isomeric species. Interconversion between such species is also acknowledged to influence the shape of the ATD, even if no general quantitative description of this effect is available. We present an analytical model that allows simulating ATDs resulting from interconverting species. This model is used to reproduce experimental data obtained on a bistable system and to interpret discrepancies between measurements on different types of instruments. We show that the proposed model can be further exploited to extract kinetic and thermodynamic data from tandem-IMS measurements.

One- and two-photon brightness of proteins interacting with gold. A closer look at gold-insulin conjugates.

Red luminophores displaying large Stokes shift and high-quantum yields are obtained when gold salts are reacted with proteins under strongly alkaline conditions. Although bovine serum albumin (BSA) has mainly been used as a protein template, other attempts to prepare red luminophores have been proposed using other proteins. Here, we report on the structural characterization and nonlinear optical properties of insulin-gold conjugates. Such conjugates display strong luminescence at ∼670 nm with quantum yields that reach 5.4%. They also display long luminescence lifetimes allowing efficient reactive oxygen species generation, with a quantum yield of 1O2 generation reaching 13%. In addition, they exhibit remarkable nonlinear optical properties and in particular a strong two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) cross section in the range of 800-1100 nm. By combining experimental studies and time-dependent density functional theory simulations (TD-DFT), we show the formation of insulin-Au(III) conjugates. The interaction of Au(III) ions with the aromatic rings of tyrosine induces charge transfer-like excitation in the visible range. Experimental investigations, together with molecular dynamics simulations of insulin and calculations of electronic properties in a model system, are performed to explore the origin of optical features and the structure-optical property relationship, leading the way to new concepts for nonlinear optics using protein-Au(III) conjugates.

Miniaturized affinity chromatography: A powerful technique for the isolation of high affinity GAGs sequences prior to their identification by MALDI-TOF MS.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) are involved in many biological processes through interactions with a variety of proteins, including proteases, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules. Identifying druggable GAG-protein interactions for therapeutic purposes is a challenge for the analytical community. In this context, this work investigates the use of a new miniaturized monolithic affinity column (poly(GMA-co-MBA) grafted with antithrombin III (AT III)) to specifically capture and elute high affinity sequences contained in low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) for further on-line characterization. This miniaturized, high binding capacity affinity column allows the specific capture of high-affinity oligosaccharide chains from Enoxaparin, even at low concentrations and with a minimal consumption of AT III. In addition to purification, this elution process enables preconcentration for direct analysis by capillary zone electrophoresis. It was found that many of oligosaccharide chains in enoxaparin were eliminated and that certain chain sequences were retained and enriched. Direct coupling with MALDI-TOF MS was successfully used to further characterize the specifically retained oligosaccharides where nano-ESI-TOF MS failed. After optimization of the sample preparation and ionization parameters, direct on-line analysis was performed by applying the elution volume released from the miniaturized affinity column (≤1 µL) directly to the MALDI plate. Finally, this original miniaturized analytical workflow coupling miniaturized AT III-affinity chromatography to MALDI-TOF MS detection is able to select, enrich and detect and identify high affinity sequences (mainly DP4 in size length with a high degree of sulfation) from low molecular weight heparin samples. A more specific selection of GAG sequences can be achieved by increasing the ionic strength during the washing step of affinity chromatography. This is consistent with the known binding pattern between heparin and AT III.

Controlling the Deposition Process of Nanoarchitectonic Nanocomposites Based on {Nb6-xTaxXi12}n+ Octahedral Cluster-Based Building Blocks (Xi = Cl, Br; 0 ≤ x ≤ 6, n = 2, 3, 4) for UV-NIR Blockers Coating Applications.

The antagonism between global energy needs and the obligation to slow global warming is a current challenge. In order to ensure sufficient thermal comfort, the automotive, housing and agricultural building sectors are major energy consumers. Solar control materials and more particularly, selective glazing are part of the solutions proposed to reduce global energy consumption and tackle global warming. In this context, these works are focused on developing new highly ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) absorbent nanocomposite coatings based on K4[{Nb6-xTaxXi12}Xa6]. (X = Cl, Br, 0 ≤ x ≤ 6) transition metal cluster compounds. These compounds contain cluster-based active species that are characterized by their strong absorption of UV and NIR radiations as well as their good transparency in the visible range, which makes them particularly attractive for window applications. Their integration, by solution processes, into a silica-polyethylene glycol or polyvinylpyrrolidone matrices is discussed. Of particular interest is the control and the tuning of their optical properties during the integration and shaping processes. The properties of the solutions and films were investigated by complementary techniques (UV-Vis-NIR spectrometry, ESI-MS, SEM, HRTEM, etc.). Results of these works have led to the development of versatile solar control coatings whose optical properties are competitive with commercialized material.

Nanoarchitectonics of Glass Coatings for Near-Infrared Shielding: From Solid-State Cluster-Based Niobium Chlorides to the Shaping of Nanocomposite Films.

The high potential of [{Nb6Cli12}La6] cluster-based building blocks as near-infrared radiation blockers for energy saving applications is exposed in the present paper (i = inner edge-bridging ligand, a = apical ligand of the Nb6; L = H2O and/or Cl). To do so, a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of edge-bridged [{Nb6Cli12}Cla6-x(H2O)x]m+/0/n- cluster unit series (x = 0, 4, 6; m = 2, 3, 4; n = 2, 3, 4) has been carried out. By using the K4[{Nb6Cli12}Cla6] starting solid-state precursor, we explored the behavior of the [{Nb6Cli12}Cla6]4- cluster unit during the different steps of its integration as a building block into a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) matrix to form a glass coating composite denoted {Nb6Cli12}m+@PVP (m = 2 or 3). The optical, vibrational and redox properties [{Nb6Cli12}Cla6-x(H2O)x]m+/0/n- building blocks have been interpreted with the support of electronic structure calculations and simulation of properties. The chemical modifications and oxidation properties have been identified and studied thanks to various techniques in solution. Combining Raman and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopies, electrochemistry, and quantum chemical simulations, we bring new knowledge to the understanding of the evolution of the properties of the [{Nb6Cli12}Cla6-x(H2O)x]m+/0/n- cluster units as a function of the number of valence electron per cluster (VEC) and the nature of terminal ligands (x = 0, n = 4; x = 4, charge = 0; x = 6, m = 4). The fine understanding of the physical properties and vibrational fingerprints depending on the VEC and chemical modifications in solution are mandatory to master the processing of cluster-based building blocks for the controlled design and shaping of glass coating nanocomposites. On the basis of this acquired knowledge, [{Nb6Cli12}Cla6-x(H2O)x]m+/0/n- building blocks were embedded in a PVP matrix. The resulting {Nb6Cli12}2+@PVP nanocomposite film shows excellent ultraviolet (UV, 280-380 nm) and near-infrared (NIR, 780-1080 nm) blocking ability (>90%) and a highly visible light transmittance thanks to the controlled integration of the {Nb6Cli12}2+ cluster core. The figures of merit (FOM) value of Tvis/Tsol (Tvis = visible transmittance and Tsol = solar transmittance) as well as the haze, clarity, and the NIR shielding values (SNIR) were measured. After optimization of the integration process, a {Nb6Cli12}2+@PVP nanocomposite on glass substrate has been obtained with a high FOM equal to 1.29. This high value places the transparent green olive {Nb6Cli12}2+@PVP nanocomposites at the top system in the benchmark in the field of glass coating composites for energy-saving applications.

Archaeological Mortar Characterization Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Imaging Microscopy.

Lime mortar is a complex mixture resulting from hardening of lime, water, and aggregates. Lime mortar was used from the time of the Roman Empire until the Industrial Revolution. The recipes used differ according to the period, geographical area of preparation, craftsman, or function. This is why the study of archaeological mortars is of such great importance in building archaeology. In this study, we used laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to characterize the elemental composition of three lime mortar samples with a µ-LIBS instrument, allowing elemental image compilation. These samples originate from three different geographical locations: Angers (France), Dardilly (France), and Pompeii (Italy), and were taken from buildings that had different functions: cathedral, aqueduct, and house, respectively. Thanks to image processing and the creation of masks, it was possible to extract not only the lime signature and nature of the aggregate but also its granulometry and circularity. All this information is essential for cultural heritage research. This study shows the potential of the LIBS technique in archaeometric analysis of archaeological mortars.

Revisiting properties of edge-bridged bromide tantalum clusters in the solid-state, in solution and vice versa: an intertwined experimental and modelling approach.

Edge-bridged halide tantalum clusters based on the {Ta6Br12}4+ core have been the topic of many physicostructural investigations both in solution and in the solid-state. Despite a large number of studies, the fundamental correlations between compositions, local symmetry, electronic structures of [{Ta6Bri12}La6]m+/n- cluster units (L = Br or H2O, in solution and in the solid-state), redox states, and vibrational and absorption properties are still not well established. Using K4[{Ta6Bri12}Bra6] as a starting precursor (i: inner and a: apical), we have investigated the behavior of the [{Ta6Bri12}Bra6]4- cluster unit in terms of oxidation properties and chemical modifications both in solution (water and organic solvent) and after recrystallization. A wide range of experimental techniques in combination with quantum chemical simulations afford new data that allow the puzzling behavior of the cluster units in response to changes in their environment to be revealed. Apical ligands undergo changes like modifications of interatomic distances to complete substitutions in solution that modify noticeably the cluster physical properties. Changes in the oxidation state of the cluster units also occur, which modify significantly their physical properties, including optical properties, which can thus be used as fingerprints. A subtle balance exists between the number of substituted apical ligands and the cluster oxidation state. This study provides new information about the exact nature of the species formed during the transition from the solid-state to solutions and vice versa. This shows new perspectives on optimization protocols for the design of Ta6 cluster-based materials.

Photoluminescence of Fully Inorganic Colloidal Gold Nanocluster and Their Manipulation Using Surface Charge Effects.

Fully inorganic, colloidal gold nanoclusters (NCs) constitute a new class of nanomaterials that are clearly distinguishable from their commonly studied metal-organic ligand-capped counterparts. As their synthesis by chemical methods is challenging, details about their optical properties remain widely unknown. In this work, laser fragmentation in liquids is performed to produce fully inorganic and size-controlled colloidal gold NCs with monomodal particle size distributions and an fcc-like structure. Results reveal that these NCs exhibit highly pronounced photoluminescence with quantum yields of 2%. The emission behavior of small (2-2.5 nm) and ultrasmall (<1 nm) NCs is significantly different and dominated by either core- or surface-based emission states. It is further verified that emission intensities are a function of the surface charge density, which is easily controllable by the pH of the surrounding medium. This experimentally observed correlation between surface charge and photoluminescence emission intensity is confirmed by density functional theoretical simulations, demonstrating that fully inorganic NCs provide an appropriate material to bridge the gap between experimental and computational studies of NCs. The presented study deepens the understanding of electronic structures in fully inorganic colloidal gold NCs and how to systematically tune their optical properties via surface charge density and particle size.

Catenane Structures of Homoleptic Thioglycolic Acid-Protected Gold Nanoclusters Evidenced by Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry and DFT Calculations.

Thiolate-protected metal nanoclusters have highly size- and structure-dependent physicochemical properties and are a promising class of nanomaterials. As a consequence, for the rationalization of their synthesis and for the design of new clusters with tailored properties, a precise characterization of their composition and structure at the atomic level is required. We report a combined ion mobility-mass spectrometry approach with density functional theory (DFT) calculations for determination of the structural and optical properties of ultra-small gold nanoclusters protected by thioglycolic acid (TGA) as ligand molecules, Au10(TGA)10. Collision cross-section (CCS) measurements are reported for two charge states. DFT optimized geometrical structures are used to compute CCSs. The comparison of the experimentally- and theoretically-determined CCSs allows concluding that such nanoclusters have catenane structures.

High photoluminescence of shortwave infrared-emitting anisotropic surface charged gold nanoclusters.

Incorporating anisotropic surface charges on atomically precise gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) led to a strong absorption in the near-infrared region and could enable the formation of self-assembled Au NCs exhibiting an intense absorption band at ∼1000 nm. This surface modification showed a striking enhancement of the photoluminescence in the Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) region with a quantum yield as high as 6.1% in water.

Isomeric Effect of Mercaptobenzoic Acids on the Synthesis, Stability, and Optical Properties of Au25(MBA)18 Nanoclusters.

We report a simple size focusing, two-step "bottom-up" protocol to prepare water-soluble Au25(MBA)18 nanoclusters, using the three isomers of mercaptobenzoic acids (p/m/o-MBA) as capping ligands and Me3NBH3 as a mild reducing agent. The relative stability of the gas-phase multiply deprotonated Au25(MBA)18 ions was investigated by collision-induced dissociation. This permitted us to evaluate the possible isomeric effect on the Au-S interfacial bond stress. We also investigated their optical properties. The absorption spectra of Au25(MBA)18 isomers were very similar and showed bands at 690, 470, and 430 nm. For all Au25(MBA)18 isomeric clusters, no measurable one-photon excited fluorescence under UV-vis light was found, in neither solid- nor solution-state. The two-photon excited emission spectra and first hyperpolarizabilities of the clusters were also determined. The results are discussed in terms of the possible isomeric effect on excitations within the metal core and the possibility of charge transfer excitations from the ligands to the metal nanocluster.