Intramolecular Cleavage of the hASRGL1 Homodimer Occurs in Two Stages.

The human asparaginase-like protein 1 (hASRGL1) is a member of the N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) family that hydrolyzes l-asparagine and isoaspartyl-dipeptides. The nascent protein folds into an αß-ßα sandwich fold homodimer that cleaves its own peptide backbone at the G167-T168 bond, resulting in the active form of the enzyme. However, biophysical studies of hASRGL1 are difficult because of the curious fact that intramolecular cleavage of the G167-T168 peptide bond reaches only ≤50% completion. We capitalized upon our previous observation that intramolecular processing increases thermostability and developed a differential scanning fluorimetry assay that allowed direct detection of distinct processing intermediates for the first time. A kinetic analysis of these intermediates revealed that cleavage of one subunit of the hASRGL1 subunit drastically reduces the processing rate of the adjacent monomer, and a mutagenesis study showed that stabilization of the dimer interface plays a critical role in this process. We also report a comprehensive analysis of conserved active site residues and delineate their relative roles in autoprocessing and substrate hydrolysis. In addition to glycine, which was previously reported to selectively accelerate hASRGL1 cleavage, we identified several novel small molecule activators that also promote intramolecular processing. The structure-activity analysis supports the hypothesis that multiple negatively charged small molecules interact within the active site of hASRGL1 to act as a base in promoting cleavage. Overall, our investigation provides a mechanistic understanding of the maturation process of this Ntn hydrolase family member.

Aspartate 458 of human glutathione synthetase is important for cooperativity and active site structure.

Human glutathione synthetase (hGS) catalyzes the second ATP-dependent step in the biosynthesis of glutathione (GSH) and is negatively cooperative to the γ-glutamyl substrate. The hGS active site is composed of three highly conserved catalytic loops, notably the alanine rich A-loop. Experimental and computational investigations of the impact of mutation of Asp458 are reported, and thus the role of this A-loop residue on hGS structure, activity, negativity cooperativity and stability is defined. Several Asp458 hGS mutants (D458A, D458N and D458R) were constructed using site-directed mutagenesis and their activities determined (10%, 15% and 7% of wild-type hGS, respectively). The Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)) was determined for all three substrates (glycine, GAB and ATP): glycine K(m) increased by 30-115-fold, GAB K(m) decreased by 8-17-fold, and the ATP K(m) was unchanged. All Asp458 mutants display a change in cooperativity from negative cooperativity to non-cooperative. All mutants show similar stability as compared to wild-type hGS, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The findings indicate that Asp458 is essential for hGS catalysis and that it impacts the allostery of hGS.