Seroprevalence of Toxocariasis in Children with Urticaria: A Population-based Study.

Objective: This study described the prevalence of IgG class antibodies against Toxocara spp. and their association with urticaria in 2- to 12-year-old children. Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted between May 2012 and September 2014. The study sample comprised 168 children. Blood samples were collected to verify the presence of toxocariasis by using ELISA to detect IgG antibodies. The guardians of the children were interviewed to characterize the presence or absence of other diseases, such as urticaria. Results: The presence of urticaria was observed in 38% of participants. The seroprevalence of toxocariasis in this population was 16%. This study confirmed a positive association between urticaria and positive serology for Toxocara and a negative independent association with canine contact and the number of household residents. Conclusions: There are no previous reports in the literature of a population-based study that correlates the presence of urticaria with serology for toxocariasis.

Artificial intelligence applied in human health technology assessment: a scoping review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aims to map studies that applied artificial intelligence (AI) tools to perform health technology assessment tasks in human health care. The review also aims to understand specific processes in which the AI tools were applied and to comprehend the technical characteristics of these tools. INTRODUCTION: Health technology assessment is a complex, time-consuming, and labor-intensive endeavor. The development of automation techniques using AI has opened up new avenues for accelerating such assessments in human health settings. This could potentially aid health technology assessment researchers and decision-makers to deliver higher quality evidence. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review will consider studies that assesses the use of AI tools in any process of health technology assessment in human health. However, publications in which AI is a means of clinical aid, such as diagnostics or surgery will be excluded. METHODS: A search for relevant articles will be conducted in databases such as CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Embase (Ovid), MEDLINE (PubMed), Science Direct, Computer and Applied Sciences Complete (EBSCOhost), LILACS, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection. A search for gray literature will be conducted in GreyLit.Org, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Google Scholar, and the Google search engine. No language filters will be applied. Screening, selection, and data extraction will be performed by 2 independent reviewers. The results will be presented in graphic and tabular format, accompanied by a narrative summary. DETAILS OF THIS REVIEW CAN BE FOUND IN OPEN SCIENCE FRAMEWORK: osf.io/3rm8g.

Lenalidomide or Thalidomide for Transplant-Ineligible Patients With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma? An Overview of Systematic Reviews.

OBJECTIVES: To present an overview of evidence of efficacy, safety, and health-related quality of life of lenalidomide or thalidomide for transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma. METHODS: A literature search was performed in 5 databases until July 2022. We included systematic reviews with network meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials on the use of lenalidomide compared with thalidomide for transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma. The A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 was used to appraise the quality of included reviews. The results were focused on the lenalidomide + dexamethasone until disease progression (RDc) versus thalidomide + dexamethasone until disease progression (TDc) and induction with melphalan + prednisone + lenalidomide, followed by maintenance with lenalidomide (MPR-R) versus induction with melphalan + prednisone + thalidomide, followed by maintenance with thalidomide (MPT-T) regimens. RESULTS: Nine studies were included. Only 1 study did not show any weakness in critical domains of A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2. For overall survival, RDc proved to be superior to TDc; however, no study showed significant difference between MPR-R and MPT-T. For progression-free survival, 2 of 3 studies showed that RDc is better than TDc; however, no difference between MPR-R and MPT-T was found. Regarding safety, these lenalidomide-based regimens had a lower risk for neurologic adverse events, with an increased risk of hematologic adverse events. No health-related quality of life meta-analyses were found. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that, in terms of efficacy and safety, lenalidomide-based regimen is a good option for treatment of transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma in the public health system of Brazil, especially for those patients who develop severe neuropathy with thalidomide.

Analysis of an outpatient child hearing health program: from screening to referral for rehabilitation. / Análise de um programa de saúde auditiva infantil ambulatorial: da triagem ao encaminhamento para reabilitação.

PURPOSE: To analyze the stages of a hearing health program, from screening to referral for rehabilitation, based on the quality indicators for neonatal screening programs. METHODS: This is a cohort, observational, retrospective study encompassing all newborns included in the Municipal Information System of Mogi Mirim, São Paulo, from 2010 to 2016. Besides the data present in the Information System on Live Newborns, the newborn's age at the first test, test and diagnosis results, and referrals for rehabilitation were analyzed, based on the quality indicator criteria recommended by the Neonatal Hearing Screening Care Guidelines, with a statistical program. RESULTS: A total of 7,800 newborns participated. The following results were obtained in the analysis of the program quality indicators: 1) Neonatal hearing screening stage: 97% coverage in the first test; 91% of newborns by 30 days old; 2) Diagnosis stage: 0.24% referred after failing the second test; 94.73% adherence; 13.66% confirmed diagnosis by 3 months old; 3) Rehabilitation stage: 100% began speech-language-hearing therapy immediately after the diagnosis; 20% received the hearing aid within 1 month from diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The program, conducted in an outpatient setting, met the recommendations of the guidelines presented by the Ministry of Health concerning the coverage and age at first examination, age at screening up to 1 month old, referral for diagnosis, and beginning the intervention. These results were obtained thanks to institutional support from the municipality.

OBJETIVO: Analisar as etapas de um programa de saúde auditiva, da triagem ao encaminhamento para reabilitação, segundo os indicadores de qualidade de programas de triagem neonatal. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte, observacional e retrospectivo, constituído por todos os neonatos inscritos no Sistema de Informação Municipal de Mogi Mirim/SP, de 2010 a 2016. Além dos dados que constam no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos, foram analisados idade do neonato no primeiro teste, resultado dos testes, do diagnóstico e encaminhamento para reabilitação. A análise dos dados foi feita segundo os critérios de indicadores de qualidade das diretrizes de atenção à triagem auditiva neonatal, por meio de programa estatístico. RESULTADOS: Participaram 7.800 neonatos e com relação à análise dos indicadores de qualidade do programa foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: 1) Etapa da TAN: 97% de cobertura do primeiro teste; 91% dos neonatos com até 30 dias de vida; 2) Etapa do Diagnóstico: 0,24% encaminhados após falharem no segundo teste; 94,73% de adesão; 13,66% concluíram até os três meses de idade e 3) Etapa da Reabilitação: 100% iniciaram terapia fonoaudiológica imediatamente após o diagnóstico; 20% receberam o aparelho de amplificação sonora individual com até um mês do diagnóstico. CONCLUSÃO: O programa, realizado em nível ambulatorial, atingiu as recomendações das Diretrizes do Ministério da Saúde com relação à cobertura e idade do primeiro exame, idade da triagem até um mês de vida, encaminhamento para diagnóstico e início da intervenção. Tais resultados só puderam ser obtidos com o apoio institucional do município.

Seroprevalence Brazil.

This chapter presents an overview of the seroprevalence of toxocariasis in Brazil and discusses how this zoonosis is studied, diagnosed, and treated in the Brazilian population. Toxocariasis in humans has a high prevalence in several regions of Brazil; however, this disease is neglected because of lack of knowledge, non-specific clinical signs, and difficult diagnosis. Most studies conducted in Brazil have estimated the prevalence of toxocariasis, i.e., the number of people who presented the disease at any given time. However, a few studies have determined disease incidence (number of new cases in a population at risk) and identified risk factors for Toxocara canis infection. Despite the high seroprevalence, the Brazilian population is not well aware of toxocariasis. Thus, the need of the hour is to raise awareness about this parasitic infection because of its worldwide distribution and potential health risk.

Asthma and Seroconversion from Toxocara spp. Infection: Which Comes First?

The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of seroconversion of Toxocara spp. infection and related variables. We conducted a cohort study of 77 children aged 2-12 years who had negative serology in a previous cross-sectional study. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed to describe the cohort, using socioeconomic, behavioral, and health conditions as variables. Logistic regression analysis was performed using seroconversion as the dependent variable, and the remaining variables are treated as independent variables. Asthma was the only independent variable that showed an association with seroconversion, with an odds ratio = 3.57 (1.01-12.6). The incidence of seroconversion from Toxocara spp. infection in the children followed was 10.4 per 100 per year. Previous studies reporting an association of asthma with toxocariasis have only been carried out using cross-sectional studies. Therefore, this study is one of only a few describing the incidence of seroconversion from Toxocara spp. infection, which is relevant for understanding the burden of this parasite.

Analyzing the outcomes of health promotion practices.

This article focuses on health promotion (HP) outcomes, illustrated through evaluation of case studies and identification of strategies which have contributed to their success and sustainability. Evaluation research and practice in three distinct sceneries are discussed: (i) institutional and governmental agencies; (ii) communities in the "Manguinhos Complex" and Nova Iguaqu Municipality, and (iii) building of potentially healthy municipality networks. The effectiveness of a social program in a health promotion perspective was based in the "School for Parents" program, undertaken by the First Court of Childhood and Youth of Rio de Janeiro, between 2001 and 2004. The analysis was grounded in the monitoring of 48 parents in charge of children under 18, who were victims of abuse, violence or negligence, and social exclusion, most of all. The study's objectives were: illustrating the evidence of effectiveness of health promotion, discussing the concept of HP effectiveness under macro unfavorable conditions, and identifying strategies that foster sustainability of results. Institutional resources included a multi-professional staff, multidisciplinary approaches, participatory workshops, family case management, partnership with public and private institutions, and volunteer and civil society sponsorship of the families. Evaluation was based on social impact indicators, and psychosocial and contextual determinants. Evaluation methods included program monitoring and quantitative-qualitative methods, through a longitudinal evaluation of 3 years, including one year post program. The evaluation showed highly favorable results concerning "family integration', "quality of family relations" and "human rights mobilization". Unsatisfactory results such as "lack of access to formal employment" are likely related to structural factors and the need for new public policies in areas such as education, professional training, housing, and access to formal employment. The training process of social actors in environmental management and housing, supported by the Public Health Technology Development Project of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, was employed as a tool of environmental education and healthy housing. The purpose of this study was to construct an integrated and participatory model of environment management. The methodology included training, research and evaluation of participants, from 21 to 50 years of age, who participated in building Thematic Learning Books and Community Guides about water quality monitoring. Participants'evaluations emphasized the training process, encouraging them to become multiplier agents of environmental education in their communities and to continue learning how to bring together sectors for problems solving. The Potentially Healthy Districts' Network (RMPS) aimed at increasing knowledge and building capacity to develop actions which originate from each of the local units, based on their characteristics and practices. Developed by the Preventive and Social Department of Campinas State University with PAHO/WHO and the Society Special Research Institute (IPES), RMPS's mission was to cooperate in the construction of healthy public policies in a participatory and articulated way through different municipal representatives. The network offered tools to municipal administrations to develop integrated projects that brought together government, managers, technicians, academy and organizations for the construction of public policies aimed at health promotion and quality of life. The methodology is based in the construction of knowledge and action networks by social actors, stimulating trans-sectorial and inter-district actions. The outcome evaluation is based on case studies, focus groups, oral stories, documents and image analyses.

Análise de um programa de saúde auditiva infantil ambulatorial: da triagem ao encaminhamento para reabilitação / Analysis of an outpatient child hearing health program: from screening to referral for rehabilitation

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar as etapas de um programa de saúde auditiva, da triagem ao encaminhamento para reabilitação, segundo os indicadores de qualidade de programas de triagem neonatal. Método Trata-se de um estudo de coorte, observacional e retrospectivo, constituído por todos os neonatos inscritos no Sistema de Informação Municipal de Mogi Mirim/SP, de 2010 a 2016. Além dos dados que constam no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos, foram analisados idade do neonato no primeiro teste, resultado dos testes, do diagnóstico e encaminhamento para reabilitação. A análise dos dados foi feita segundo os critérios de indicadores de qualidade das diretrizes de atenção à triagem auditiva neonatal, por meio de programa estatístico. Resultados Participaram 7.800 neonatos e com relação à análise dos indicadores de qualidade do programa foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: 1) Etapa da TAN: 97% de cobertura do primeiro teste; 91% dos neonatos com até 30 dias de vida; 2) Etapa do Diagnóstico: 0,24% encaminhados após falharem no segundo teste; 94,73% de adesão; 13,66% concluíram até os três meses de idade e 3) Etapa da Reabilitação: 100% iniciaram terapia fonoaudiológica imediatamente após o diagnóstico; 20% receberam o aparelho de amplificação sonora individual com até um mês do diagnóstico. Conclusão O programa, realizado em nível ambulatorial, atingiu as recomendações das Diretrizes do Ministério da Saúde com relação à cobertura e idade do primeiro exame, idade da triagem até um mês de vida, encaminhamento para diagnóstico e início da intervenção. Tais resultados só puderam ser obtidos com o apoio institucional do município.

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze the stages of a hearing health program, from screening to referral for rehabilitation, based on the quality indicators for neonatal screening programs. Methods This is a cohort, observational, retrospective study encompassing all newborns included in the Municipal Information System of Mogi Mirim, São Paulo, from 2010 to 2016. Besides the data present in the Information System on Live Newborns, the newborn's age at the first test, test and diagnosis results, and referrals for rehabilitation were analyzed, based on the quality indicator criteria recommended by the Neonatal Hearing Screening Care Guidelines, with a statistical program. Results A total of 7,800 newborns participated. The following results were obtained in the analysis of the program quality indicators: 1) Neonatal hearing screening stage: 97% coverage in the first test; 91% of newborns by 30 days old; 2) Diagnosis stage: 0.24% referred after failing the second test; 94.73% adherence; 13.66% confirmed diagnosis by 3 months old; 3) Rehabilitation stage: 100% began speech-language-hearing therapy immediately after the diagnosis; 20% received the hearing aid within 1 month from diagnosis. Conclusion The program, conducted in an outpatient setting, met the recommendations of the guidelines presented by the Ministry of Health concerning the coverage and age at first examination, age at screening up to 1 month old, referral for diagnosis, and beginning the intervention. These results were obtained thanks to institutional support from the municipality.

Qualificação profissional e o câncer infantojuvenil na atenção básica / Cualificación profesional y cáncer infantojuvenil en la Atención Básica / Professional qualification and childhood cancer in primary care

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a percepção de profissionais que atuam na Atenção Básica sobre sua formação profissional relacionada ao câncer infantojuvenil. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido junto aos profissionais da Atenção Básica do município de Campinas-SP. A condução do estudo foi realizada por meio de grupos focais, orientados por questões semiestruturadas. Adotou-se a modalidade temática da Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados Foram identificadas duas categorias: "Experiências e formação profissional frente ao câncer infantojuvenil na Atenção Básica", traduzindo-se em pouco contato com a temática, tanto por experiências, quanto por meio da formação profissional; e, a "Integralidade do cuidado à criança e ao adolescente com câncer na Atenção Básica e a qualificação profissional", sendo desvelado pouco ou o nenhum preparo para garantir a integralidade do cuidado, com questões distintas dos aspectos biológicos da doença. Conclusão A partir das percepções dos profissionais, notou-se pouco contato e preparo insuficiente para elencar ações assertivas relacionadas ao câncer infantojuvenil na Atenção Básica, apontando necessidades de mudanças futuras na inclusão do tema neste nível de atenção e melhorias na qualidade da educação permanente nos serviços.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la percepción de profesionales que actúan en la Atención Básica sobre su formación profesional relacionada con el cáncer infantojuvenil. Métodos Se trata de un estudio exploratorio, con enfoque cualitativo, llevado a cabo con profesionales de la Atención Básica del municipio de Campinas, estado de São Paulo. El estudio fue conducido por medio de grupos focales, guiados con preguntas semiestructuradas. Se adoptó la modalidad temática del análisis de contenido. Resultados Se identificaron dos categorías: "Experiencias y formación profesional frente al cáncer infantojuvenil en la Atención Básica", que se tradujo en poco contacto con la temática, tanto por experiencias, como mediante la formación profesional, e "Integralidad del cuidado de niños y adolescentes con cáncer en la Atención Básica y la cualificación profesional", que reveló poco o ningún tipo de preparación para garantizar la integralidad del cuidado, con cuestiones distintas a los aspectos biológicos de la enfermedad. Conclusión A partir de las percepciones de los profesionales, se observó poco contacto y preparación insuficiente para enumerar acciones asertivas relacionadas con el cáncer infantojuvenil en la Atención Básica, lo que indica la necesidad de cambios futuros respecto a la inclusión del tema en este nivel de atención y mejoras en la calidad de la educación permanente en los servicios.

Abstract Objective To analyze the perception of professionals working in Primary Care about their professional training related to childhood cancer. Methods This is an exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, developed with professionals in Primary Care in the city of Campinas-SP. The study was conducted through focus groups, guided by semi-structured questions. Thematic modality of Content Analysis was adopted. Results Two categories were identified: "Experiences and professional training in the face of childhood cancer in Primary Care", resulting in little contact with the theme, both through experiences and through professional training; and "Comprehensiveness of care for children and adolescents with cancer in Primary Care and professional qualification", with little or no preparation being unveiled to ensure comprehensive care, with issues different from the biological aspects of the disease. Conclusion From professionals' perceptions, there was little contact and insufficient preparation to list assertive actions related to childhood cancer in Primary Care, pointing out the need for future changes in the inclusion of the theme in this level of care and improvements in the quality of continuing education in the services.

A Systematic Review of Toxocariasis: A Neglected But High-Prevalence Disease in Brazil.

Toxocariasis is an anthropozoonosis that occurs in all parts of the world. In particular, this disease can often be found in developing countries and in regions, where basic sanitation conditions are poor. However, industrialized countries have reported seroprevalence rates as high as 14.2% in humans. The definitive hosts of the disease are dogs and cats, whereas humans are a paratenic host. To determine the burden of toxocariasis in Brazil, we followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to conduct a systematic review of the literature. Using keywords and applying the established criteria, we identified 160 publications and selected 22 articles for further analysis. The seroprevalence of toxocariasis in various regions of the country ranged from 4.2% to 65.4%. The highest prevalence was found in the northeast region, although the majority of the studies identified were from the southeast region. The findings suggest the importance of raising awareness among health professionals and public authorities about the fact that toxocariasis is a health problem.

Association between unilateral tonsillar enlargement and lymphoma in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Lymphoma is the most common head and neck malignancy in children, and palatine tonsils asymmetry is the most frequent clinical manifestation of tonsillar lymphoma. However, several studies with children with tonsillar asymmetry found no case of lymphoma, showing that the relationship of tonsillar asymmetry with lymphoma is unclear. In this review, we aimed to identify the association between tonsillar asymmetry and tonsillar lymphoma in children by conducting systematic reviews of the literature on children with palatine tonsil lymphoma and tonsillar asymmetry. Articles comprising the paediatric age group (up to 18 years) with information concerning clinical manifestations of tonsillar lymphoma or the diagnosis of the tonsillar asymmetry were included. The main cause of asymmetry of palatine tonsils was lymphoid hyperplasia, followed by lymphoma and nonspecific benign changes. The asymmetry of tonsils was present in 73.2% of cases of lymphoma. There was an association between asymmetric palatine tonsils and lymphoma, with a likelihood ratio of 43.5 for children with asymmetry of palatine tonsils and 8938.4 for children with asymmetry of tonsils and other signs of suspicion for malignancy. We also provide recommendations on the management of suspicious cases of palatine tonsil lymphoma.

Brazilian adolescents' oral health trends since 1986: an epidemiological observational study.

BACKGROUND: Oral health is part of general health, and in adolescence, it represents a good individual health indicator. Three country-based oral health epidemiological studies have been developed in Brazil (1986, 2003 and 2010). The objective of this study was to analyze oral disease trends among Brazilian adolescents and to compare these trends to the World Health Organization's goals with a focus on public health policies implemented between 1986 and 2010. METHODS: This is an epidemiological observational study performed with secondary data from Brazilian Oral Health surveys (1986, 2003 and 2010). The DMFT (number of decayed, missing and filled teeth) index was used for the 12-year-old and 15- to 19-year-old groups, and periodontal disease (CPI) and the percentage of individuals who needed and/or had prostheses were evaluated in the 15- to 19-year-old group. RESULTS: Between 1986 and 2010, DMFT decreased from 6.65 to 2.07 (68.9 % reduction) in the 12-year-old group and from 12.68 to 4.25 (66.5 % reduction) in the 15- to 19-year-old group. In all groups, the missing component had the strongest decrease. Adolescents had a reduction of 20.3 % in access to dental care. In 2003, in the 15- to 19-year-old group, 89.5 % of teenagers had at least one decayed tooth, while in 2010, the value was 76.1 %. In 2010, the percentage of adolescents without gingival problems varied among different regions of Brazil, with 30.8 % in the North and 56.8 % in the Southeast. Regarding DMFT, the difference between the North and Southeast Regions was 84 %. CONCLUSIONS: Improvement trends regarding adolescent oral health were observed, which seem to be supported by health education and promotion activities along with the reorganization of the Brazilian health system.

Human toxocariasis: a seroepidemiological survey in the municipality of Campinas (SP), Brazil.

The occurrence of human Toxocara infection was evaluated in three neighborhoods of the periphery of the Campinas municipality (Jardim Santa Mônica, Jardim São Marcos and Jardim Campineiro) in 1999. Forty residences and 138 residents were randomly selected by drawing lots and were submitted to a seroepidemiological survey, which included blood collection for the immunoenzymatic detection (ELISA) of anti-Toxocara antibodies and a blood count, and the application of a semi-structured questionnaire for the evaluation of epidemiological data. Significant levels of anti-Toxocara antibodies were detected in 23.9% of the 1999 samples. No significant difference in the frequency of infection according to age was observed. Environmental contamination with Toxocara eggs was observed in 12.3 and 14.0% of 57 soil samples collected in the same region in December 1998 and July 1999, respectively. Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression of the data obtained from the questionnaires and of the results of the serological tests, suggest a significant influence of socioeconomic variables on the frequency of human infection with Toxocara under the conditions prevalent in the study area.

[Access to basic health services and associated factors: a population-based study]. / Acesso aos serviços básicos de saúde e fatores associados: estudo de base populacional.

This study sought to identify factors involved in access to the services of a basic health unit. It is a cross-sectional, population-based study involving 101 randomly-selected families residing in the area covered by the health unit. An adult resident of each household was interviewed. The response variable was whether or not the resident frequented the health unit if he/she or anyone in the family required assistance to resolve a health issue. The independent variables investigated were service provision aspects, demographic and socio-economic characteristics, individual habits, morbidities and use of the health unit. In addition to descriptive and univariate analysis, logistic regression was applied in the multivariate analysis. The results show that access to the basic health unit is associated with the treatment received previously (OR = 3,224) with accessibility (OR = 0,146) and micro-area of residence (OR = 10,918). These findings suggest that access is related to the impressions created by the care received at the health unit and is based on experiences with the service, but can also be strongly modulated by individual aspects and factors related to the territory.

Medicalização, diagnóstico clínico e queixa-conduta - redes de significação em jogo / Medicalization, clinical diagnosis, and "treat and street" - networks of meaning at stake / Medicalización, diagnóstico clínico y queja-conducta - redes de significación en juego

Este artigo faz emergir uma rede discursiva entre o processo de medicalização, o funcionamento discursivo do diagnóstico clínico na contemporaneidade e um funcionamento particular de clínica médica sustentado por um atendimento do tipo queixa-conduta. Empreendendo uma Análise Discursiva, percorremos movimentos de sentido constitutivos da história da palavra 'diagnóstico', realizando um gesto analítico que retoma suas condições de produção e funcionamento na atualidade, explicitando efeitos da medicalização. Abordamos o atendimento queixa-conduta, no qual a posição-sujeito médico se insere em condições de produção para que o fármaco assuma o lugar da autoria na relação médico-paciente, impactado pelo próprio funcionamento do diagnóstico na atualidade. Resulta que esse funcionamento do diagnóstico na prática clínica implica um silenciamento do laço social e político pressuposto nessa prática, o que permite o estabelecimento do fármaco como lugar de enunciação dos procedimentos que visem à saúde do paciente.(AU)

The present paper examines a discursive network between the medicalization process, the discursive functioning of clinical diagnoses in the contemporary world, and a specific functioning of medical practice grounded on a "treat and street" type of care. By developing a discursive analysis, the authors track the history of the word "diagnosis" in an analytical movement that reexamines its conditions of production and functioning at present, making the effects of medicalization explicit. The study addresses "treat and street" care, in which the position-subject physician inserts him/herself in a production condition so that the drug takes the authorship role in the relationship between physicians and patients, as a consequence of the functioning of diagnosis. This diagnosis functioning in clinical practice implies a silencing of the social and political bond assumed in this practice, which allows the establishment of drugs as a setting of enunciation of the procedures oriented toward care to patients.(AU)

Este artículo hace surgir una red discursiva entre el proceso de medicalización, el funcionamiento discursivo del diagnóstico clínico en la contemporaneidad y un funcionamiento particular de clínica médica sustentado por una atención del tipo queja-conducta. Realizando un Análisis Discursivo, recorrimos movimientos de sentido constitutivo de la historia de la palabra 'diagnóstico', realizando un gesto analítico que retoma sus condiciones de producción y funcionamiento en la actualidad, explicitando efectos de la medicalización. Abordamos la atención queja-conducta, en la cual la posición sujeto médico se insiere en condiciones de producción para que el fármaco asuma el lugar de la autoría en la relación médico-paciente, impactado por el propio funcionamiento del diagnóstico en la actualidad. Resulta que ese funcionamiento del diagnóstico en la práctica clínica implica en un silenciamiento del vínculo social y político supuesto en esa práctica, lo que permite el establecimiento del fármaco como lugar de enunciación de los procedimientos cuyo objetivo es la salud del paciente.(AU)

Nomeação e institucionalização da saúde do trabalhador: um campo em disputa / Naming and institutionalization of the health of the worker: a disputed field / Designación e institucionalización de la salud del trabajador: un campo en disputa

Resumo Considerando a dispersão de sentidos que constitui a nomeação da área 'Saúde do Trabalhador', buscou-se compreender o que está em jogo nas constantes mudanças da nomenclatura nesse campo. Essas alterações ocorrem em uma linha do tempo, mas concomitantemente. Seu marco inaugural foi encontrado na estabilidade do nome 'medicina do trabalho', nome institucionalizado pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho, no início da segunda metade do século XX. Desse primeiro gesto de nomeação, seguem outros, estabelecidos em relações tensas e contraditórias de substituição, recobrimento e concorrência como: saúde ocupacional, saúde e segurança no trabalho, e, mais contemporaneamente, em meio a estas variações, encontrou-se o acréscimo do termo 'Saúde do Trabalhador'. O penúltimo nome é o mais estável e acionado pelas instâncias internacionais e empresariais.

Abstract Based on the dispersal of meanings that constitutes the naming of the 'Health of the Worker' field, we sought to comprehend what is at stake in the constant changes in nomenclature in this field. These changes occur within a timeline, but they happen concomitantly. Its inaugural landmark was found in the stability of the name 'occupational medicine,' a name institutionalized by the International Labour Organization in the beginning of the second half of the 20th century. This first gesture of naming was followed by other gestures, established in tense and contradictory relationships of replacement, recovering and concurrence, such as: occupational health, health and safety at work, and, more recently, among these variations, we found the addition of the term 'Health of the Worker.' The second-to-last name is the most stable one, and it is used by international and entrepreneurial organizations.

Resumen Partiendo de la dispersión de sentidos que constituye la designación del área 'Salud del Trabajador', se buscó comprender lo que está en juego en los constantes cambios de la nomenclatura en este campo. Estos cambios se producen en una línea de tiempo, pero de forma concomitante. Su marco inaugural se encuentra en la estabilidad del nombre 'medicina del trabajo', institucionalizado por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo a comienzos de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. A este primer gesto de designación le siguen otros, establecidos en relaciones tensas y contradictorias de sustitución, enmascaramiento y competencia, tales como: salud ocupacional, salud y seguridad en el trabajo, y más recientemente, en medio de estas variaciones, se encontró el agregado del término 'Salud del Trabajador'. El penúltimo nombre es el más estable y utilizado por las instancias internacionales y empresariales.

Análise do discurso da 'segurança' na área da saúde: uma crítica ao trabalhador como vigilante de si / Analysis of the 'safety' discourse in the field of health: a critique of the worker as watchman of oneself / Análisis del discurso de la 'seguridad' en el área de la salud: una crítica al trabajador como cuidador de sí mismo

Resumo A Norma Regulamentadora NR 32 objetiva reduzir acidentes e doenças entre os trabalhadores da saúde. Filiando-nos à perspectiva da análise do discurso proposta por Michel Pêcheux, nesta pesquisa tivemos como objetivo compreender o processo de significação em torno de segurança e saúde no trabalho na NR 32 e apreender como este processo significa nas políticas públicas no Brasil. Mostramos que, embora a norma seja um meio de assegurar a segurança e a saúde ao trabalhador, sua discursividade formula a segurança como um mito fundamentado em alegações externas ao processo de regulação das condições de trabalho e alheio às exigências coletivas e culturais de produção. Nesse processo, produz-se a responsabilização do trabalhador convertido em vigilante de si próprio e responsabilizado por isso de maneira individualizada. Pudemos, finalmente, observar um efeito de sentido que indica uma conexão que, na prática, resulta em apoio econômico às empresas que produzem e/ou comercializam os dispositivos de segurança para os materiais perfurocortantes.

Abstract Regulation NR 32 has the goal of reducing accidents and disease among health workers. Adopting the perspective of the discourse analysis proposed by Michel Pêcheux, in this research we had the goal of understanding the process of signification regarding safety and health at work within the NR 32, and learn how this process signifies in the public policies in Brazil. We show that, even though the regulation is a means of guaranteeing the safety and health of the worker, its discursiveness formulates safety as a myth based on claims that are not part of the process of regulation of labor conditions and are unconnected to the collective and cultural requirements for production. In this process, the responsibilization of the worker is produced, and the workers become watchmen of themselves, and are held accountable for that in an individualized manner. Finally, we could observe an effect of meaning that points to a connection that, in practice, results in financial support to the companies that make and/or sell the safety devices for sharps.

Resumen El objetivo de la Norma Reguladora NR 32 es reducir accidentes y enfermedades entre los trabajadores de la salud. Tomando como base la perspectiva del análisis del discurso propuesto por Michel Pêcheux, el objetivo en esta investigación fue comprender el proceso de significación en torno a la seguridad y la salud en el trabajo en la NR 32 y entender lo que significa este proceso en las políticas públicas de Brasil. Se muestra que más allá de la norma ser un medio de asegurar la seguridad y la salud al trabajador, su discurso formula a la seguridad como un mito fundamentado en alegaciones externas al proceso de regulación de las condiciones de trabajo y ajeno a las exigencias colectivas y culturales de producción. En este proceso, se responsabiliza al trabajador convirtiéndolo en cuidador de sí mismo y a cargo por dicha responsabilidad de manera individual. Por último, pudimos observar un efecto de sentido que indica una conexión, la cual en la práctica se traduce como apoyo económico a las empresas que producen y/o comercializan los dispositivos de seguridad para los materiales punzantes.

Percepções dos Profissionais sobre o Diagnóstico Precoce do Câncer Infantojuvenil na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Professionals Perceptions about the Early Diagnosis of Childhood Cancer in Primary Health Care / Percepciones de los Profesionales sobre el Diagnóstico Precoz del Cáncer Infanto- -Juvenil en la Atención Primaria de Salud

Introdução: Atualmente, a atenção primária à saúde no Brasil é responsável pela coordenação do cuidado e identificação dos problemas de saúde da população. O acompanhamento contínuo às famílias na atenção primária possibilita a identificação dos primeiros sinais e sintomas do câncer infantojuvenil. Objetivo: Conhecer as percepções dos profissionais de saúde que trabalham na atenção primária à saúde sobre o diagnóstico precoce do câncer infantojuvenil. Método: Estudo qualitativo, com abordagem exploratória, realizada na cidade de Campinas, São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de quatro grupos focais realizados com trabalhadores da atenção primária, e analisados por meio do método de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Participaram do estudo trabalhadores de diferentes categorias profissionais. Identificaram-se pouco contato com o tema diagnóstico precoce do câncer infantojuvenil na prática diária dos serviços, sentimento de insegurança e carência de conhecimento em relação ao tema. O relacionamento e o vínculo com a família foram algo presente em todos os grupos. O bom conhecimento técnico, o trabalho em equipe com diferentes competências e uma rede de atenção à saúde estruturada contribuem para melhorar o diagnóstico precoce a crianças e adolescentes com câncer. Conclusão: As percepções encontradas apontam para a necessidade de aprimorar a formação dos profissionais de saúde que atuam no cuidado à criança e adolescente na atenção primária à saúde, privilegiando a abordagem do tema diagnóstico precoce do câncer infantojuvenil.

Introduction: Currently the primary health care in Brazil is responsible for coordinating the care and identification of health problems in the population. Continuous monitoring of families in primary health care makes possible the identification of the first signs and symptoms of childhood cancer. Objective: The aim of this study was to understand the perceptions of health professionals that work in primary health care in respect to early diagnosis of childhood cancer. Method: This is a qualitative exploratory study, carried out in the city of Campinas, São Paulo. Data were collected through four focus groups performed with primary health care workers and analysed by content analysis method. Results: Workers from different professional categories participated in the study. Little contact with the topic of early diagnosis of childhood and juvenile cancer was identified in the daily practice of services, as well as a feeling of insecurity and lack of knowledge regarding the topic. The relationship and the bond with the family was present in all groups. Good technical knowledge, work in a team with different competencies, and a structured health care network contribute to improving the early diagnosis of children and adolescents with cancer. Conclusion: The perceptions founded point out a need to strengthen the training of health professionals who work with children and adolescents in primary health care, privileging the approach of the subject early diagnosis of childhood cancer.

Resumen Introducción: Actualmnente la atención primária en salud en Brasil és responsable de la coordinación del cuidado e identificación de los problemas de salud de la población. El seguimiento continuo a las familias en la atención primária permite la identificación de los primeros signos y síntomas del cáncer infanto-juvenil. Objetivo: Comprender las percepciones de los profesionales de salud trabajadores de la atención primaria de salud acerca del diagnóstico precoz de cáncer infanto-juvenil. Método: Investigación cualitativa, con abordaje exploratório, realizado en la ciudad de Campinas, São Paulo. Los datos fueron colectados en cuatro grupos focales realizados con trabajadores de la atención primária, analizados por medio del análisis de contenido. Resultados: Participaron del estudio trabajadores de diferentes categorías profesionales. Se identificaron poco contacto con el tema diagnóstico precoz del cáncer infanto-juvenil en la práctica diaria de los servicios, así como sentimiento de inseguridad y carencia de conocimiento en relación al tema. La relación y el vínculo con la familia fue algo presente en todos los grupos. El buen conocimiento técnico, el trabajo en un equipo con diferentes competencias, y una red de atención a la salud estructurada contribuyen a mejorar el diagnóstico precoz a los niños y adolescentes con cáncer. Conclusión: Las percepciones encontradas apuntan a una necesidad de mejorar la formación de los profesionales de salud que actúan en el cuidado al niño y adolescente en la atención primaria a la salud, privilegiando el abordaje del tema diagnóstico precoz del cáncer infanto-juvenil.

Identificação e notificação de maus-tratos em crianças e adolescentes por médicos de família no Ceará / Identification and reporting of abuse of children and adolescents by family physicians in Ceará / Identificación y notificación de maltrato en niños y adolescentes por parte de médicos de familia en Ceará

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores associados à identificação e notificação de maus-tratos em crianças e adolescentes no exercício da prática de médicos que atuam na atenção primária, assim como a influência de sua formação para essa prática. A pesquisa abrangeu 227 médicos da Estratégia Saúde da Família em municípios cearenses, nos anos de 2010 a 2012. Realizaram-se análises bivariada e multivariada por regressão logística de dados de questionários dirigidos aos participantes. A maioria referiu não ter participado de treinamento sobre o assunto na graduação (73,6%), não conhecia a ficha de notificação de violência (59%) e relatou que a unidade em que trabalhava não tinha a ficha (80,5%). A maior parte também referiu não conhecer instituições de assistência à s vítimas de maus-tratos (85,6%). Dos participantes, 53,1% identificaram pelo menos um caso de maus-tratos contra criança e adolescente durante a prática profissional, e destes, 52,6% notificaram o caso. Tempo de formado, conhecimento da ficha de notificação e confiança nos órgãos de proteção estavam associados à identificação de maus-tratos. Os fatores para a notificação foram: presença da ficha de notificação na unidade e conhecimento de local para onde encaminhar as vítimas. Concluiu-se que a identificação desse problema e o manejo de sua notificação deveriam ser discutidos e orientados durante a formação médica.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze factors associated with the identification and reporting of abuse of children and adolescents in the course of the practice of physicians working in primary care, as well as the influence their training had in this practice. Carried out between 2010 and 2012, the survey involved 227 Family Health Strategy physicians in municipalities of the state of Ceará, Brazil. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done based on data from questionnaires the participants responded to. Most reported not having been trained in the subject during their undergraduate studies (73.6%), that they did not know the form used to report violence (59%), and that the unit where they worked did not have such a form available (80.5%). Most also reported not knowing institutions they could refer victims of abuse to (85.6%). Of the participants, 53.1% had already identified at least one case of abuse of children and adolescents during their professional practice and 52.6% reported the case. Time since graduation, awareness of the notification form, and confidence in protection agencies were associated with the identification of abuse. The availability of the notification form at the unit and knowledge of a place to refer the victims to were factors for notification. It was concluded that there is a need to discuss and guide training physicians in the identification of this issue and in the handling of its notification.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue estudiar los factores asociados a la identificación y notificación de maltrato en niños y adolescentes durante el ejercicio de la práctica de médicos que actúan en la atención primaria, así como la influencia de su formación en esta práctica. La investigación contempló 227 médicos de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia, en municipios del estado de Ceará, Brasil, durante los años 2010 a 2012. Se realizaron análisis bivariado y multivariado por regresión logística de datos de cuestionarios dirigidos a los participantes. La mayoría manifestó no haber participado en capacitación sobre el tema durante el pregrado (73,6%), no conocía la ficha de notificación de violencia (59%) y observó que la unidad en que trabajaba no contaba con la ficha (80,5%). La mayor parte también relató no conocer instituciones de asistencias a las víctimas de maltrato (85,6%). De los participantes, el 53,1% identificó por lo menos un caso de maltrato contra niños y adolescentes durante la práctica profesional y de ellos 52,6% notificó el caso. Tiempo de graduado, conocimiento de la ficha de notificación y confianza en los órganos de protección estaban asociados a la identificación de maltrato. Los factores para la notificación fueron: presencia de la ficha de notificación en la unidad y conocimiento de lugar adonde encaminar las víctimas. Se concluyó que la identificación de este problema y el manejo de su notificación deberían ser discutidos y orientados durante la formación médica.

Evaluation of innovative strategies in the organization of Primary Health Care.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of Primary Care Units according to the implementation of new arrangements and strategies in primary care and mental health. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: Evaluative research with triangulation of methods and theoretical framework of critical hermeneutics, carried out at six Primary Care Units of the two most populous health districts of the city of Campinas (Southeastern Brazil) in 2007. The Primary Care Units were analyzed according to clinical resolution, articulation between the primary care and mental health networks and implementation of health promotion strategies. Two groups were defined by cluster analysis: one with higher and another one with lower degree of implementation of the actions. The groups were compared based on the improvement in clinical follow-up, given by the occurrence of cerebral vascular accident; evaluation of dispensation of psychiatric medicines; focal groups with workers, users and community health agents; and interviews with users and relatives. Inclusive and participatory research strategies were employed. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: There were no pure models, but a mosaic of organizational proposals. Positive advances were identified in the group with higher implementation of innovative strategies in relation to better integration of the community agents in the Units' teams; to the workers' and agents' perception of improvement in the assistance; and to the facility for referrals and assistance of mental health cases. The difficulties identified in both groups were: communication among the levels of care and within the teams, in the implementation of matrix support, and incipient health promotion actions. CONCLUSIONS: The development and implementation of mechanisms to fix professionals in Primary Care in large cities are necessary. The community health agents are fundamental to perform the territorial work proposed by the Family Health Strategy, using mechanisms to integrate the community health agents into the healthcare teams in order to counterbalance the tendency to isolation. The researched arrangements proved to be potent to produce this integration.