RESUMO
The biological roles of estrogen receptor 1 (ERS1), estrogen receptor 2 (ERS2), and aromatase (CYP19A1) genes in the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unclear, as is the use of their expression as a prognostic factor. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of estrogen receptors and aromatase mRNA expression, along with aromatase protein concentration, in resected NSCLC patients. Tumor and non-tumor lung tissue samples were analyzed for the mRNA expression of ERS1, ERS2 and CYP19A1 by RT-PCR. Aromatase concentration was measured with an ELISA. A total of 96 patients were included. ERS1 expression was significantly higher in non-tumor tissue than in tumor samples. Two gene expression categories were created for each gene (and protein): high and low. ERS1 high category showed increased overall survival (OS) when compared to the low expression category. Aromatase protein concentration was significantly higher in tumor samples. Higher ERS1 expression in tumor tissues was related to longer overall survival. The analysis of gene expression combinations provides evidence for longer OS when both ERS1 and ERS2 are highly expressed. ESR1, alone or in combination with ERS2 or CYP19A1, is the most determining prognostic factor within the analyzed 3 genes. It seems that ERS1 can play a role in NSCLC prognosis, alone or in combination with other genes such as ERS2 or Cyp19a1. ERS2 in combination with aromatase concentration could have a similar function.
Assuntos
Aromatase/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/mortalidade , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/genética , Receptor beta de Estrogênio/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Masculino , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate an instrument to assess Internet Addiction (IA) phenomenon in adolescents of Metropolitan Lima. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed an observational analytical study, including a sample of 248 high school adolescent students. In order to evaluate the IA, we constructed the questionnaire: "Scale for Internet Addiction of Lima" (SIAL), which assesses symptoms and dysfunctional characteristics. The resulting items were submitted to experts' judgment, finally obtaining a 11-item scale. RESULTS: The mean age was 14 years old. The psychometric analysis of the instrument showed a Cronbach' Alpha Coefficient of 0.84, with values of item-total correlation ranging from 0.45 to 0.59. The dimensional analysis yielded a two-dimensional structure that explained up to 50.7% of the total variance. The bi-dimensional data analysis revealed a significant association (p<0,001) between Dimension I (symptoms of IA) and the weekly time spent on the Internet, male sex, past history of bad behavior in school and plans for the future. Dimension II (dysfunction due to IA) had a significant association to past history of bad behavior, plans for the future (p<0,001) and missing school without valid reasons. CONCLUSIONS: The SIAL showed a good internal consistency, with moderate and significant inter-item correlations. The findings show that addiction has a dynamic role, which evidences a problem generated in family patterns and inadequate social networks.
Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo/diagnóstico , Internet , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Peru , Estudantes , Saúde da População UrbanaRESUMO
Objetivos. Desarrollar y validar un instrumento que permita evaluar el fenómeno de la adicción a Internet (AI) en adolescentes de Lima Metropolitana. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional y analítico, donde incluimos una muestra de 248 adolescentes escolares del primer al quinto año de secundaria. Para evaluar la AI construimos el cuestionario Escala de la Adicción a Internet de Lima (EAIL), la cual evalúa características sintomatológicas y disfuncionales. Los ítems resultantes fueron sometidos a un juicio de expertos, determinándose finalmente una escala de once ítems. Resultados. La edad media fue de 14 años. El análisis psicométrico del instrumento presentó un coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach de 0,84, con valores de correlación ítem-total de 0,45 hasta 0,59. El análisis dimensional mostró una estructura de dos dimensiones que explicaba el 50,7 por ciento de la varianza total. El análisis bidimensional mostró asociación significativa (p<0,001) entre la Dimensión I (Sintomatología de AI) y el tiempo de uso semanal, sexo masculino, antecedente de problemas de indisciplina y plan de futuro. La Dimensión II (Disfuncionalidad por AI) se asoció significativamente (p<0,001) al antecedente de problemas de indisciplina, plan de futuro y faltar sin motivo justificable a la escuela. Conclusiones. La EAIL presentó una buena consistencia interna, con correlaciones moderadas y significativas entre sus ítems. Los hallazgos evidencian que la adicción cumple un papel dinámico que pone en manifiesto una alteración que involucra en su génesis patrones de familia y entornos sociales inadecuados.
Objectives. To develop and validate an instrument to assess Internet Addiction (IA) phenomenon in adolescents of Metropolitan Lima. Materials and methods. We performed an observational analytical study, including a sample of 248 high school adolescent students. In order to evaluate the IA, we constructed the questionnaire: "Scale for Internet Addiction of Lima" (SIAL), which assesses symptoms and dysfunctional characteristics. The resulting items were submitted to experts judgment, finally obtaining a 11-item scale. Results. The mean age was 14 years old. The psychometric analysis of the instrument showed a Cronbach Alpha Coefficient of 0.84, with values of item-total correlation ranging from 0.45 to 0.59. The dimensional analysis yielded a two-dimensional structure that explained up to 50.7 percent of the total variance. The bi-dimensional data analysis revealed a significant association (p<0,001) between Dimension I (symptoms of IA) and the weekly time spent on the Internet, male sex, past history of bad behavior in school and plans for the future. Dimension II (dysfunction due to IA) had a significant association to past history of bad behavior, plans for the future (p<0,001) and missing school without valid reasons. Conclusions. The SIAL showed a good internal consistency, with moderate and significant inter-item correlations. The findings show that addiction has a dynamic role, which evidences a problem generated in family patterns and inadequate social networks.