The use of platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of disability in the United States. With an aging population, its incidence is only likely to rise. Articular cartilage has a poor capacity to heal. The advent of regenerative medicine has heralded a new approach to early treatment of degenerative conditions such as osteoarthritis by focusing on regenerating damaged tissue rather than focusing on replacement. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is one such treatment that has received much recent attention and has been used particularly for tendon healing. Recent studies have focused on assessing its use on degenerative conditions such as OA. In this article, we review the evidence for the pathologic basis for the use of PRP in OA and also the clinical outcomes pertaining to its use. Finally, we also consider reasons for the inconsistent clinical success pertaining to its use.

Association of Protein and Genetic Biomarkers With Response to Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injections in Subjects With Axial Low Back Pain.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this observational study was to examine the association of protein and genetic biomarkers with pain and pain-related disability in individuals with axial low back pain undergoing epidural steroid injections. DESIGN: Forty-eight adults with axial low back pain undergoing an epidural steroid injection were recruited from an academic medical center. Blood samples were assayed at baseline and follow-up for plasma proteins and functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with pain. Data regarding pain and function were collected at baseline and follow-up. The characteristics of responders (defined as 50% improvement in pain score) and nonresponders were compared, and the association between response and baseline biomarkers was examined. RESULTS: Thirty-five percent of subjects were responders to injection. Responders had lower baseline plasma levels of chondroitin sulfate 846 and higher neuropeptide Y and serotonin levels than nonresponders, and baseline neuropeptide Y level correlated with change in disability levels. In addition, subjects with the variant allele for the catechol-O-methyltransferase single-nucleotide polymorphism demonstrated increased odds of responding to the injection. CONCLUSIONS: These data identify candidates who may have utility for patient selection for spinal procedures and provide support for exploration in prospective studies to assess and validate their predictive ability.

Descriptive Analysis of an Interdisciplinary Musculoskeletal Program.

BACKGROUND: Interdisciplinary musculoskeletal programs address comorbidities confounding musculoskeletal conditions and serve as an alternative to the single provider model. OBJECTIVE: Descriptive analysis of an interdisciplinary musculoskeletal program. DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive analysis of patients enrolled in an interdisciplinary musculoskeletal program. Retrospective subanalysis: cohort of patients enrolled in interdisciplinary program with low back pain compared to historical cohort of patients in a single provider clinic. SETTING: Academic interdisciplinary musculoskeletal health program. PATIENTS: Patients referred to program with at least one follow-up visit over a 2-year period. INTERVENTIONS: Interdisciplinary musculoskeletal program involving physiatry, pain anesthesia, nutrition, psychology, rheumatology, sleep medicine, nursing, and physical therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Patient Specific Functional Scale (PSFS), Oswestry Low Back Disability Index (ODI), number of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, computed tomography (CT) scans, opioid prescriptions; Press Ganey scores. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-three patients were enrolled and had at least one follow-up visit. Twenty-four percent of patients with any musculoskeletal complaint demonstrated clinically significant improvements in total PSFS. Mean improvement in PSFS was + 0.864 (SD 1.94), which was a statistically significant improvement (P = .0005), but not clinically significant. Magnetic resonance imaging was ordered for 5% of patients, and no computed tomography scans were ordered. Six percent of patients received opioid prescriptions. Press Ganey scores: 96% responded favorably in regard to physician communication quality, 86% of patients responded favorably for access to care, and 78% responded favorably for care coordination. 27.8% of patients with low back pain in the interdisciplinary program achieved a significant decrease in their ODI, compared to 26.6% in the single provider clinic (P = .87). CONCLUSIONS: Interdisciplinary musculoskeletal programs are a promising model to improve the functioning of patients with musculoskeletal pain and decrease downstream utilization. These programs may be more appropriate for patients at higher risk of developing chronic pain.

Neurologic Outcomes After Low-Volume, Ultrasound-Guided Interscalene Block and Ambulatory Shoulder Surgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postoperative neurologic symptoms after interscalene block and shoulder surgery have been reported to be relatively frequent. Reports of such symptoms after ultrasound-guided block have been variable. We evaluated 300 patients for neurologic symptoms after low-volume, ultrasound-guided interscalene block and arthroscopic shoulder surgery. METHODS: Patients underwent ultrasound-guided interscalene block with 16 to 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine or a mix of 0.2% bupivacaine/1.2% mepivacaine solution, followed by propofol/ketamine sedation for ambulatory arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Patients were called at 10 days for evaluation of neurologic symptoms, and those with persistent symptoms were called again at 30 days, at which point neurologic evaluation was initiated. Details of patient demographics and block characteristics were collected to assess any association with persistent neurologic symptoms. RESULTS: Six of 300 patients reported symptoms at 10 days (2%), with one of these patients having persistent symptoms at 30 days (0.3%). This was significantly lower than rates of neurologic symptoms reported in preultrasound investigations with focused neurologic follow-up and similar to other studies performed in the ultrasound era. There was a modest correlation between the number of needle redirections during the block procedure and the presence of postoperative neurologic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound guidance of interscalene block with 16- to 20-mL volumes of local anesthetic solution results in a lower frequency of postoperative neurologic symptoms at 10 and 30 days as compared with investigations in the preultrasound period.

Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment After Shoulder Arthroscopy: A Case Report.

The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LABCN) is a distal sensory branch of the musculocutaneous nerve that innervates the radial aspect of the forearm. Cases of LABCN injury from trauma and chronic compression have been reported. A case of musculocutaneous nerve injury after a biceps tenodesis has also been reported. This case report describes an LABCN injury and forearm pain after a biceps tenodesis procedure. Using a multifaceted diagnostic approach of electrodiagnostics and magnetic resonance neurography, the site of compression was appropriately localized. The patient ultimately achieved relief after a surgical decompression.

Vitamin K: fracture prevention and beyond.

Morbidity and decreased function related to osteoporosis, fracture, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease are encountered by clinicians daily. Although we have seen vast advancement in treatment and management of these conditions, preventative practice has unfortunately served a lesser role in patient care. Increasing the dietary intake of vitamin K may have substantial utility in the prevention of these disease states. Since the discovery of vitamin K in 1935, its primary role was thought to be involved in the synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X. Recently, its function in other metabolic pathways has emerged, leading to exploration of its significance beyond coagulation. Vitamin K is essential to bone physiology and prevention of atherosclerosis. It is involved in bone remodeling, cell signaling, apoptosis, arterial calcification, and chemotaxis, and it has anti-inflammatory effects. Conversely, warfarin, a potent vitamin K inhibitor, has demonstrated adverse effects on bone remodeling and atherosclerosis. Natural forms of vitamin K are available in multiple dietary sources, and some structural forms are more readily available for use in metabolic pathways than are others. With regard to supplementation, the specific form of vitamin K is often not disclosed, and the recommended daily value is potentially less than what is physiologically required. On the basis of a review of the literature, it appears advantageous to encourage patients to eat a diet rich in vitamin K; however, the benefit of vitamin K supplementation alone is yet to be thoroughly conveyed.

Acute inpatient rehabilitation of 55 patients after liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: Acute rehabilitation for patients who have had liver transplants is often necessary to restore functional mobility, but no studies, except for case reports, have documented the complications, outcomes, or predictors of success of an acute inpatient rehabilitation program. Our objective was to examine each of these areas related to rehabilitation after liver transplantation. DESIGN: We performed a chart review of 55 patients who received a liver transplant and were treated on our acute rehabilitation service. We examined several factors, including age, reason for transplant, length of acute hospital stay, length of acute inpatient rehabilitation stay, FIMtrade mark scores, albumin levels, medical complications, and discharge disposition. RESULTS: Patients undergoing rehabilitation after liver transplantation required multiple medical interventions, including liver biopsy, ultrasound, blood transfusions, and dialysis. Several patients (15%) were transferred to the acute care hospital for medical problems. Both a low albumin and a long length of stay in the acute care hospital correlated with a longer stay in rehabilitation and less efficient rehabilitation. Longer rehabilitation stays correlated positively with FIM gain (P < 0.001, r = 0.534). Significant improvements in FIM scores (P < 0.001) during acute inpatient rehabilitation were noted in patients who were discharged to home. We also found that age, albumin level, and length of stay in the hospital did not predict discharge disposition. CONCLUSION: Patients who have had liver transplants can achieve significant functional gains in acute rehabilitation. Rehabilitation professionals should be aware of potential complications and factors that may affect the rehabilitation of this patient population.